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Bark-Canoes from Mozambique: a Living Tradition

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Bark-Canoes from Mozambique: a Living Tradition Bark-canoes from Mozambique: a living tradition (English text without illustrations) Béat Arnold Le tour du monde en 80 pirogues Part Four ARNOLD Béat, 2019. Bark-canoes from Mozambique: a living tradition (English text without illustrations). Neuchâtel, Editions Alphil (Le tour du monde en 80 pirogues, Part Four, PDF). Translated by Jane Davis Note: the English translation of the text is without figures (for the latter, see the original version in French). It can be downloaded free from: https://www.alphil.com/index.php/alphil-diffusion/le-tour-du-monde-en-80-pirogues/canoes-en- ecorce-du-mozambique-une-tradition-vivante.html Free access to the book in PDF form: https://www.alphil.com/index.php/alphil-diffusion/le-tour-du- monde-en-80-pirogues/canoes-en-ecorce-du-mozambique-une-tradition-vivante.html See also the insert at the back of the volume (p. 126) Recommended method for quoting the original version: ARNOLD Béat, 2019. Canoës en écorce du Mozambique : une tradition vivante. Neuchâtel, Editions Alphil (Le tour du monde en 80 pirogues, fascicule 4). ISBN 978-2-88930-292-5 © 2019, Béat Arnold (CH-2074 Marin-Epagnier) and the Institutions and the photographers for their respective original documents Unless otherwise stated, all photographs were taken by the author. Béat Arnold, 2019. Bark-canoes from Mozambique: a living tradition (English text without illustrations). 1 Contents Foreword 5 Introduction 7 Initial observations, initial descriptions 7 Towards a typology of bark-canoes of Mozambique and the neighbouring areas 13 Complement: the untoro and ngarawa canoes 19 Box-shaped canoes with shrouds 21 The canoes of Lake Chicamba 21 Box-shaped canoes with ears 31 The lithelele from Lake Nhamilambo 31 Box-shaped canoes with spikes 35 The ntherere from Bilibiza 35 The canoe with spikes from Gairezi (Zimbabwe) 44 Box-shaped canoes with independent raised ends 45 The tsevele from the Museu das Pescas (Maputo) 45 Canoes with apical lashings 47 The kapepe from the Malagarasi river basin (Tanzania) 47 Canoes with pressed tips and vertical seams 55 The nikhula from the Lúrio River 55 Construction of a nikhula 57 The samba from Angola 64 The canoes with washstrakes of muterere type from the Chocas region 67 The nintherere with washstrakes from Mossuril 75 Construction of a muterere 77 From cord to needle: the needle – a new tool 87 A double system for achieving watertightness? 90 The single sheet muterere from the Kunstkamera (Saint Petersburg) 91 Organistion of the work 95 In conclusion 99 Appendix 1: Annotated inventory of bark-canoes, together with their location 107 Appendix 2: Bark-canoes and museums 113 Appendix 3: Bark species used 114 Bibliography 119 Index 122 Tribes and indigenous names of the craft 122 Tree species 123 Geographical names 124 Béat Arnold, 2019. Bark-canoes from Mozambique: a living tradition (English text without illustrations). 2 List of illustrations Fig. 1. Canoe with apical lashings – a kapepe (Kimila River, near Nyaka Kangaga, Tanzania; July 2013; 37 , the numbers in bold correspond to the occurrences discussed in Appendix 1 and on Figure 4). Fig. 2. Two box-shaped canoes with wired ends, on Lake Chicamba (Mozambique, April 2016; 23 ). Fig. 3. Distribution map for bark-canoes (S UDER 1930, pl. 13). Fig. 4. Southern and eastern Africa, with the locations of the canoes observed. Their vernacular name is in italics. The numbers correspond to the occurrences described in Appendix 1 (with the relevant bibliographical references). Finally, spatial distribution of these craft as proposed by H. S UDER (1930, pl.13). Fig. 5. Canoe with laterally pressed tips, photographed in the early 20th century ( 7a ; Cunene River, near Quissuco, Angola; A LMEIDA 1912, fig. p. 15). Fig. 6. Types of canoes resulting from the analysis of early publications and a few recent occurrences: ❚) box- shaped canoe; ) lenticular canoe with apical lashings; ♦) lenticular canoe with pressed tips; ◇) complex canoe or with washstrakes; ) not specified. Fig. 7. Box-shaped canoe observed in around 1910 in a region located between the Limpopo and the Zambezi (B, "South of Mozambique – 1910"; B ARRETT 1910, fig. p. 817). Fig. 8. Canoe called ichikondo , attributable to the box-shaped type, on the Upper Kafue (D OKE 1931, fig. 51; 16 ). Fig. 9. Lenticular canoe used by Vachokue fishermen, observed near Cangamba, on the Cuando (H AMBLY 1934, image extracted from a film made during this expedition, in 1929-1930; 15 ). Fig. 10. Canoe with washstrakes 4.27 m long, observed in 1926 on the Island of Mozambique (H ORNELL 1935; 12 ). Fig. 11. Box-shaped canoe with shrouds (Lake Chicamba, April 2016; 23 ). Fig. 12. Preparation of the vertical slit (Kimila, July 2013; 37 ). Fig. 13. Heating the entire split cylinder, with the leafy branches, to obtain water vapour (Chicamba, April 2016; 23 ). Fig. 14. Box-shaped canoe with shrouds (Chicamba; April 2016; 23 ). Fig. 15. Box-shaped (1-5) and lenticular canoes (6-8) used in Mozambique and Tanzania: with shrouds (1), with ears (2), with a closing stem (3), with spikes (4), with independent raised ends (5), with longitudinally folded ends (6), with apical lashings (7) or distal seam (8). Fig. 16. Box-shaped canoe with ears, called lithelele , and ends stabilised with a terminal pole (Inhambane area or Panda region, August 2011; 20 ). Fig. 17. Small box-shaped canoe with spikes, collected on the Levuvhu, a tributary of the Limpopo (H OFFMAN 1952, pl. 1; 18 ). Length 1.96 m; width 0.91-1.07 m. Fig. 18. Box-shaped canoe with spikes, called ntherere , with a vertical raised end (Bilibiza, April 2016; 33 ). Fig. 19. Three very elongated box-shaped canoes, with spikes, on the Lugenda River ( 34a). They are equipped with seven, eight and nine stretchers respectively, the ends of which are pointed and pierce the bark. These are often supported by one or two stays. The raised parts are oblique. The top of the sides is stabilised by a gunwale pole. See also the long, narrow canoes equipped with numerous stretchers, from the Lucite River ( 21 ), or an example present on Lake Nhamilambo (fig. 70; 20/3 ). Béat Arnold, 2019. Bark-canoes from Mozambique: a living tradition (English text without illustrations). 3 Fig. 20. This canoe was made from the bark of an Erythrophleum suaveolens . We can group this with the canoes with spikes as a result of its local angular lashings ( 22 ). It was used to cross the Mussapa River by an expedition from Kew Gardens. Fig. 21. Batonga fisherman on Lake Kariba ( 17 ), in a box-shaped canoe with shrouds and an angular lashing (Zimbabwe). Fig. 22. Bark-canoe with longitudinally folded ends on the River Lugenda (E LLERT 2013, fig. p. 293; 34b ). Fig. 23. Kapepe , canoes with apical lashings (Kimila River, July 2013; 37 ). Fig. 24. Nikhula , canoes with distal seams (Lúrio River, April 2016; 32 ). Fig. 25. Muterere , a canoe with washstrakes on the beach at Chocas (July 2013; 30/4 ). Fig. 26. Angola: canoe with laterally pressed tips. Fig. 27. Untoro from Namevil, Quinga Bay; a model which is no longer in use (M OURA 1988, pl. 20; 29 ). Fig. 28. Ngarawa canoe with distal seam from the Pungwe River (S HROPSHIRE 1935, fig. 1; 24 ). Length 3 m; width 0.9 m. Fig. 29. "Canoa de casca"; two box-shaped canoes with shrouds on Lake Chicamba ( 23 ). Look out! A crocodile is attacking the fish caught in the net. This time the fishermen arrive too late to save their catch (April 2016). Fig. 30. The dam on Lake Chicamba and the eastern part of the rocky bar. Fig. 31. Hamlet overlooking the lake, below the track. Fig. 32. Box-shaped canoe with shrouds (Lake Chicamba). Fig. 33. Canoe attached to a crossbar supported by two stakes, for line fishing. Fig. 34. Box-shaped canoe with shrouds (Lake Chicamba). Fig. 35. Two box-shaped canoes with shrouds, on Lake Chicamba. The bark has been taken from trees on the mountain located at the far right. Fig. 36. Brachystegia bussei selected for the manufacture of a canoe. Fig. 37. Upper slit: passing up the adze. Fig. 38. The banks of Lake Chicamba coasts and Brachystegia forest. Fig. 39. Lower slit and start of the vertical slit. Fig. 40. Making the upper slit. Fig. 41. Wooden wedge inserted using a pebbel. Fig. 42. The bark is gradually peeled off. Fig. 43. After the wedges, large levers are used. Fig. 44. The upper part of the bark is released. Fig. 45. A rope ensures the safe lowering of the bark. Fig. 46. Bark 20 mm thick. Fig. 47. Marking the position of the stretchers. Fig. 48. First series of stretchers, inserted under strong pressure. Béat Arnold, 2019. Bark-canoes from Mozambique: a living tradition (English text without illustrations). 4 Fig. 49. Pointed stretchers from the first series. Fig. 50. End of the bark sheet, shaped with an axe. Fig. 51. Long fire over which the canoe is placed. Fig. 52. Particular attention is given to the ends. Fig. 53. The canoe is turned over while the fire is fed. Fig. 54. Insertion of the second series of stretchers. Fig. 55. Additional heating for one end. Fig. 56. One end is raised, closing the canoe. Fig. 57. Shrouds maintain the curve of the bark. Fig. 58. Transverse lashing and attachment for the shrouds. Fig. 59. Triangulation of the upper structural support and insertion of the stays. Fig. 60. Plan of the box-shaped canoe with shrouds manufactured in April 2016 in the forest overlooking Lake Chicamba ( 23/1 ). Each end has only one point of curvature. In use, the fisherman regards the right hand part as the prow.
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