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The Origins of the Underline As Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: a Case Study in Skeuomorphism
The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Romano, John J. 2016. The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33797379 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism John J Romano A Thesis in the Field of Visual Arts for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2016 Abstract This thesis investigates the process by which the underline came to be used as the default signifier of hyperlinks on the World Wide Web. Created in 1990 by Tim Berners- Lee, the web quickly became the most used hypertext system in the world, and most browsers default to indicating hyperlinks with an underline. To answer the question of why the underline was chosen over competing demarcation techniques, the thesis applies the methods of history of technology and sociology of technology. Before the invention of the web, the underline–also known as the vinculum–was used in many contexts in writing systems; collecting entities together to form a whole and ascribing additional meaning to the content. -
Unicode Nearly Plain-Text Encoding of Mathematics Murray Sargent III Office Authoring Services, Microsoft Corporation 4-Apr-06
Unicode Nearly Plain Text Encoding of Mathematics Unicode Nearly Plain-Text Encoding of Mathematics Murray Sargent III Office Authoring Services, Microsoft Corporation 4-Apr-06 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 2 2. Encoding Simple Math Expressions ...................................................................... 3 2.1 Fractions .......................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Subscripts and Superscripts........................................................................... 6 2.3 Use of the Blank (Space) Character ............................................................... 7 3. Encoding Other Math Expressions ........................................................................ 8 3.1 Delimiters ........................................................................................................ 8 3.2 Literal Operators ........................................................................................... 10 3.3 Prescripts and Above/Below Scripts........................................................... 11 3.4 n-ary Operators ............................................................................................. 11 3.5 Mathematical Functions ............................................................................... 12 3.6 Square Roots and Radicals ........................................................................... 13 3.7 Enclosures..................................................................................................... -
End-Of-Line Hyphenation of Chemical Names (IUPAC Provisional
Pure Appl. Chem. 2020; aop IUPAC Recommendations Albert J. Dijkstra*, Karl-Heinz Hellwich, Richard M. Hartshorn, Jan Reedijk and Erik Szabó End-of-line hyphenation of chemical names (IUPAC Provisional Recommendations) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-1005 Received October 16, 2019; accepted January 21, 2020 Abstract: Chemical names and in particular systematic chemical names can be so long that, when a manu- script is printed, they have to be hyphenated/divided at the end of a line. Many systematic names already contain hyphens, but sometimes not in a suitable division position. In some cases, using these hyphens as end-of-line divisions can lead to illogical divisions in print, as can also happen when hyphens are added arbi- trarily without considering the ‘chemical’ context. The present document provides recommendations and guidelines for authors of chemical manuscripts, their publishers and editors, on where to divide chemical names at the end of a line and instructions on how to avoid these names being divided at illogical places as often suggested by desk dictionaries. Instead, readability and chemical sense should prevail when authors insert optional hyphens. Accordingly, the software used to convert electronic manuscripts to print can now be programmed to avoid illogical end-of-line hyphenation and thereby save the author much time and annoy- ance when proofreading. The recommendations also allow readers of the printed article to determine which end-of-line hyphens are an integral part of the name and should not be deleted when ‘undividing’ the name. These recommendations may also prove useful in languages other than English. -
Glyphs! Data Communication for Primary Mathematicians. REPORT NO ISBN-1-56417-663-0 PUB DATE 97 NOTE 68P
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 401 134 SE 059 203 AUTHOR O'Connell, Susan R. TITLE Glyphs! Data Communication for Primary Mathematicians. REPORT NO ISBN-1-56417-663-0 PUB DATE 97 NOTE 68p. AVAILABLE FROM Good Apple, 299 Jefferson Road, P.O. Box 480, Parsippany, NJ 07054-0480 (GA 1573). PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Communication Skills; *Data Analysis; *Data Interpretation; Elementary Education; Learning Activities; *Mathematics Instruction; Teaching Methods; Thinking Skills ABSTRACT Glyphs, a way of representing data pictorially, are a new way for elementary students to collect, display, and interpret data. This book contains a number of glyph activities that can be used as creative educational tools -for grades 1=-3. Each glyph_has three essential construction elements: the glyph survey (the questions that are asked), the glyph directions (tell what to draw based on the answers given), and the glyph pattern (a reproducible provided in this book or a shape that is hand drawn on a sheet of paper). Glyph activities begin with the collection of data followed by displaying the data by following a series of directions. Once glyphs are created they can be analyzed and interpreted' in many ways. In the process of exploring their glyphs students are provided' with opportunities to communicate their mathematical thinking both orally and in writing. Along with building data analysis and communication skills, glyphs also stimulate students' mathematical reasoning as they compare, contrast, and draw conclusions. (JRH). *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. -
Mac Keyboard Shortcuts Cut, Copy, Paste, and Other Common Shortcuts
Mac keyboard shortcuts By pressing a combination of keys, you can do things that normally need a mouse, trackpad, or other input device. To use a keyboard shortcut, hold down one or more modifier keys while pressing the last key of the shortcut. For example, to use the shortcut Command-C (copy), hold down Command, press C, then release both keys. Mac menus and keyboards often use symbols for certain keys, including the modifier keys: Command ⌘ Option ⌥ Caps Lock ⇪ Shift ⇧ Control ⌃ Fn If you're using a keyboard made for Windows PCs, use the Alt key instead of Option, and the Windows logo key instead of Command. Some Mac keyboards and shortcuts use special keys in the top row, which include icons for volume, display brightness, and other functions. Press the icon key to perform that function, or combine it with the Fn key to use it as an F1, F2, F3, or other standard function key. To learn more shortcuts, check the menus of the app you're using. Every app can have its own shortcuts, and shortcuts that work in one app may not work in another. Cut, copy, paste, and other common shortcuts Shortcut Description Command-X Cut: Remove the selected item and copy it to the Clipboard. Command-C Copy the selected item to the Clipboard. This also works for files in the Finder. Command-V Paste the contents of the Clipboard into the current document or app. This also works for files in the Finder. Command-Z Undo the previous command. You can then press Command-Shift-Z to Redo, reversing the undo command. -
DEC Text Processing Utility Reference Manual
DEC Text Processing Utility Reference Manual Order Number: AA–PWCCD–TE April 2001 This manual describes the elements of the DEC Text Processing Utility (DECTPU). It is intended as a reference manual for experienced programmers. Revision/Update Information: This manual supersedes the DEC Text Processing Utility Reference Manual, Version 3.1 for OpenVMS Version 7.2. Software Version: DEC Text Processing Utility Version 3.1 for OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.3 and OpenVMS VAX Version 7.3 The content of this document has not changed since OpenVMS Version 7.1. Compaq Computer Corporation Houston, Texas © 2001 Compaq Computer Corporation COMPAQ, VAX, VMS, and the Compaq logo Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. OpenVMS is a trademark of Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P. Motif is a trademark of The Open Group. PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. All other product names mentioned herein may be the trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Confidential computer software. Valid license from Compaq or authorized sublicensor required for possession, use, or copying. Consistent with FAR 12.211 and 12.212, Commercial Computer Software, Computer Software Documentation, and Technical Data for Commercial Items are licensed to the U.S. Government under vendor’s standard commercial license. Compaq shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein. The information in this document is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind and is subject to change without notice. The warranties for Compaq products are set forth in the express limited warranty statements accompanying such products. -
Goldsmiths Research Online
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Goldsmiths Research Online GOLDSMITHS Research Online Article (refereed) Mukhopadhyay, Bhaskar Dream kitsch – folk art, indigenous media and '9/11': The Work of Pat in the Era of Electronic Transmission Originally published in Journal of Material Culture Copyright Sage. The publisher's version is available at: http://mcu.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/1/5 Please cite the publisher's version. You may cite this version as: Mukhopadhyay, Bhaskar, 2008. Dream kitsch – folk art, indigenous media and '9/11': The Work of Pat in the Era of Electronic Transmission. Journal of Material Culture, 13 (1). pp. 5-34. ISSN 1460-3586 [Article]: Goldsmiths Research Online. Available at: http://eprints.gold.ac.uk/2371/ This document is the author’s final manuscript version of the journal article, incorporating any revisions agreed during peer review. Some differences between this version and the publisher’s version remain. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. http://eprints-gro.goldsmiths.ac.uk Contact Goldsmiths Research Online at: [email protected] Dream kitsch – folk art, indigenous media and ‘9/11’: The work of pat in the era of electronic transmission Bhaskar Mukhopadhyay This article explores the process of transmission of the image(s) of 9/11 through an ethnographic/art-historical examination of Bengali (Indian) pat (traditional scroll painting) made by a community of rural Indian artisans with little or no exposure to mass-media. -
General Windows Shortcuts
General Windows Shortcuts F1 Help F2 Rename Object F3 Find all files Ctrl + Z Undo Ctrl + X Cut Ctrl + C Copy Ctrl + V Paste Ctrl + Y Redo Ctrl + Esc Open Start menu Alt + Tab Switch between open programs Alt + F4 Quit program Shift + Delete Delete item permanently Shift + Right Click Displays a shortcut menu containing alternative commands Shift + Double Click Runs the alternate default command ( the second item on the menu) Alt + Double Click Displays properties F10 Activates menu bar options Shift + F10 Opens a contex t menu ( same as righ t click) Ctrl + Esc or Esc Selects the Start button (press Tab to select the taskbar, or press Shift + F10 for a context menu) Alt + Down Arrow Opens a drop‐down list box Alt + Tab Switch to another running program (hold down the Alt key and then press the Tab key to view the task‐switching window) Alt + Shift + Tab Swit ch b ackward s b etween open appli cati ons Shift Press and hold down the Shift key while you insert a CD‐ROM to bypass the automatic‐ run feature Alt + Spacebar Displays the main window's System menu (from the System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window) Alt + (Alt + hyphen) Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window's System menu (from the MDI child window's System menu, you can restore, move, resize, minimize maximize, or close the child window) Ctrl + Tab Switch to t h e next child window o f a Multi ple D ocument Interf ace (MDI) pr ogram Alt + Underlined letter in Opens the menu and the function of the underlined letter -
Symbols All Over Word Document
Symbols All Over Word Document Proteolytic Chancey sometimes crams his scapular bloodlessly and feminised so instinctively! Unsatable and capillaceous Engelbart granulating her cudweed schlepp lever and addict dressily. Barrie interchains lumpily as imperative Demetre musings her advisership calcimines adamantly. A special defence is through character hero is attain an alphabetic or written character Punctuation marks and other symbols are examples of special characters. If you shadow other apps open that keystroke will journey through each agenda in. Select some instances, all over wireless networks with a browser only section of word can also uncheck any special characters act as you just two quick toolbar. Keys to different lines and places within his word document To update text on. For the purposes of whatever article will'm going through call keep these items symbols Dec 06 2014 At. Word's nonprinting formatting marks Suzanne S Barnhill. By chrome extension of special characters, they might have applied including using this document all over your margins, or click anywhere on it is not standard characters? Your keyboard characters, section of all here to document all additional text? When these need them make brush your document is formatted and sift out. Personalisierungsfirma ezoic verwendet, word documents using switches in document all over a paragraph symbols as a member of huge help in. Like other formatting symbols the Paragraph Marks can be of male help. Is available but, all over internet eindeutig zu verfolgen, you are fighting images may impact those characters? This page will need it or more open a document for over on screen choose any personal information it or your document all over internet consulting professionals, then configure your full stop. -
Agricultural Soil Carbon Credits: Making Sense of Protocols for Carbon Sequestration and Net Greenhouse Gas Removals
Agricultural Soil Carbon Credits: Making sense of protocols for carbon sequestration and net greenhouse gas removals NATURAL CLIMATE SOLUTIONS About this report This synthesis is for federal and state We contacted each carbon registry and policymakers looking to shape public marketplace to ensure that details investments in climate mitigation presented in this report and through agricultural soil carbon credits, accompanying appendix are accurate. protocol developers, project developers This report does not address carbon and aggregators, buyers of credits and accounting outside of published others interested in learning about the protocols meant to generate verified landscape of soil carbon and net carbon credits. greenhouse gas measurement, reporting While not a focus of the report, we and verification protocols. We use the remain concerned that any end-use of term MRV broadly to encompass the carbon credits as an offset, without range of quantification activities, robust local pollution regulations, will structural considerations and perpetuate the historic and ongoing requirements intended to ensure the negative impacts of carbon trading on integrity of quantified credits. disadvantaged communities and Black, This report is based on careful review Indigenous and other communities of and synthesis of publicly available soil color. Carbon markets have enormous organic carbon MRV protocols published potential to incentivize and reward by nonprofit carbon registries and by climate progress, but markets must be private carbon crediting marketplaces. paired with a strong regulatory backing. Acknowledgements This report was supported through a gift Conservation Cropping Protocol; Miguel to Environmental Defense Fund from the Taboada who provided feedback on the High Meadows Foundation for post- FAO GSOC protocol; Radhika Moolgavkar doctoral fellowships and through the at Nori; Robin Rather, Jim Blackburn, Bezos Earth Fund. -
Czech and Slovak Typesetting Rules
Czech and Slovak Typesetting Rules Tomáš Hála Mendel University in Brno, CZ BachoTEX 2019 Czech and Slovak Typesetting Rules Selected sources − ON 88 2503:1974 − Pop, Flégr and Pop: Sazba I [Typesetting I], 1989 (textbook) − ČSN 01 6910:2007 and older − ČSN 01 6910:2011 − STN 01 6910:2011 − Pravidla českého pravopisu [Rules of Czech Ortography], 1987, − Pravidla českého pravopisu [Rules of Czech Ortography], 1993 − Pravidlá slovenského pravopisu [Rules of Slovak Ortography], 1993, 2000 2 Czech and Slovak Typesetting Rules Spaces intersentence spacing interword space non-breaking interword space thin space 3 Czech and Slovak Typesetting Rules Spaces between sentences intersentence spacing % Czech, Slovak \frenchspacing % English (American) \nonfrenchspacing 4 Czech and Slovak Typesetting Rules Spaces between sentences intersentence spacing % ConTeXt \installlanguage [\s!en] [\c!spacing=\v!broad, ... \installlanguage [\s!cs] [\c!spacing=\v!packed, ... 5 Czech and Slovak Typesetting Rules Dashes: punctuation usage en-dash XOR em-dash en-dash v em-dash: designer’s opinion dashes v spaces: semanticising usage 6 Czech and Slovak Typesetting Rules Dashes: punctuation usage dashes must not open the new line \def\ip{\pdash} % Czech, Slovak \def\pdash{~-- } 7 Czech and Slovak Typesetting Rules Dashes: interval usage Czech and Slovak ∘ 35–45 %, 5–8 C English ∘ ∘ 35%–45%, 5 C–15 C, 70–72 percent %Czech and Slovak \def\idash{\discretionary{\char32až}{}{--}} \def\az{\idash} %English \def\idash{\discretionary{\char32to}{}{--}} 8 Czech and Slovak Typesetting -
Camtasia for Mac 2.8 Keyboard Shortcuts Keyboard Shortcuts Allow You to Quickly Complete Certain Tasks in Camtasia
Camtasia for Mac 2.8 Camtasia Keyboard Shortcuts Camtasia for Mac 2.8 Keyboard Shortcuts Keyboard shortcuts allow you to quickly complete certain tasks in Camtasia. The keyboard shortcuts for common commands are also listed in the menus. To complete an action, press the shortcut keys indicated below. Keyboard Shortcut Symbols ⌘ command ⌥ option ⌃ control ñ shift ⌫ delete ⌦ del ↵ return ⌤ enter ⎋ escape ⏏ eject ←↑→↓ arrow keys Recording Shortcuts Action Shortcut Start recording Command-Shift-2 Pause recording Command-Shift-2 Stop recording Command-Option-2 New recording Command-Shift-N Timeline & Editing Shortcuts Action Shortcut New project Command-N Save Command-S Save as Command-Shift-S Open project Command-O Import media Command-I Undo Command-Z Redo Command-Shift-Z Delete Delete key www.techsmith.com 1 Camtasia for Mac 2.8 Camtasia Keyboard Shortcuts Action Shortcut Ripple delete Command-Delete key Selection on timeline Shift-Drag Select preceding media Option-left arrow Select succeeding media Option-right arrow Select all Command-A Deselect all Command-Shift-A Jump to beginning Command-Return Jump to end Command-Control-E Jump to next edit Control-. (period) Jump to previous edit Control-, (comma) Jump to next keyframe Option-K Jump to previous keyframe Shift-K Jump forward 15 frames Control-Shift-. (period) Jump backward 15 frames Control-Shift-, (comma) Zoom in on timeline Command-Shift-= Zoom out on timeline Command-Shift- - (minus) Zoom timeline to fit Command-Shift-0 Zoom timeline to max Command-Shift-9 Open Camtasia Preferences dialog Command-, (comma) Add marker Option-M Add marker to media Control-Option-M Jump to first marker Option-Shift-, (comma) Jump to last marker Option-Shift-.