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La Ganadería Pirenaica

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La Ganadería Pirenaica 215 MUNIBE Sociedad de Ciencias ARANZADI San Sebastián Año 30 - Número 4 1978 - Páginas 215-238 La ganadería pirenaica PEDRO MONTSERRAT (*) SUMARIO: Presentación. I. Generalidades de Tena y la Ribera de Biescas. h) Los valles metodológicas. 1. Aspectos científicos bási- del río Ara. i) Los valles del Sobrarbe. j) Los cos. 2. Aspectos prácticos del problema. 3. valles ribagorzanos. k) El Urgellet y La Cer- Aspectos económicos y culturales. 4. Los sis- daña. 3. El apoyo ganadero prepirenaico. a) La temas agropecuarios de montaña. 5. Las ru- parte subcantábrica. b) El Prepirineo jaceta- tinas. no. c) El Prepirineo del Sobrarbe y Ribagorza. II. Los ambientes ganaderos pirenaicos. d) Los montes y campos del Urgel, Segarra y 1. Los ambientes de clima marítimo. a) El am- Solsonés biente vasco-navarro. b) Las comarcas gerun- denses. 2. Los grandes valles pirenaicos: a) III. Bases para un desarrollo ganadero pi- Valles del Irati-Abaurreas. b) El Salazar. c) renaico. a) Programas educativos. b) La ex- Los valles roncaleses. d) La Mancomunidad plotación correcta del agua pirenaica. c) Las de Ansó-Fago. e) Los valles de Hecho. f) Los explotaciones forestales. d) Los grandes valles de Aisa, Borau y Canfranc. g) El valle complejos turísticos y e) Conclusión. * * * PRESENTACION.—El presente ensayo, de- cumbir en la contaminación creciente que pro- dicado a ecología de sistemas, iba destinado voca. a investigadores del Centro pirenaico de Bio- Este trabajo, lejos de haber perdido ac- logía experimental (Publ. ord. inter. Ser. tualidad, debe contribuir ahora al despertar Cient. n.º 18, mayo 1976), con ocasión de la de nuestra conciencia colectiva, desencade- 16.ª Reun. Cient. de la Soc. Española para el nando procesos correctores de alguno de los Estudio de los Pastos (S.E.E.P.), 1-4 junio de males señalados, junto con otros que ahora 1976. Pamplona. apenas esbozamos. He juzgado conveniente Soy consciente que ahora —año y medio añadir a la lista de mis trabajos relacionados después—, podría añadir ideas elaboradas re- con el tema, los más recientes que no figu- cientemente, pero por desgracia para España raban en el original. tanto la ecología como sociología rurales evo- Agradezco al buen amigo don Javier IRI- lucionan lentamente en nuestro mundo tecni- GARAY el interés que ha puesto en su publi- ficado, urbanizado; un hombre autodomesti- cación y muy especialmente a MUNIBE el cado ya es poco sensible a los equilibrios que lo haya hecho posible con tanta eficacia. naturales, cree dominarlo todo y puede su- Jaca, 12 de octubre de 1977. (*) Vicedirector del Centro Pirenaico de Biología Ex- perimental. Profesor extraordinario de la Univer- sidad de Navarra. 216 PEDRO MONTSERRAT Predomina en el Pirineo la explotación ex- espacio-tiempo) y por otra los problemas de tensiva tradicional, muy enraizada en las co- cultura humana. El hombre y sus comunida- munidades de cada valle (Mancomunidades des sociales regulan cada conjunto de eco- de pastos), con mucha historia que ocasio- sistemas: ciertamente resulta inútil hablar de na siempre graves problemas de adaptación agrobiosistemas ganaderos en la montaña si al resto de la comunidad nacional; con ma- descuidamos a la comunidad humana regula- yor exactitud podría decirse que se trata de dora. una incomprensión por parte de nuestra so- ciedad ciudadana, de las más arcaicas, ru- 1. ASPECTOS CIENTIFICOS BASICOS. rales, que ahora consideraremos. En éste, co- mo en muchos problemas parecidos, debemos Veamos ahora alguna de las materias cien- extremar la prudencia, y siempre existirá el tíficas que más deben contribuir al progreso peligro de exagerar nuestros juicios en uno de nuestros conocimientos sobre ganadería u otro sentido. pirenaica; ciertamente faltan muchas, pero figuran las que pueden llevar al progreso de La biología ecológica moderna, con estu- los estudios mesológicos y de la ordenación dio de la evolución de unos sistemas natura- les enraizados en ambientes concretos, pue- rural. de y debe contribuir a la clarificación de a) Climatología y Geomorfología, ambas fundamentales para el progreso de la Eda- ideas, señalando además algunas directrices fología integrada a su ambiente, con evolución útiles. Se trata ciertamente de problemas topográfica, dinamismo edáfico y tolerancia complejísimos. Con todo, el conocimiento di- a determinadas modificaciones, p. ej., las pro- recto de las modalidades de explotación ga- vocadas por laboreo del suelo, saneamientos, nadera más extendidas, por su extraordinaria riegos, efectos de árboles-matas, coluvios- adaptabilidad ambiental (explotación natural aluvios, pisoteo por el ganado, dinámica del de los recursos), aporta varios principios de mantillo y raíces en el suelo, etc. ecología paisajística, todos ellos muy apro- Existe ciertamente una buena base de quí- piados para un enfoque global de dicha pro- mica y genética edáfica en España, con mu- blemática. chos investigadores encajados en parcelas Como investigador botánico especializa- muy concretas del saber edafológico; ahora do en e! Valle del Ebro y dedicado desde 1954 falta potenciar su eficacia en equipos multi- —por indicación expresa de nuestro inolvi- disciplinarios que resuelvan problemas con- dable D. José M.ª ALBAREDA— al estudio de cretos y decisivos. los pastos, intento poner al día parte de los b) Botánica que entra de lleno en el te- conocimientos adquiridos, en especial los ma, muy especialmente la Geobotánica topo- más integrados. Por lo tanto, ahora mi esfuer- gráfica, con dinámica de comunidades explo- zo se centra en la evolución de sistemas y tadas por los herbívoros. Las comunidades causas ambientales que la condicionan. Como vegetales situadas en el espacio (topografía) veremos a continuación, el concepto de am- y tiempo (historia), integran información va- biente es amplísimo y, en el caso de siste- liosa que tan sólo un botánico muy entrenado mas agropecuarios, va muy ligado a ciertos puede descifrar. aspectos de sociología cultural. c) Zoología especializada en dinámica Al final, como apéndice, reúno una serie de poblaciones de herbívoros —explotadoras de datos bibliográficos, para facilitar a los in- de la productividad primaria—, con estudios teresados la consulta de mis trabajos desper- sobre aceleración del ciclo trófico y aumen- digados. to del potencial productivo del pasto; los re- baños trasladan fertilidad lateralmente, ace- I. GENERALIDADES METODOLOGICAS lerando la regeneración de un pasto previa- En nuestro caso la realidad natural, el mente rozado por pastoreo. Se trata de me- ambiente a estudiar, puede dividirse en dos canismos que influyen sobre la parte positi- componentes fundamentales: por una parte va de la producción. entidades naturales (ecosistema situado en Plagas y parásitos, en redes tróficas muy LA GANADERIA PIRENAICA 217 complejas, representan el saldo negativo, la en todas ellas los rasgos peculiares de su merma de producción animal: el conocimien- aplicación concreta. Es difícil encarnar nues- to de sus ciclos vitales e interacciones, re- tras ideas y los conocimientos humanos ac- sulta básico para reducir su impacto sobre la tuales son poco aplicables por haber descui- economía de los agrobiosistemas extensivos. dado dicho aspecto. Para la Humanidad, los d) Geografía, en sus diversas especiali- próximos años se caracterizarán por la di- dades que ya enlazan con las Ciencias huma- gestión de ideas abstractas, para que puedan nas. Sus métodos variados permiten conocer actuar en sistemas concretos. Debe desapa- aspectos globales y ayudan a situar los co- recer la distinción entre Ciencia pura y Cien- nocimientos de otras ciencias básicas que cia aplicada; la Ciencia o es total o no me- medraban en la soledad recoleta de los la- rece tal nombre. boratorios. Los conocimientos científicos uti- lizables deben estar situados, espacial y tem- 2. ASPECTOS PRACTICOS DEL PROBLEMA. poralmente. e) Ecología funcional, ciencia de integra- Un planteamiento analítico a ultranza nos ción que describe las peculiaridades evoluti- llevaría a conocer cada uno de los procesos vas de cada sistema y siempre en relación implicados (dentro de cada nivel de organi- con estructuras dinámicas. Su desarrollo co- zación), en el funcionamiento de los agrobio- rrecto potencia los conocimientos geográfi- sistemas de montaña. La gravedad de la si- co-descriptivos y los enlaza con otros propios tuación actual impone las ideas científicas de las disciplinas ahora consideradas. globales, no exhaustivas. Los sistemas impli- La Ecología de sistemas (Cibernética eco- cados actúan como unidades superiores que lógica), estudia los procesos de autorregula- pueden ser estudiadas directamente, con sín- ción en cada sistema concreto y situado; se tesis adecuadas. trata de una ciencia en pleno desarrollo que El dualismo entre cultura rural montañe- permitirá cuantificar los datos disponibles so- sa y la ciudadana es obvio; se trata del con- bre procesos fundamentales. tacto entre un sistema casi autárquico con f) Antropología cultural dedicada al es- otro muy organizado, uno con mucha inercia tudio de comunidades humanas, en nuestro y otro dinámico, adaptable a la coyuntura caso rurales; debe coronar el edificio de los fluctuante. En el contacto entre sistemas di- conocimientos científicos aplicables al desa- versos, el más organizado toma elementos del rrollo de las comunidades de montaña. Cier- primitivo (hombres, agua, madera, energía, tamente ya existe una base en España, con etcétera) para organizarse más; parece un un especialista (1) y varios trabajos de so- hecho irremediable, una fuerza
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