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Nuestra Memoria Tapa NM 31.indd 1 1/22/09 8:09:27 AM Nuestra Memoria Año XV · Nº 31 · Febrero de 2009 El Museo del Holocausto de Buenos Aires es miembro de la delegación argentina de la ITF* * Task Force for International Cooperation in Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research. Grupo de Trabajo para la Cooperación Internacional en Educación, Rememoración e Investigación del Holocausto. Nuestra Memoria Consejo de Administración 2007/2009 Año XV, Nº 31, febrero de 2009 Presidente Dr. Mario Feferbaum CONSEJO EDITORIAL Vicepresidentes Sra. Danuta Gotlieb Directora Arq. Boris Kalnicki Lic. Sima Milmaniene Dr. José Menascé Lic. Sima Milmaniene Asesor Dr. Enrique Ovsejevich Prof. Abraham Zylberman Secretaria General Sra. Susana Rochwerger Colaboradores Prosecretarios Dr. Jorge Goldstein Prof. Graciela N. de Jinich Lic. Bruria Sorgen Sra. Julia Juhasz Tesorero Sr. Daniel Banet Consejo Académico Protesoreros Sr. Enrique Dychter Dra. Graciela Ben Dror Sr. Jaime Machabanski Dr. Mario Feferbaum (con licencia) Dr. Yossi Goldstein Prof. Avraham Milgram Vocales Sr. Moisés Borowicz Dr. Daniel Rafecas Sra. Raquel Dawidowicz Dr. Leonardo Senkman Dr. Pablo Goldman Dr. Arnoldo Siperman Dr. Alberto Monczor Sr. Eduardo J. Santoro Producción Sr. Ernesto Slelatt Lic. Claudio Gustavo Goldman Dr. Sixto Stolovitzky Sra. Eugenia Unger Diseño e impresión Dra. Irene E. Freilich de Weiss Marcelo Kohan Lic. Susana Zang [email protected] Vocales Suplentes Lic. Eduardo Chernizki Nuestra Memoria es una publicación Revisor de Cuentas Dr. Manuel Kobryniec de la Fundación Memoria del Holocaus- to. Las colaboraciones firmadas expre- Presidente Fundador Dr. Gilbert Lewi Z L ’ san la opinión de sus autores, declinan- Directora Ejecutiva Prof. Graciela N. de Jinich do la institución toda responsabilidad Comité de Honor Arq. Ralph Appelbaum sobre los conceptos y/o contenidos de los mismos. Prof. Haim Avni Prof. Yehuda Bauer Se imprimieron 2.000 ejemplares de esta Dr. Michael Berenbaum edición. Dra. Griselda Pollock Sra. Simone Veil Imagen de tapa: Portal de entrada de Sr. Elie Wiesel Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Fotografía tomada por María Celeste Adamoli, 2008. Sumario 7 Los movimientos juveniles como liderazgo alternativo en Europa oriental Israel Gutman 19 Conceptos erróneos o debatidos en torno al Holocausto Jaime Vándor 33 Dilemas y reflexiones en la transmisión del Holocausto Héctor J. Zimerman 41 ¿Por qué recordar el Holocausto? Bernardo Kliksberg 45 Entrevista al juez argentino Daniel Rafecas Ana Jerozolimski 53 Tropos narrativos en la evocación de la Shoá. Metonimia y aposiopesis en El olvidado, de Elie Wiesel, y en Tor ha-pelaot (La edad de las maravillas), de Aaron Appelfeld Cyril Aslanov 65 Las sobrevivientes de la Shoá en la Argentina. El caso de Mendoza María Gabriela Vasquez 71 Legalidad y nazismo Dr. Arnoldo Siperman 95 Convención para la Prevención y la Sanción del Delito de Genocidio 99 Genocidio Joana Abrisketa 103 Comité contra el Racismo y el Antisemitismo de la Argentina. Declaración fundacional 107 Antinazi Luis Koiffman 109 La otra Alemania. Declaración 111 Raphael Lemkin, padre de la convención sobre genocidio Dr. Gonzalo Rodrigo Paz Mahecha 129 La filosofía ante el Holocausto. Orientaciones “categoriales” y bibliográficas Agustín Serrano de Haro 149 Thomas Mann y el antisemitismo Mark H. Gelber 161 Prefacio, a modo de advertencia Philippe Mesnard 169 Al filo del Holocausto. Una infancia judía en la Budapest ocupada por los alemanes Jaime Vándor 187 Rodas, Auschwitz, Dachau, Bergen Belsen. Testimonio Violette Maio de Fintz 195 El Holocausto en documentos. Selección de documentos sobre la destrucción de los judíos de Alemania y Austria, Polonia y la Unión Soviética Esta publicación ha sido posible gracias al apoyo del doctor Mario Feferbaum Israel Gutman Los movimientos juveniles como liderazgo alternativo en Europa oriental* Este artículo está basado en una conferencia que Israel Gutman diera hace unos veinte años, en el marco de un encuentro cuyo tema eran los movimientos juveniles sionistas durante el Holocausto. El artículo presenta sólo uno de los aspectos del vasto campo de investigación y publicaciones del profesor Israel Gutman, quien formara parte de la generación fundadora de la investigación sobre el Holocausto en Israel y que se ocupó de las diversas facetas de la vida y el mundo interior de los judíos de Polonia durante el período del Holocausto. La importancia de este artículo reside en el modo analítico con que se en- frenta a las preguntas relacionadas con la posición ocupada por los movimien- tos juveniles judíos, que eran –desde su base– entidades ajenas al ámbito ofi- cial, como conducción alternativa del colectivo judío. En los últimos años ha existido, entre los historiadores que se ocupan de este período, una discusión acerca de las características públicas de los movimien- tos juveniles sionistas durante el período de entreguerras. Gutman representa, en este artículo, a quienes opinan que estos movimientos actuaron durante los años veinte y treinta como una especie de ente extraterritorial-judicial, en- focándose en forma específica y exclusiva en lo relacionado con la visión del futuro en lo atinente a la vida en Israel, y evitando involucrarse como factor de peso en los problemas de la vida judía en Polonia –el “trabajar en el presente”, como lo denominaban–. Y como consecuencia de ello, se presenta en este artí- culo una imagen según la cual el cambio paulatino ocurrido en los movimien- tos en relación con los sucesos del presente, y su participación en los niveles de Israel Gutman. Sobreviviente del Levantamiento del Ghetto de Varsovia y de los campos de Majdanek, Auschwitz y Mauthausen. Profesor de Historia en la Universidad Hebrea de Je- rusalem. Titular del Consejo Científico de Yad Vashem y vicepresidente del Consejo Interna- cional de Auschwitz. Jefe de Redacción de la Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. * En: Por el sendero de la memoria (en hebreo: Bishbil Hazikarón). Revista educativa de Yad Vashem. Nº 1, Noviembre 2008. Jerusalem, Yad Vashem, pp. 10-19. 8 / Nuestra Memoria conducción, representó una modificación esencial. Otros investigadores –entre ellos, Aarón Weiss– señalaban una participación más profunda de los movi- mientos en la vida pública judía de las décadas anteriores al Holocausto, de modo tal que el cambio producido en su posición pública podía considerarse como una continuación natural de su situación previa. De una manera u otra, surge del artículo que, durante la mayor parte del período de la vida en los ghettos, los movimientos juveniles no pretendieron ser un reemplazo de la au- toridad oficial delJudenrat (Consejo de Ancianos), pero –por otra parte– fueron construyendo su posición de voz de oposición, de modo que en la etapa crítica del exterminio pudieron dirigirse al público en general, con la propuesta de una vía de respuesta diferente de la que proponía el Judenrat. Es importante destacar que el artículo, cuyo origen –como ya se dijo– era un debate sobre los movimientos juveniles sionistas y pioneros, no hace referencia a las actividades ni a las características de otros movimientos juveniles judíos que actuaron en los ghettos, en primero y principal lugar, el “Zukunft” (Futuro) del Bund (socialismo judío, no sionista). Otras investigaciones sobre los diver- sos movimientos juveniles, tanto sionistas como no sionistas, arrojarán –en el futuro– luz sobre las cuestiones de su posición pública y su influencia sobre el modus operandi de la conducción judía durante el período del Holocausto. La idea de “alternativo” da por sentada la existencia de una disyuntiva entre dos caminos, dos sistemas de ideas o dos grupos de conducción: uno de ellos, existente y establecido; y el segundo, que quiere ocupar su lugar. Si se quiere comprender –a la luz de esta definición de “liderazgo alternativo” y la disyun- tiva en cuanto a ideas– el papel cumplido por los movimientos juveniles y sus líderes durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial en Europa oriental, nos hallaremos extraviados en una incomprensión básica. Los jefes de los movimientos juve- niles no se prepararon para asumir un liderazgo general, no pretendieron la supremacía en el liderazgo, ni la autoridad sobre el público. Durante una etapa determinada, los movimientos y sus dirigentes impulsa- ron la liquidación de la autoridad de la conducción existente, encarnada por el Judenrat, y la supresión de todas las ilusiones que ella había difundido entre el público. Pero la idea de la rebelión intentaron difundirla y hacerla propia en el público tan sólo cuando todas las esperanzas se habían terminado, cuando quedó claro que la criminalidad asesina de los nazis no dejaba escape alguno, salida alguna, y que los círculos de la conducción existente, tanto la que opera- ba bajo la autorización de los nazis como la que lo hacía desde la clandestini- dad, ya no tenían fuerzas para ver y revelar la tragedia, para corroborarla, y no se atrevían a sacar sus conclusiones de la situación. Hay quienes ven en el papel desempeñado por los movimientos juveniles durante este período de puesta a prueba un fenómeno que ya tiene antecedentes Los movimientos juveniles como liderazgo alternativo en Europa oriental / 9 en la historia. Sucedió ya más de una vez que –en días de crisis y gracias a su espíritu revolucionario– la juventud tomó en sus manos las riendas, señalando el camino; y más de una vez, ese coraje y esa independencia llegaron hasta los niveles de las realizaciones concretas, ésas que requieren riesgo de vida y entre- ga total. Pero parece que solamente esas cualidades únicas, propias de la edad, no alcanzan para explicar esa activa vitalidad de los movimientos juveniles en una etapa de ruptura de todas las convenciones y de desintegración social, ni su capacidad para cristalizar una decisión y conducir por su camino –hasta el fin– a un público tan numeroso. Rehabilitación y continuidad. Retorno de los líderes de los movimientos juveniles a los territorios de Polonia ocupados por los nazis Trataremos de concentrarnos en los puntos principales del período y examinar el camino de los movimientos juveniles en una serie de etapas críticas.
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