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Human Reproduction

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Human Reproduction CHAPTER > 03 Human Reproduction NEET KEY NOTES Å Humansaresexuallyreproducingandviviparous(i.e.give Å Thetestesaresituatedoutsidetheabdominalcavitywithina birthtoyoungones)organisms,havingdistinctmaleand pouchcalled scrotum.Thescrotumhelpsinmaintainingthe femalesexes. lowtemperatureofthetestes(2-2.5°Clowerthanthenormal internalbodytemperature)necessaryfortheproductionof MaleReproductiveSystem sperms(spermatogenesis). Å Themalereproductivesystemislocatedinthepelvisregion. Å Inadults,eachtestisisovalinshape,withalengthofabout Å Itincludesapairof testes, accessoryducts,glands andthe 4-5cmandwidthofabout2-3cm. externalgenitalia (penis). Å Eachtestishasabout250compartmentscalled testicular lobules andeachlobulecontainsonetothreehighlycoiled seminiferoustubules. Ureter Å Seminiferous tubules are lined inside by two types of Seminal vesicle cells, i.e. male germ cells (spermatogonia), undergo meiotic divisions leading to sperm formation and Sertoli Urinary bladder cells, provide nutrition to the dividing germ cells. Region Vas deferens outside the seminiferous tubules has Leydig cells or Prostate gland Ejaculatory duct interstitial cells, which secrete testicular hormones called Penis Rectum androgens. Å Urethra Anus Themalesexaccessoryductsinclude retetestis, vasa Glans penis efferentia, epididymis and vasdeferens.Theseductsstore Bulbourethral gland andtransportthespermsfromthetestistotheoutside Foreskin Testis Scrotum throughurethra.Theurethraoriginatesfromurinarybladder Diagrammaticsectionalviewofmalepelvisshowingreproductive andextendsthroughthepenistoitsexternalopening,i.e. system urethralmeatus. 46 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-II ) Å Thepenisisthehighlyvascularisedexternalcopulatory Å Theoviducts(Fallopiantube),uterusandvagina organinmales.Theenlargedendofpeniscalledtheglans constitutethefemaleaccessoryducts. penis,coveredbyaloosefoldofskincalled foreskin. Å EachFallopiantubeisabout10-12cmlongandextends Ureter Urinary fromtheperipheryofeachovarytotheuterus,thepart bladder closer to the ovary is the funnel-shaped infundibulum. The Vas deferens edgesoftheinfundibulumpossessfinger-likeprojections Seminal called fimbriae,whichhelpincollectionoftheovumafter vesicle Prostate gland ovulation.Theinfundibulumleadstoawiderpartofthe oviductcalled ampulla. Thelastpartoftheoviduct, Bulbourethral gland isthmus hasanarrowlumenanditjoinstheuterus. Epididymis Uterine fundus Urethra Uterine cavity Vasa efferentia Isthmus Rete testis Ampulla Fallopian tube Testicular Infundibulum lobules Testis Ovary Glans penis Foreskin Endometrium Fimbriae Cervix Diagrammaticviewofmalereproductivesystem(partoftestisis Myometrium opentoshowinnerdetails) Perimetrium Cervical canal Vagina Å Themaleaccessoryglandsincludepaired seminal vesicles,a prostate andpaired bulbourethral glands. Diagrammaticsectionalviewofthefemalereproductivesystem Secretionsoftheseglandsconstitutetheseminalplasma Å Uterus (womb)opensintovaginathroughanarrow whichisrichinfructose,calciumandcertainenzymes. cervix.Thecavityofthecervixiscalled cervicalcanal Thissecretionalongwiththespermforms semen. whichformsthebirthcanalalongwiththevagina. FemaleReproductiveSystem Å Theuterushasthreelayersoftissue,i.e.theexternalthin membranous perimetrium,middlethicklayerofsmooth Å Itincludesapairof ovaries,pairof Fallopiantubes muscle, myometrium andinnerglandularlayercalled (oviducts), uterus,cervix, vagina and externalgenitalia endometrium. andapairof mammaryglands. Å Thefemaleexternalgenitaliainclude I Monspubis Acushionoffattytissuecoveredbyskin andpubichair. Cervix I Labiamajora Fatpaddedskinfolds,extendfrommons Uterus Rectum pubisandsurroundthevaginalopening. Urinary bladder I Labia minora A pair of inner folds of tissue under labia Pubic symphysis Vagina majora. Urethra I Clitoris Hymen Themembranethatpartiallycoversthevaginal Labium minora opening. Labium majora Anus I Clitoris Atinyfinger-likestructure,lyingattheupper Vaginal orifice junctionoftwolabiaminoraabovetheurethral opening,issensitivetostimulation. Diagrammaticsectionalviewoffemale Å Infemales,themammaryglandsareoneofthesecondary pelvisshowingreproductivesystem sexualcharacteristics.Thesearepairedstructuresthat containglandulartissueandvariableamountoffat. Å Ovaries aretheprimaryfemalesexorganthatproduce Å ovaandovarianhormones. Glandulartissueisdividedinto15-20 mammarylobes, havingclustersofcellscalled alveoli. Å Theovariesarelocatedoneoneachsideofthelower Å abdomen.Eachovaryisabout2-4cminlengthandis Themammaryalveolussecretesmilkandstoresinits connectedtothepelvicwallanduterusbyligaments.Each lumen.Thesealveoliopenintomammarytubules,which ovaryiscoveredbyathinepitheliumwhichenclosesthe jointoform mammaryduct.Thenumerousmammary ovarianstroma.Thestromaisdividedintotwozones,i.e. ductsconnecttoformwiderampullawhichconnectsto aperipheralcortexandaninnermedulla. lactiferousduct fromwhichmilkissuckedout. NEET KEY NOTES CHAPTER 03 > Human Reproduction 47 Å TheincreasedlevelofGnRHactsattheanterior Gametogenesis pituitaryandstimulatesLuteinizingHormone(LH)and Å Itistheprocessbywhichtheprimarysexorgans,thetestis FollicleStimulatingHormone(FSH). inthemalesandtheovariesinthefemalesproducegametes, Å LHactsontheLeydigcellsandstimulatessynthesisand i.e.spermsandovum. secretionofandrogens,whichinturnstimulatethe Spermatogenesis processofspermatogenesis. Å FSHactsontheSertolicellsandstimulatessecretionof Å Itisaprocessofformationofspermthroughmeioticdivision somefactorswhichhelpintheprocessof andlatersomestructuralmodificationsfromgermcells spermiogenesis. presentintestesinmales. Å Anormalhumanspermstructureiscomposedofa I Thegermcellscalled spermatogonia arepresentonthe head,neck,a middle piece and atail. insidewallofthe seminiferous tubules. Å Headcontainsanteriorsmall acrosome,whichisfilled I Thesecellsarediploidandincreaseinnumberthrough withenzymesandhelpinthefertilisationoftheovum. mitosis. Å Middlepiecepossessesnumerousmitochondria,which I Someofthe spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, undergomeiosis,formingtwoequalcellscalled produceenergyforthemovementoftailthatfacilitates secondary spermatocytes.Theyarehaploid(with23 spermmotilityessentialforfertilisation. chromosomesbutarestillduplicate). Oogenesis I Eachofthetwosecondary spermatocytes undergoes Å Itistheprocessofformationoffemalegametes(oocyte) secondcelldivision(toseparatetheduplicate throughmeioticdivisionofgermcells,presentinthe chromosomes)producingfourhaploid spermatids. ovaryinfemales. Eachhasonlyonesetof23(unpaired,unduplicated) chromosomes. I Itisinitiatedduringtheembryonicdevelopment stagewhentwomilliongametemothercells I Spermatidstransforminto spermatozoa (spermcells)by (oogonia)areformedineachfoetalovary. developingahead,neck,middlepieceandatail.This processiscalled spermiogenesis. I Oogonia startmeioticdivisionwhichgetsarrestedat prophase-Istage.Theyarereferredtoas primary I Spermheadsbecomeembeddedinthe Sertoli cellsthat oocytes. providenourishmentandmolecularsignals. I Eachoocytegetssurroundedbythelayersof I Finalreleaseofsperms(spermiation) from seminiferous granulosacellsthatnourishit.Oocytealongwiththe tubulesisundertheinfluenceofhormonaland celllayersaround,iscalled primaryfollicle. physiologicalsignals. I Morelayersofgranulosacellsandanothertheca Å Spermatogenesisincludesthreephasesasindicatedinthe layersurrounditandnowitiscalled secondary followingfigure follicle. Spermatogonia At puberty Chromosomes I Secondaryfollicletransformsinto tertiary follicle Mitosis and number per cell differentiation (46) thathasafluid-filledcavitycalled antrum. I Theprimaryoocytewithinthetertiaryfolliclegrows Primary spermatocytes insizeandcompletesitsfirstmeioticdivisionnow. 1st meiotic I Thisisanunequaldivision thatresultsinthe division formationofalargehaploidcellcalled secondary Secondary spermatocytes (23) oocyte andatinycellcalled firstpolarbody. Secondaryoocytekeepsnearlyallthenutrientrich 2nd meiotic division cytoplasm,leavingonlyahaploidnucleustothe polarbody. (23) Spermatids I Thetertiaryfollicleundergoescertainchangesto matureinto Graafian follicle.Theoocytegets Differentiation glycoproteindepositsthatformanon-cellular coatingcalled zona pellucida, aroundit. Spermatozoa I TheGraafianfolliclerupturestoreleasesecondary Diagrammaticviewofphasesinspermatogenesis oocyte(ovum)fromtheovary. Å Itstartsattheageofpubertyduetosignificantincreasein Å The release of haploid secondary oocyte from the ovary, thesecretionofGonadotropinReleasingHormone(GnRH). under the influence of LH surge,iscalled ovulation. NEET KEY NOTES 48 Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY ()Vol-II Å Thefirstmenstruationstartsatpubertyandiscalled menarche,whileitsstoppagearound50yearsofageis FertilisationandImplantation called menopause. Å Aspermduringfertilisationcomesincontactwiththe zonapellucida Å Themenstruationandtherelatedeventsarerepeated ofthe ovum andinduceschangesinthe every28-29days(innormalfemales)inacyclicalfashion, membrane,whichblocks the entry oftheothersperms. thatiswhyitiscalled menstrualcycle. Thus,ensuringthatonlyonespermcanfertiliseanovum, i.e.preventspolyspermy. Å Changesinthelevelsofpituitaryandovarianhormones Å bringaboutthecyclicalchangesintheovaryanduterus Thesecretionsoftheacrosomehelpthespermtoenterinto duringmenstrualcycle.Ittakesplaceinovaries. thecytoplasmoftheovumthroughzonapellucidaandthe plasmamembrane. Coronaradiata istheinnermostlayer Oogonia Chromosome number ofovum.Itisdissolvedbycorona-penetratingenzymesof per cell Mitosis and acrosome. 46 differentiation Foetal life Å Thisinducesthecompletionofmeioticdivisionofthe Primary oocyte Ist meiotic secondaryoocyte.Thesecondarymeioticdivisionresults
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