O SOM E O SOBERANO: Uma História Da Depressão Musical Carioca Pós-Abdicação (1831-1843) E De Seus Antecedentes

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O SOM E O SOBERANO: Uma História Da Depressão Musical Carioca Pós-Abdicação (1831-1843) E De Seus Antecedentes UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL O SOM E O SOBERANO: uma história da depressão musical carioca pós-Abdicação (1831-1843) e de seus antecedentes Lino de Almeida Cardoso São Paulo 2006 2 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL O SOM E O SOBERANO: uma história da depressão musical carioca pós-Abdicação (1831-1843) e de seus antecedentes Lino de Almeida Cardoso Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Orientador: Prof. Dr. István Jancsó São Paulo 2006 3 Para Luciana e Luana. 4 AGRADECIMENTOS A minha mãe, Zelia, pelos diários ensinamentos; a meu pai, Odon, por me mostrar que a música é quase tudo; ao professor István Jancsó, pelo acolhimento, pela orientação, pela confiança e pelo constante estímulo; ao amigo e professor Maurício Monteiro, pela agradável convivência, pelo contínuo aprendizado e pela sempre generosa boa vontade em co- orientar informalmente este trabalho; aos professores João Paulo Garrido Pimenta e Iris Kantor, pela meticulosa leitura das versões preliminares deste trabalho e pelas inestimáveis sugestões, oferecidas durante os exames de qualificação; aos professores Carlos Alberto Zeron, Elias Thomé Saliba, Ana Maria de Almeida Camargo e Nicolau Sevcenko, pelo interesse preliminar no projeto original, pelo incentivo e pelo encaminhamento, durante o processo seletivo da pós-graduação; aos colegas Luciane Beduschi e Adriano de Castro Meyer pela troca de idéias e pela disponibilidade de oferecer-me, prontamente, informações e fontes solicitadas; ao maestro Júlio Medaglia pela amizade, pelo respeito profissional e pelo auxílio nas traduções aqui apresentadas de um idioma sobre o qual aprendi muito, mas não tenho domínio: o alemão; a todos os funcionários de arquivos e bibliotecas nacionais e estrangeiros que gentilmente me atenderam, em pessoa ou por correspondência, fornecendo informações e preparando cópias de documentos; enfim, a todos os familiares, amigos e colegas com quem conversei sobre música e história, exercitando a reflexão de idéias. 5 RESUMO Entre os anos de 1808 e 1831, a cidade do Rio de Janeiro tornou-se um dos mais fecundos centros operísticos das Américas. Não o fora por acaso. Na primeira década do século XIX, o Teatro de São Carlos, de Lisboa, ainda era tido na Europa como a melhor ópera italiana além dos limites da Itália, e todo o fino cultivo do drama cantado italiano, desenvolvido desde o reinado de Dom João V, se transferiu, em parte, para a então capital do Estado do Brasil, quando a família real portuguesa e membros de sua corte ali se instalaram. Além de importantes autores e executantes europeus, o Rio passou a dispor, em poucos anos, de uma grande casa de ópera, comparada às melhores do Antigo Continente, e nesses pouco mais de vinte anos, cerca de quarenta títulos de óperas diferentes foram ali estreadas, fora as centenas de repetições. Além de ópera, podia-se também ouvir, no Rio desse mesmo período, excelente música sacra na Capela Real, depois Imperial. Para Manuel de Araújo Porto Alegre, esse gênero, “que encantava os estrangeiros em Roma, era executado com a mesma perfeição, durante a Semana Santa, no Rio de Janeiro”, elogio, diga-se de passagem, endossado pela maior parte dos europeus que tiveram a oportunidade de ouvir tal conjunto musical, como Debret, Freycinet, Graham, Caldcleugh. Tal cultivo excelente da música sacra devia-se, em parte, à existência, ali, de exímios músicos nativos, como José Maurício Nunes Garcia e Pedro Teixeira de Seixas, mas, também, graças ao esforço de Dom João em fazer vir de Portugal, desde a sua chegada, muitos dos músicos que formaram, durante o reinado de Dona Maria I, “a primeira Capela da Europa, superior inclusive à do Vaticano”, como testemunhou o viajante inglês William Beckford, em 1787. Por outro lado, entre setembro de 1831 e janeiro de 1844, surpreende notar que nenhum espetáculo de ópera completa tenha sido estreado ou sequer encenado no Rio de Janeiro. Como se não bastasse, cerca de dois meses após a abdicação de Dom Pedro I, o governo regencial fez cumprir, com extremo rigor, o orçamento imperial de 1831-1832, praticamente extinguindo a orquestra da Capela Imperial e reduzindo o número de músicos, que chegou a cerca de setenta na época de Dom Pedro I, a menos de trinta integrantes. A reorganização dessa orquestra somente iria ocorrer em maio de 1843, já em pleno segundo reinado. Nenhuma dúvida paira quanto ao fato de que essa depressão musical repentina e ao mesmo tempo duradoura dos anos 1831-1843 tenha uma íntima relação com o interregno de 1831-1840. Porém, nenhum estudo histórico ou musicológico foi realizado até hoje buscando, em meio a eventos de diversas naturezas — social, política e econômica —, estabelecer, com precisão, que fatores mais teriam contribuído para esse fulminante declínio da ópera e da música sacra na capital do Império, em 1831. Igualmente, jamais se explicou por que razão tantos anos, incluindo-se alguns já do segundo reinado, foram necessários para que o Rio de Janeiro voltasse a ter uma atividade musical similar à que tinha antes da partida de Dom Pedro I. 6 Diante disso, procuraremos — acompanhando os moldes de alguns importantes estudos internacionais, os quais, paulatinamente, têm contribuído para a edificação de uma história mais geral da música — abrir não apenas um amplo leque de causas diretas dessa derrocada, como demonstrar que essa parte mais importante da atividade musical no Rio de Janeiro — a produção de te-déuns e óperas — esteve, até então — e desde muito antes do que se imaginava, ainda nos tempos dos Governadores e Vice-Reis —, assim como em Lisboa e em outras capitais européias, intimamente ligada ao simbolismo da figura do soberano, ao status do artifício maravilhoso e sagrado do poder real. E, daí, propor que a fundamental causa da decadência dos dois mais importantes organismos musicais do Rio de Janeiro durante os anos 1831-1843 tenha sido o concomitante enfraquecimento, após a partida de Dom Pedro I, dessa antiga expressão simbólica da monarquia, um ritual de manutenção de um poder real que se efetivava na atividade social de corte, prática recuperada, em parte, entre 1840 e 1841, com a Maioridade e a Coroação, e, cabalmente, em 1843, com o imperial consórcio. Palavras-chave: Música, Rio de Janeiro, Monarquia, Sociedade de corte, Poder político. ABSTRACT In the years between 1808 and 1831, the city of Rio de Janeiro became one of the most active operatic centers in America. This had not been by chance. In the first decade of the 19th century, the São Carlos Theatre, in Lisbon, was still considered the best Italian opera house in Europe, outside Italy, and all the intense cultivation of the Italian lyric drama, developed since the reign of Dom João V, was, in part, transferred to the capital of the State of Brazil at that time, when the Portuguese royal family, together with members of the court, settled down there. Within a few years, besides important European composers and performers, Rio already had a great opera house which could be compared to the best ones in Europe, and during little more than those twenty years, nearly forty different opera titles were first performed there, not to mention hundreds of repetitions. In the same period, besides opera, it was also possible to listen to excellent sacred music in the Royal Chapel, called Imperial later on. According to Manuel de Araújo Porto Alegre, that kind of music “which enchanted foreigners in Rome was equally played with the same perfection during the Holy Week in Rio de Janeiro”, a praise, in passing, supported by most of the Europeans who had the opportunity of listening to such a musical ensemble, as Debret, Freycinet, Graham, Caldcleugh and many others. Such an excellent cultivation of sacred music was due not only to the existence, there, of extraordinary native musicians, as José Maurício Nunes Garcia and Pedro Teixeira de Seixas, but also to the effort made by Dom João since his arrival, to fetch from Portugal several of the musicians who, during the reign 7 of Dona Maria I, had formed “the fist Chapel of Europe, superior to that one in the State of Vatican”, as the English traveller, William Beckford, had testified in 1787. On the other hand, it is a surprise to notice that, between September 1831 and January 1844, no complete opera had been first performed or even staged in Rio de Janeiro. Moreover, about two months after the abdication of Dom Pedro I, the regent government carried out the imperial budget of 1831- 1832 with extreme severity, practically extinguishing the Imperial Chapel Orchestra and reducing the number of musicians that had almost reached seventy, during the time of Dom Pedro I, to less than thirty. The reorganization of that orchestra would only occur on May 1843, in the second reign already. There is no doubt about the fact of that sudden and, at the same time, lasting musical depression of the years 1831-1843 has had a close relationship with the interregnum of 1831-1840. But no historical or musicological research has been accomplished so far, trying, among events of different nature — social, politic, economic —, to establish precisely which other causes had contributed to the extreme decline of opera and sacred music in the capital of the Empire in 1831. Likewise, it has never been explained why so many years, including some in the second reign, were necessary for Rio de Janeiro to have again a musical activity similar to that one before the departure of Dom Pedro I.
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