DOCSLIB.ORG

VENGEANCE and the C 1095-1216 I Usaildes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
VENGEANCE and the C 1095-1216 I Usaildes Pý )3 . VENGEANCE AND THE C ý USAIlDES 1095-1216 SusannaA. Throop Trinity Hall 1 September2005 , ý.. 1 Y UF., ,: LIýRýýnY This dissertationis submittedfor the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration of length and originality, Abstract iv Abbreviations V Introduction I Chapter 1: Sources and methodology 6 Vengeance in other relevant disciplines 6 Vengeance in the Middle Ages 19 The idea of crusadingas vengeance 22 Methodology 27 Primary sources 29 1QQ5m1137 29 1138m119i 32 1198-1216 39 Chapter 2: The meaningof vindicta, upd®and venjance 43 Vengeanceand justice 44 Vengeance, power and emotion s® Vengeance and religion 61 Ethnicity, gender and vengeance 68 Summary 70 Chapter 3: Zealnvengeance and the crusades 72 Evidence 72 Analysisand argument 78 Christian love and righteous anger 78 Emotion and action 83 Summary 95 H Fart H 98 Chapter 4: The idea of crusadingas vengeance,1095-1 137 98 Evidence 98 Analysis and argument 105 God°s vengeanceon the unfaithful 106 Milftxy obligation and social relationships Anti-Jewish sentiment 117 Summary 123 Chapter 5: The idea of crusading as vengeance, 1138-1197 125 Evidence 125 Analysis and argument 136 God's vengeance, papal power andanG the nature of; ls&vntc injuries 138 Cruciftion and crusade 147 Identity andhierarchy 156 Summary 163 Chapter 6: The idea of crusadingas vengeance,1198-1216 165 Evidence 165 Analysis and argument 175 Christian unity 175 Judaism, Islam, heresyand the crucifixion 181 Friendship and vengeance Is5 S 188 Conclusion 189 Appendix:A Crusading ideology and literature 194 iblio iziraphy 197 Sources 197 Secondary literature 202 ifi DECLARATION OF LENGTH AND, 0 ýI ýýýITY This dissertationdoes not exceed8®n®00., words in length, including mºmpendices and excluding footpn®tes. This dissertationis the result of my own work and includesnothing that is the outcome of work done in collaborationexcept where indicated,in the text. SusamaA. Thr®®p IV ABSTRACT Through textual analysisof specific medievalvocabulary it hasbeen possible to clarify the courseof the concept of vengeancein generalas well as the more specific idea of crusading act of vengeance.The conceptof vengeancewas intimately connectedwith the ideas®fjustIlce and punishment. It was perceivedas an expressionof power,m embeddedin a seriesof commonly understoodemotional resoc nses,and also as a value systemcompatible with Christianity. There was furthermore a strong fink betweenreligious zeal, righteous anger,and the vocabularyof vengeance. The idea of crusading as an act of vengeance largely originated in the aftermath of the First Crusade,as contemporariesstruggled to assigninterpretation and meaningto its success. Three themesin early twelfth-century sourcespromoted the idea of crusadingas vengeance: divine vengeanceon the unnfaithfnd,a connectionbetween crusading and anti-Jewishsentiment, and the social obligation to provide vengeancefor kith and kin indicatedby the key vocabularyof auzilfurrr and car°ftas,. The idea of crusadingas an act of vengeanceexpanded noticeably through the later twelfth century. This correspondedsubstantially with increasingpapal power, theories of material coercion, and a broad definition of the injuries comn-dttedby Muslims. The social obligation to provide vengeancewas still expressedin familial terms but also was linked increasinglywith lordship relations. The texts strongly downplayedthe distinction betweenJews and Muslims in a numberof ways centring around the crucifixion of Christ, and in so doing contributed to the ideology of crusadingas vengeance. In sourcesfrom the early thirteenth century, particularly papal correspondence,the idea of crusadingas an act of vengeancewas applied to a variety of crusadingexpeditions. Analysis Of the idea demonstratesa strong emphasison Christian unity and also the continuedcontribution of notions of social obligation. The sourcescontinued to blur the distinctionsbetween Jews, Muslims and heretics,again using as a binding event the cruciffidon of Christ. By the early thirteenth century, the vocabularyof vengeancewas an establishedpart of crusadingrhetoric. V AB 0lp REVIA°II'I®NS Quellen DeutschenGeschichte des Nfittelalters .ýQDGM, AausSevAhIte zur CCCMIcccml Corpus Christianorum,C@BntnauuatIl® Mediaevalis CI-IF Les classiquesde I'hist®ire de Franceau moyen 1ge CRMCFM Les classiquesffrsnngans du moyen ige DHC Documentsrelatn i I'hist®ire des cr®nsades ýGHSSýGHSS MonumentaGermaniae Historica, SeriesScriptores OFCC The Old French CrusadeCycle PL PatP®Il®gia,Latina RS Rerum BrittanicaaQaummedfi aevi scriptores RIrLC®ceRHC®ce Recueddes Historiens des Croisades,If`nst®rienns Occidentaux RIIGFRH,GF Recueffdes Historiens des Gauleset de la France SBQSBEZ S. Bernardi Opera Omniz MF Textes Lntt6PSSresFnannos I IN`M@IIDUC`II'I®N Why did peoplein the twelfth century go on crusade? How did they justify the crusadi movementto themselves?The late twelfth-century Old French epic La C8ýý dAaadocBae suggeststhe answeris vengeance.Even within the first forty laissesof the poem, attention was drawn to the First Crusadeas vengeance: but the noble baronswho loved God and held him dear, went to oudremer°in order to avengehis body.' Vengeancewas required by the seizureof 'Christian' lands,the desecrationof the holy places,the abuseof pilgrims and easternChristians, and evenby the crucifixion of Christ. Not only did the narrator of the chansondraw his audience'sattention to the motif of vengeance,but also 0 characterswithin the poem, from Pope Urban 11to the knightim RainaldPorcet, were depicted envisioningthe First Crusadeas vengeance.' Vengeancedrove the ideology of the Chanson d'rntg¢cTe, and also provided its internal narrative momentum,as crusadersin the text sought engagementafter engagementwith Muslims,to avengetheir fallen comrades. Here, then, was an epic poem devoted to the concept of the First Crusadeas an act of vengeance,a strain of ideology little commentedon in crusadehistoriography. Yet a cursory examinationof other texts revealedthat the construction of crusadeas vengeancewas hardly an anomaly. Another chansonde geste,La Venjýýe de 1NostreSeigneur, portrayed the Roman destruction of Jerusalemas revengefor the cn°ancnfnxi®n.Even the acceptedand widely used history by Baldric of Bourgueil, written in the early twelfth century, depictedthe crusadersdriven by the obligation to avengeChrist as a fallen kinsman. Moreover, it could be arguedthat the failure to distinguishbetween Jews and Muslims evident in the ChansondAaýdoche was equally apparentin the slaughterof Jewsby crusaderson their way to the East in flDy il It would be possibleto dismissone piece of evidencelike the C hansomdAen di ocFe as singularand largely irrelevant,as C. Erdmanndid when he describedthe emphasison crusadingas improvisation immature idea vengeanceas `an obvious suggestive of how the of crusade still 1La chanwneaA fflelPOccdct, ed. p. Neflwn, OFCC 4 (7[ie"oeu 2 go3), p. 49. 2ILa cBcanr,wea d ffleaCd®cbce50 and 182. CAM3RlDGE UNi' _,: SITY L&iARY 2 D But althoughthis was clearly not an instanceof a singular,anomalous text, most historians of the crusadeshave not investigated,the presenceof 4 S erneof vengeance,or even acknowledgedit as worth investigating. Two notablean exceptionsare P. Roussetand 1. Rfley- Smith, who havetouched upon it briefly in their careers,concentrating primarily on the secular valuesof military serviceand 'blood feud'.' Thetopic merits a fuller discussion.Although there can be no doubtthat military obligation and notions of family honour contributed to the concept of crusadingvengeance, no one hasyet taken into full account the frequent referencesto the Biblical God of vengeancein crusadenarratives. Moreover, despitea lack of evidence,the generalassumption remains that perceptionsof the crusadeas vengeanceonly flourished amongthe laity at the very beginningof the First Crusade,a vivid exampleof their limited comprehensionof theological subtlety and the generalemotional excitementthat accompaniedthe expeditionsof 1096. ButEb there hasbeen no extensivestudy of the origin and evolution of the ideology to prove this point. In this dissertationI examinethe idea of crusadingas vengeancein crusadingtexts written between 1095 and 1216 and the reIlatnonshipbetween these expressions of vengeanceand broader social context of the twelfth-century crusades. Did the concept of crusadingas vengeancedecrease in popularity as the twelfth century progressed,as is generallyassumed? What constructswere usedto promote the idea of crusadingas vengeancein the textual sources, and how did those constructsrelate to the history of the twelfth century as a whole? To be sure, thesequestions do not deny the relative importanceof the ideasof holy war, PH mageand the other primary ideological themesof crusading. The theme of crusadeas vengeanceis for the most part a thernewritten betweenthe ¢ines,a thernetaken for granted, perriapshe th by med ievý contemporariesof the crusadesand by present-dayhistorians. ' The i" E-rdmann,C., The origin of the idea ®fte°aasaadirag,trans.=M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart (Princeton 1977), p. 116. 'RousseQ, P., Les origines et descae°czctie°es de daape°eaaaca?re croisade (NleecllnArtellIl945); RHey-Smith, 11.,77 first crusade and the idea ®ffcraoswcdceag (London 1986) and Rfley-Smith, I., Thrnsem violence and the crusades, ' ed. A. S. Abulafm elegd®usviolence between Christians and Jews. medieval roots, modem perspectives 619asi. nngst®ke 2002), DD. 3-ZCb. s, m to the 'consciously present and largely unproblematic' categoriesusually
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Holy Wars: the Origins and Effects of the Crusades
    HOLY WARS: THE ORIGINS AND EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES HELEN STEELE In the late 11th century, circumstances converged to This culminated in the Investiture Controversy which create the Crusades, the series of military expeditions to made relations between pope Gregory VII and Henry IV so fight the armies of Islam in the Holy Land. Papal interest poor that Gregory excommunicated the Emperor. In the in expanding the influence of the Vatican in secular light of these problems and the continuing furore over the matters in Western Europe and in gaining influence in the reforms of the church he had encouraged, Gregory was Eastern Roman Empire caused first Gregory VII then unable to persuade the nobility of Europe to go on Urban II to call for crusades against the moslems. In a Crusade, although he did try. In 1074, he wrote: “a pagan society wracked with violence, the possibility of sending race [has] overcome the Christians and with horrible restless landless knights to fight for the Cross – and for cruelty had devastated everything almost to the walls of precious land – in the East, seemed an extra benefit. Constantinople […] If we love God and wish to be Individual reasons for crusading varied: deep piety, recognized as Christians, […] we should lay down our military adventurism, the lure of absolution and desire to lives to liberate them” (Thatcher, “Gregory VII”). Gregory appease the church all seemed to be factors; as the was a great inspiration to the next pope Urban II and crusades passed, the intent of many of the crusaders doubtless Urban was thinking of his mentor when he became more secular and less pious and this culminated in devised his own call for a crusade.
    [Show full text]
  • Rob04cc5.Pdf
    Dear Reader, This book was referenced in one of the 185 issues of 'The Builder' Magazine which was published between January 1915 and May 1930. To celebrate the centennial of this publication, the Pictoumasons website presents a complete set of indexed issues of the magazine. As far as the editor was able to, books which were suggested to the reader have been searched for on the internet and included in 'The Builder' library.' This is a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by one of several organizations as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. Wherever possible, the source and original scanner identification has been retained. Only blank pages have been removed and this header- page added. The original book has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books belong to the public and 'pictoumasons' makes no claim of ownership to any of the books in this library; we are merely their custodians. Often, marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in these files – a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Since you are reading this book now, you can probably also keep a copy of it on your computer, so we ask you to Keep it legal.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Fantasy of Crusade : Sarras in the Vulgate Cycle. Christopher Michael Herde University of Louisville
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2019 A new fantasy of crusade : Sarras in the vulgate cycle. Christopher Michael Herde University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Herde, Christopher Michael, "A new fantasy of crusade : Sarras in the vulgate cycle." (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3226. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/3226 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A NEW FANTASY OF CRUSADE: SARRAS IN THE VULGATE CYCLE By Christopher Michael Herde B.A., University of Louisville, 2016 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History Department of History University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May 2019 Copyright 2019 by Christopher Michael Herde All Rights Reserved A NEW FANTASY OF CRUSADE: SARRAS IN THE VUGLATE CYCLE By Christopher Michael Herde B.A., University of
    [Show full text]
  • Concept of a Crusade Within Each Faith in an Attempt to Ascertain the Roots of the Actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades
    InSight: RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL, VOLUME 5, NUMBER 2, FALL 2009 CONCEPT OF A CRUSAID Thomas Jackson* Master of Arts in Teaching Social Studies Program, Rivier College Keywords: Crusades, Islam, Pope, Warfare, Christianity Abstract Mention the word Crusade and depending on who is listening, the word's meaning and cultural impact varies significantly. Specifically, the Medieval Crusades, often traditionally defined by historians as offensive military campaigns waged by Christians to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims are held out as an example of western exploitation of Islam. Much work by authors such as John M. Riddle and Jonathan Riley-Smith has highlighted the historical events but has not considered the possibility these Crusades were defensive actions to counter previous Islamic advances into Christian territories. This paper will first examine the origins of Christianity and Islam, their spread, and the general concept of a Crusade within each faith in an attempt to ascertain the roots of the actions of Christian and Muslim Crusades. There will be an examination of the early Islamic advances into the Christian Levant. The work will assess the 1094 call for help by Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus I to thwart the Seljuk Muslim invaders. The paper will also examine the abhorrent Western European behavior during the Crusades. Finally, in a thoughtful postmortem analysis, the case will made that if the Crusades were not undertaken, Europe and its culture that we know today may not have existed. Introduction Mention the word Crusades and depending on who you converse with, the word's connotation and historical impact varies significantly with Christians and Muslims often holding diametrically opposing views.
    [Show full text]
  • "Contra Haereticos Accingantur": the Union of Crusading and Anti-Heresy Propaganda
    UNF Digital Commons UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 2018 "Contra haereticos accingantur": The nionU of Crusading and Anti-heresy Propaganda Bryan E. Peterson University of North Florida Suggested Citation Peterson, Bryan E., ""Contra haereticos accingantur": The nionU of Crusading and Anti-heresy Propaganda" (2018). UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 808. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/808 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 2018 All Rights Reserved “CONTRA HAERETICOS ACCINGANTUR”: THE UNION OF CRUSADING AND ANTI-HERESY PROPAGANDA by Bryan Edward Peterson A thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES June, 2018 ii CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL The thesis of Bryan Edward Peterson is approved (Date) ____________________________________ _____________________ Dr. David Sheffler ____________________________________ ______________________ Dr. Philip Kaplan ____________________________________ ______________________ Dr. Andrew Holt Accepted for the Department of History: _________________________________ _______________________ Dr. David Sheffler Chair Accepted for the College of Arts and Sciences: _________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • The Clash Between Pagans and Christians: the Baltic Crusades from 1147-1309
    The Clash between Pagans and Christians: The Baltic Crusades from 1147-1309 Honors Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Donald R. Shumaker The Ohio State University May 2014 Project Advisor: Professor Heather J. Tanner, Department of History 1 The Baltic Crusades started during the Second Crusade (1147-1149), but continued into the fifteenth century. Unlike the crusades in the Holy Lands, the Baltic Crusades were implemented in order to combat the pagan tribes in the Baltic. These crusades were generally conducted by German and Danish nobles (with occasional assistance from Sweden) instead of contingents from England and France. Although the Baltic Crusades occurred in many different countries and over several centuries, they occurred as a result of common root causes. For the purpose of this study, I will be focusing on the northern crusades between 1147 and 1309. In 1309 the Teutonic Order, the monastic order that led these crusades, moved their headquarters from Venice, where the Order focused on reclaiming the Holy Lands, to Marienberg, which was on the frontier of the Baltic Crusades. This signified a change in the importance of the Baltic Crusades and the motivations of the crusaders. The Baltic Crusades became the main theater of the Teutonic Order and local crusaders, and many of the causes for going on a crusade changed at this time due to this new focus. Prior to the year 1310 the Baltic Crusades occurred for several reasons. A changing knightly ethos combined with heightened religious zeal and the evolution of institutional and ideological changes in just warfare and forced conversions were crucial in the development of the Baltic Crusades.
    [Show full text]
  • Circumscribing European Crusading Violence Susanna A
    Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College History Faculty Publications History Department 2018 'Not Cruelty But Piety': Circumscribing European Crusading Violence Susanna A. Throop Ursinus College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/history_fac Part of the Christianity Commons, Ethics in Religion Commons, European History Commons, History of Christianity Commons, History of Religion Commons, Islamic Studies Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, Medieval History Commons, and the Medieval Studies Commons Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits oy u. Recommended Citation Throop, Susanna A., "'Not Cruelty But Piety': Circumscribing European Crusading Violence" (2018). History Faculty Publications. 8. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/history_fac/8 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the History Department at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 ‘Not Cruelty but Piety’: Circumscribing European Crusading Violence Susanna A. Throop Traditionally the crusading movement has been distinguished from other forms of Christian violence motivated or justified in religious terms. In the western world, innumerable books and articles discuss ‘the crusades’ or ‘the crusading movement’ as discrete entities. The crusades, so the narrative goes, began firmly in 1096 when an armed, penitential expedition set out to Jerusalem in response to the 1095 appeal of Pope Urban II, and ended less conclusively at some point before the onset of modernity. Meanwhile, in a broader global context and across a wider range of media, some continue to invoke the crusades as explanation for ongoing geopolitical conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Church History: 30AD to Present
    Church History: 30AD to Present Session 1 30AD-476. In this session, we will look at two overarching themes: the growth of the Church and how the Church conquered Rome. For the growth of the church we will explore how the Church goes from a small band of followers to conquering the Roman Empire. We will look at the formation of the Christian Scriptures, and the influence martyrs had on the expansion of the early Church. For how the Church conquered Rome, we will also look at how the Nicene Creed came to be, the beginnings of the monastic movement, and the effect the decline of the Roman Empire had on Christianity. We will discuss several saints and how they influenced the growth of the early Church. Session 2 476AD-1350. In this session, our overarching themes are the Church fractures and the crusades. For the Church fractures we will look at how the separation of the Roman Empire is a major cause of the separation of the Church and other events that lead to the Great Schism in 1054. For the crusades we will look at the lay investiture controversy, the beginnings of the crusading movement, and the Sack of Constantinople by the 4th Crusade and its effect on East and West. We will also look at the movement towards building Gothic churches, and end with the Black Death. We will discuss several saints (including St. Francis of Assisi), and their roles in this difficult time frame. Session 3 1350-2015. In this session, our overarching themes are the Reformation and how the Church spreads throughout the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Manning, Roger B. "Holy Wars, Crusades, and Religious Wars." War and Peace in the Western Political Imagination: from Classical Antiquity to the Age of Reason
    Manning, Roger B. "Holy Wars, Crusades, and Religious Wars." War and Peace in the Western Political Imagination: From Classical Antiquity to the Age of Reason. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016. 105–180. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 25 Sep. 2021. <http:// dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474258739.ch-003>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 25 September 2021, 06:12 UTC. Copyright © Roger B. Manning 2016. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 3 Holy Wars, Crusades, and Religious Wars Th en standing inside the gate of the camp, he said: If any man be on the Lord’s side let him join with me. And all the sons of Levi gathered themselves together unto him. And he said to them: Th us saith the Lord God of Israel: Put every man his sword upon his thigh: go, and return from gate to gate through the midst of the camp, and let every man kill his brother, friend and neighbour. And the sons of Levi did according to the words of Moses, and there were slain that day about three and twenty thousand men. Exodus 32:26–8 And the Lord said to the servant: Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be fi lled. Gospel of St. Luke, 14:23 When the sacred months are passed, kill the idolaters wherever you fi nd them, and lie in wait for them in every place of ambush; but if they repent, pray regularly, and give the alms tax, then let them go their way, for God is forgiving, merciful.
    [Show full text]
  • Matt King Research Project.Pdf
    1 We’re on a Mission from God: A Translation, Commentary, and Essay Concerning The Hierosolymita by Ekkehard of Aura Matthew LaBarge King A thesis presented to the History Department, University of Washington In completion of the History Honors Thesis Requirement Department of History University of Washington 7 March 2011 _____________________________ _____________________________ 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank a number of people for their assistance in the writing of this senior thesis. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Dean Robert Stacey for his consistent help and feedback with any problems I might have had, whether relating to crusading historiography or the basics of thesis construction. His expertise in the field of history has proved invaluable, and I could not have been more honored to work with such a gracious adviser. For helping me with the intricacies of the Latin text, I owe an extreme debt to Professor Alain Gowing. I would also like to extend my thanks to Professor Purnima Dhavan, who oversaw this project over the last two quarters and was able to provide me with guidance as the project progressed from its infancy to completion. My fellow colleagues in the UW History Honors Program have also provided me with feedback about the course of my paper, and for that I also am indebted to them. Finally, I would like to thank my family, who has instilled in me a love of learning, through which this thesis was made possible. 3 Table of Contents Map of the First Crusade 1 Introduction to the Hierosolymita
    [Show full text]
  • Lay Spirituality, Crusading, and Reform in the Sermons of Jacques De Vitry
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2018 Lay Spirituality, Crusading, and Reform in the Sermons of Jacques de Vitry Lydia Marie Walker University of Tennessee Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Walker, Lydia Marie, "Lay Spirituality, Crusading, and Reform in the Sermons of Jacques de Vitry. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2018. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4933 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Lydia Marie Walker entitled "Lay Spirituality, Crusading, and Reform in the Sermons of Jacques de Vitry." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. Jay C. Rubenstein, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Robert J. Bast, Thomas E. Burman, Maura K. Lafferty Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Lay Spirituality, Crusading, and Reform in the Sermons of Jacques de Vitry A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Lydia Marie Walker May 2018 Copyright © 2018 by Lydia M.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Studies Book 1
    6th Grade Social Studies Book 1 For families who need academic support, please call 504-349-8999 Monday-Thursday • 8:00 am–8:00 pm Friday • 8:00 am–4:00 pm Available for families who have questions about either the online learning resources or printed learning packets. ow us you Sh r #JPSchoolsLove 6th-8th GRADE DAILY ROUTINE Examples Time Activity 6-8 8:00a Wake-Up and • Get dressed, brush teeth, eat breakfast Prepare for the Day 9:00a Morning Exercise • Exercises o Walking o Jumping Jacks o Push-Ups o Sit-Ups o Running in place High Knees o o Kick Backs o Sports NOTE: Always stretch before and after physical activity 10:00a Academic Time: • Online: Reading Skills o Plato (ELA) • Packet o Reading (one lesson a day) 11:00a Play Time Outside (if weather permits) 12:00p Lunch and Break • Eat lunch and take a break • Video game or TV time • Rest 2:00p Academic Time: • Online: Math Skills o Plato (Math) • Packet o Math (one lesson a day) 3:00p Academic • Puzzles Learning/Creative • Flash Cards Time • Board Games • Crafts • Bake or Cook (with adult) 4:00p Academic Time: • Independent reading Reading for Fun o Talk with others about the book 5:00p Academic Time: • Online Science and Social o Plato (Science and Social Studies) Studies Para familias que necesitan apoyo académico, por favor llamar al 504-349-8999 De lunes a jueves • 8:00 am – 8: 00 pm Viernes • 8:00 am – 4: 00 pm Disponible para familias que tienen preguntas ya sea sobre los recursos de aprendizaje en línea o los paquetes de aprendizaje impresos.
    [Show full text]