DOCSLIB.ORG

A Neoclassical Realist's Analysis of Sino-U.S. Space Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2019 A Neoclassical Realist’s Analysis Of Sino-U.S. Space Policy Christopher David Fabian Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Fabian, Christopher David, "A Neoclassical Realist’s Analysis Of Sino-U.S. Space Policy" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 2455. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2455 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A NEOCLASSICAL REALIST’S ANALYSIS OF SINO-U.S. SPACE POLICY by Christopher David Fabian Bachelor of Science, United States Air Force Academy, 2013 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota May 2019 PERMISSION Title A Neoclassical Realist’s Analysis of Sino-U.S. Space Policy Department Space Studies Degree Master of Science In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the dean of the School of Graduate Studies. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Christopher David Fabian May 2, 2019 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 A. RESEARCH QUESTION ............................................................................................ 1 B. RELEVANCE TO U.S. POLICY................................................................................. 1 C. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 6 D. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 8 E. ROADMAP ................................................................................................................ 33 II. Modeling for Structural Factors ..................................................................................... 34 A. Building the Game ...................................................................................................... 34 B. Defining Preferences .................................................................................................. 36 a. Cooperate/Cooperate............................................................................................... 38 b. Defect/Defect .......................................................................................................... 47 c. Defect/Cooperate .................................................................................................... 57 d. Cooperate/Defect .................................................................................................... 71 e. Analysis................................................................................................................... 76 C. Testing the zero-sum assumption: .............................................................................. 79 f. Offense/Defense Balance: ....................................................................................... 80 g. Dual-Use Problem ................................................................................................... 84 III. Decisions Under Risk ................................................................................................. 98 A. China under Prospect Theory ................................................................................... 100 iv A. Decisions under risk .............................................................................................. 100 B. China and the “Century of Humiliation” .............................................................. 103 C. Chinese Space Program and Techno-nationalism ................................................. 107 a. Spaceflight and National Prestige ......................................................................... 108 b. Resource Nationalism ........................................................................................... 111 c. The New Space Law Régime ................................................................................ 114 d. Space Weapons for a Revolution in Military Affairs ........................................... 119 B. Availability ............................................................................................................... 122 e. Preemption Meets Deterrence ............................................................................... 125 h. Cultural Differences .............................................................................................. 127 i. Preconceptions ...................................................................................................... 128 IV. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 131 A. Policy Recommendations ......................................................................................... 133 j. The U.S. military must reduce reliance on space. ................................................. 133 k. Reducing fear of U.S. space domination (Reduce fear of C/D)............................ 135 l. Pursue active cooperation. (Increase benefit of CC) ............................................ 141 B. Summary ................................................................................................................... 144 C. Further Research ....................................................................................................... 145 V. Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 148 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Simple 2x2 Game Matrix ........................................................................................ 35 Figure 2: 2x2 matrix with ordinal preferences. U.S. preferences are represented by “x” and Chinese preferences are represented by “y”. ................................................................................ 35 Figure 3: China and the U.S.’s utility given a cooperate/cooperate outcome. ........................ 47 Figure 4: China and the U.S.’s utility given a defect/defect outcome. ................................... 53 Figure 5: China and the U.S.’s utility given a defect/defect outcome where no KKV threshold has been crossed. ........................................................................................................................... 57 Figure 6: Map of China’s offensive IRBM capabilities.......................................................... 61 Figure 7: China and the U.S.’s utility given a U.S. cooperate/China defect outcome. ........... 70 Figure 8: China and the U.S.’s utility given a Cooperate/Cooperate outcome. ...................... 76 Figure 9: Comparing utility in two scenarios. The 2x2 matrix on the left shows utility when the debris causing threshold has been crossed. The 2x2 matrix shows utility in a sub-threshold conflict. ......................................................................................................................................... 77 Figure 10: Shows ordinal preferences for both scenarios. Ordinal preference does not represent the magnitude of actor preferences, but is a better visual representation of the game. 78 Figure 11: Four worlds created by offense-defense balance and distinguishability, in which the security dilemma operates at different strengths. .................................................................... 80 Figure 12: The ratio of propellant mass to satellite mass required to produce a given ΔV using conventional propulsion. ..................................................................................................... 82 Figure 13: Value function under prospect theory. ................................................................ 101 Figure 14 Game under prospect theory. Prospect theory strengthens the structural security dilemma observed in Chapter II. ................................................................................................. 103 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Total number of U.S. and Chinese satellites by orbital régime and function (as of April 2019). ................................................................................................................................... 46 Table 2: A more complete list of space technologies with their civilian and military uses. 91 Table 3: Privately owned, commercially available high and medium resolution imaging satellites and their capabilities. ....................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • China Science and Technology Newsletter No. 14

    China Science and Technology Newsletter No. 14

    CHINA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NEWSLETTER Department of International Cooperation No.14 Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST), P.R.China July 25 2014 Special Issue: China’s Space Development Achievements and Prospects of China’s Space Development The 64th IAC Held in Beijing Shenzhou 10 Misson Successfully Accomplished Chang’e 3 Achieved Soft Landing on the Moon GF-1 Satellite - The First Satellite of CHEOS Achievements and Prospects of China’s Space Development Mr. Xu Dazhe, Chairman of China Aerospace Science in 1970 marked the start of China entering into space and and Technology Corporation (CASC) delivered a speech exploring the universe. Due to substantial governmental at the 64th International Astronautical Congress (IAC) on support and promotion, China’s space industry developed September 23, 2013, sharing experiences gained in the quite fast and has made world-known achievements. development of China’s space industry with international As the leader in China’s space sector, CASC is colleagues. assigned to develop, manufacture and test launch OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENTS MADE BY vehicles, manned spaceships, various satellites and CHINA’S SPACE INDUSTRY other spacecraft for major national space programs such as China’s Manned Space Program, China’s Lunar China’s space programs have had 57 years of Exploration Program, BeiDou Navigation Satellite development since the 1950s. The successful launch of System, and China’s High-Resolution Earth Observation China’s first artificial satellite Dongfanghong 1 (DFH-1) Monthly-Editorial Board:Building A8 West, Liulinguan Nanli, Haidian District, Beijing 100036, China Contact: Prof.Zhang Ning E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] http://www.caistc.com System.
  • Highlights in Space 2010

    Highlights in Space 2010

    International Astronautical Federation Committee on Space Research International Institute of Space Law 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren c/o CNES 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren UNITED NATIONS 75015 Paris, France 2 place Maurice Quentin 75015 Paris, France Tel: +33 1 45 67 42 60 Fax: +33 1 42 73 21 20 Tel. + 33 1 44 76 75 10 E-mail: : [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Fax. + 33 1 44 76 74 37 URL: www.iislweb.com OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS URL: www.iafastro.com E-mail: [email protected] URL : http://cosparhq.cnes.fr Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs is responsible for promoting international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space and assisting developing countries in using space science and technology. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs P. O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26060-4950 Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5830 E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.unoosa.org United Nations publication Printed in Austria USD 15 Sales No. E.11.I.3 ISBN 978-92-1-101236-1 ST/SPACE/57 *1180239* V.11-80239—January 2011—775 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT VIENNA Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law Progress in space science, technology and applications, international cooperation and space law UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 UniTEd NationS PUblication Sales no.
  • Only Six Chinese Human Spaceflight Missions

    Only Six Chinese Human Spaceflight Missions

    Fact Sheet Updated April 29, 2021 CHINA’S HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAM: BACKGROUND AND LIST OF CREWED AND AUTOMATED LAUNCHES China's human spaceflight program, Project 921, officially began in 1992. The program is proceeding at a measured pace. The most recent crewed launch, Shenzhou-11 in October 2016, was the 11th flight in the series, but only the sixth to carry a crew. Shenzhou Spacecraft: Shenzhou 1-4 were automated tests of the spacecraft. Shenzhou-8 was an automated test of rendezvous and docking procedures with the Tiangong-1 space station. The others (5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11) carried crews of one, two or three people and were launched in 2003, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2013 and 2016 respectively (see list below) Space Stations: Tiangong-1, China's first space station, was launched in September 2011. It hosted the automated Shenzhou-8 in 2011 and two three-person crews: Shenzhou-9 in 2012 and Shenzhou-10 in 2013. It made an uncontrolled reentry at 8:16 pm April 1, 2018 EDT (00:16 April 2 UTC; 8:16 am April 2 Beijing Time) over the southern Pacific Ocean. Tiangong-1 was a small 8.5 metric ton (MT) module. As first space stations go, it was rather modest -- just less than half the mass of the world's first space station, the Soviet Union’s Salyut 1. Launched in 1971, Salyut 1 had a mass of about 18.6 MT. The first U.S. space station, Skylab, launched in 1973, had a mass of about 77 MT. Today's International Space Station (ISS), a partnership among the United States, Russia, Japan, Europe, and Canada, has a mass of about 400 MT and has been permanently occupied by 2-6 person crews rotating on 4-6 month missions since November 2000.
  • Mmm India Quarterly #17 January 2013

    Mmm India Quarterly #17 January 2013

    MMM INDIA QUARTERLY #17 JANUARY 2013 Will we return to the Moon under one flag? - That is the goal of the International Lunar Research Park Project MAJOR ARTICLES in this issue - (Full Index on last page) p. 19 Breakthrough Demonstration of 3D Printing With Moon Rocks (in News Section) p. 32 Hellas: a glimpse of the past, a tease of Basoomian mythology, and the future of Mars - Peter Kokh p. 34 The Planetary Society’s Bold “PlanetVac” Mars Sample Return Project - Peter Kokh p. 35 Moon & Mars - two Monochrome Worlds - Peter Kokh p. 36 Could we put an Outpost on Mercury? If so, why would we? - Peter Kokh p. 38 National Space Society’s Road Map to Space, Part IV: To the Moon - NSS website p. 41 Building Networks of Support for an International Lunar Geophysical Year - David Dunlop p. 44 Lori Garver - “NASA has not abandoned the Moon” - David Dunlop p. 45 Getting Indian Astronauts on the Moon - David Dunlop p. 47 Competition and Resolving Potential Conflicts in “the Asteroid Business” - David Dunlop Innovation: L>R: Spanish Titan Lake Boat, a 3D Printer, Planetary Society’s lightweight Mars Sample Return Probe 1 MMM INDIA QUARTERLY #17 JANUARY 2013 About The Moon Society - http://www,moonsociety.org Our Vision says Who We Are - We envision a future in, which the free enterprise human economy has expanded to include settlements on the Moon and elsewhere, contributing products and services that will foster a better life for all humanity on Earth and beyond, inspiring our youth, and fostering hope in an open-ended positive future for humankind.
  • 2013 October

    2013 October

    TTSIQ #5 page 1 OCTOBER 2013 Reducing space transportation costs considerably is vital to achievement of mankind’s goals & dreams in space NEWS SECTION pp. 3-70 p. 3 Earth Orbit and Mission to Planet Earth p. 17 Cislunar Space and the Moon p. 26 Mars and the Asteroids p. 45 Other Planets and their moons p. 62 Starbound ARTICLES & ESSAYS pp. 72-95 p. 72 Covering Up Lunar Habitats with Moondust? - Some Precedents Here on Earth - Peter Kokh p. 74 How can we Stimulate Greater Use of the International Space Station? - Peter Kokh p. 75 AS THE WORLD EXPANDS The Epic of Human Expansion Continues - Peter Kokh p. 77 Grytviken, South Georgia Island - Lessons for Moonbase Advocates - Peter Kokh K p. 78 The “Flankscopes” Project: Seeing Around the Edges of the Moon - Peter Kokh p. 81 Integrating Cycling Orbits to Enhance Cislunar Infrastructure - Al Anzaldua p. 83 The Responsibilities of Dual Citizenship for Our economy, Our planet, and the Evolution of a Space Faring Civilization - David Dunlop p. 87 Dueling Space Roadmaps - David Dunlop p. 91 A Campaign for the International Lunar Geophysical Year: Some Beginning Considerations - David Dunlop STUDENTS & TEACHERS pp. 97-100 p. 97 Lithuanian Students Hope for free Launch of 2 Amateur Radio CubeSats p. 98 NASA Selects 7 University Projects For 2014 X-Hab Innovation Challenge Penn State University “Lions” take on the Google Lunar X-Prize Challenge p. 99 Do you experience “Manhattan Henge” in your home town? Advanced Robot with more sophisticated motion capabilities unveiled The Ongoing CubeSat Revolution: what it means for Student Space Science p.
  • Space Security Index 2013

    Space Security Index 2013

    SPACE SECURITY INDEX 2013 www.spacesecurity.org 10th Edition SPACE SECURITY INDEX 2013 SPACESECURITY.ORG iii Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publications Data Space Security Index 2013 ISBN: 978-1-927802-05-2 FOR PDF version use this © 2013 SPACESECURITY.ORG ISBN: 978-1-927802-05-2 Edited by Cesar Jaramillo Design and layout by Creative Services, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Cover image: Soyuz TMA-07M Spacecraft ISS034-E-010181 (21 Dec. 2012) As the International Space Station and Soyuz TMA-07M spacecraft were making their relative approaches on Dec. 21, one of the Expedition 34 crew members on the orbital outpost captured this photo of the Soyuz. Credit: NASA. Printed in Canada Printer: Pandora Print Shop, Kitchener, Ontario First published October 2013 Please direct enquiries to: Cesar Jaramillo Project Ploughshares 57 Erb Street West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 6C2 Canada Telephone: 519-888-6541, ext. 7708 Fax: 519-888-0018 Email: [email protected] Governance Group Julie Crôteau Foreign Aairs and International Trade Canada Peter Hays Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies Ram Jakhu Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University Ajey Lele Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses Paul Meyer The Simons Foundation John Siebert Project Ploughshares Ray Williamson Secure World Foundation Advisory Board Richard DalBello Intelsat General Corporation Theresa Hitchens United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research John Logsdon The George Washington University Lucy Stojak HEC Montréal Project Manager Cesar Jaramillo Project Ploughshares Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE PAGE 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations PAGE 5 Introduction PAGE 9 Acknowledgements PAGE 10 Executive Summary PAGE 23 Theme 1: Condition of the space environment: This theme examines the security and sustainability of the space environment, with an emphasis on space debris; the potential threats posed by near-Earth objects; the allocation of scarce space resources; and the ability to detect, track, identify, and catalog objects in outer space.
  • International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) Provides an Overview of ISECG Activities, Products and Accomplishments in the Past Year

    International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) Provides an Overview of ISECG Activities, Products and Accomplishments in the Past Year

    International Space Exploration Coordination Group Annual Report 2013 INTERNATIONAL SPACE EXPLORATION COORDINATION GROUP ISECG Secretariat Keplerlaan 1, PO Box 299, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands +31 (0) 71 565 3325 [email protected] All ISECG documents and information can be found on: http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/ 2 Table of Contents, TBC 1. Introduction 4 2. Executive Summary 4 3. Background 5 4. Activities 4.1. Overview 6 4.2. Activities on ISECG Level 6 4.3. Activities on WG Level 8 4.3.1. Exploration Roadmap Working Group (ERWG) 8 4.3.2. International Architecture Working Group (IAWG) 9 4.3.3. International Objectives Working Group (IOWG) 10 4.3.4. Strategic Communications Working Group (SCWG) 10 Annex: Space Exploration Highlights of ISECG Member Agencies 11 1. Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Italy 12 2. Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), France 14 3. China National Space Administration (CNSA), China 16 4. Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Canada 18 5. Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Germany 22 6. European Space Agency (ESA) 25 7. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Japan 29 8. Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), Republic of Korea 31 9. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), USA 32 10. State Space Agency of Ukraine (SSAU), Ukraine 34 11. UK Space Agency (UKSA), United Kingdom 35 3 1 Introduction The 2013 Annual Report of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) provides an overview of ISECG activities, products and accomplishments in the past year. It also highlights the national exploration activities of many of the ISECG participating agencies in 2013.
  • Science Researches of Chinese Manned Space Flight

    Science Researches of Chinese Manned Space Flight

    SPACE SCIENCE ACTIVITIES IN CHINA Science Researches of Chinese Manned Space Flight AUTHORS GU Yidong Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, GAO Ming Beijing 100190 ZHAO Guangheng LIU Yingchun JIN Zhaojun ABSTRACT With the complete success of the 2nd stage of Chinese Manned Space Program (CMSP), several science researches have been performed on Tiangong-1 experimental spacelab, which was docked with three Shenzhou spaceships one after another. The China’s real spacelab, Tiangong-2 will be launched in 2015, docked with a Shenzhou spaceship soon. After six months, it will be docked with the first Chinese cargo ship (Tianzhou-1). More space science researches, involving with space biology, fluid physics, fundamental physics, materials science, Earth science, astronomy and space environmental science, will be operated on Tiangong-2 spacelab, and crewed and cargo spaceships. Furthermore, the considerable large-scale space utilization of Chinese Space Station is planned. The research fields include yet not limited to space medicine and physiology, space life science and biotechnology, fluid physics and combustion in microgravity, space material science, and fundamental physics in microgravity, space astronomy, Earth science, space physics and space environment utilization, technology demonstration. KEY WORDS Science research, Chinese Manned Space Program (CMSP), Space station 1 Progress and Future Plans of China’s experimental space laboratory, was visited by the other Manned Space Program two Shenzhou spaceships after Shenzhou-8 in the latest two years. Shenzhou-9 spaceship docked with Tian- Tiangong-1, serving as a target spacecraft as well as an gong-1 in June, 2012, which was China’s first manned ·14· GU Yidong, et al.: Science Researches of Chinese Manned Space Flight spacecraft rendezvous and docking.
  • Chang'e Flying to the Moon

    Chang'e Flying to the Moon

    Issue 7 January 2013 All about the Chinese Space Programme GO TAIKONAUTS! Editor’s Note COVER STORY If you are a fan of the Chinese space pro- gramme, you must have heard about Brian Harvey, who is the first Western writer to publish a book on the Chinese space pro- gramme. We are very happy that Mr. Harvey contributed an article to Go Taikonauts! The article about Chinese ... page 2 Quarterly Report October - December 2012 Launch Events China made six space launches in the last three months of 2012, setting a new annual launch record of 19 and overtaking U.S. in number of suc- cessful annual space launches for the first time. In 2011, China also ... page 3 Deep Space Adventure of Chang’e 2 From A Backup Lunar Orbiter to An Asteroid Probe Observation Just before Chang’e 1 (CE-1)’s successful mission to the Moon was completed, Echo of the Curiosity in China China announced that they would send the second lunar probe Chang’e 2 (CE-2) The 6 August 2012 was a special day to an to the Moon in 2010. No one at that time could anticipate the surprises that CE-2 American-Chinese girl. She is Clara Ma, would bring a few years later since it was just a backup ... page 8 a 15-year-old middle school student from Lenexa, Kansas. She waited for this day for more than three years. In May 2009, History Ma won a NASA essay contest for naming the Mars Science Laboratory, the most Chang’e Flying to the Moon complicated machine ..
  • China Dream, Space Dream: China's Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States

    China Dream, Space Dream: China's Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States

    China Dream, Space Dream 中国梦，航天梦China’s Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States A report prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Kevin Pollpeter Eric Anderson Jordan Wilson Fan Yang Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Dr. Patrick Besha and Dr. Scott Pace for reviewing a previous draft of this report. They would also like to thank Lynne Bush and Bret Silvis for their master editing skills. Of course, any errors or omissions are the fault of authors. Disclaimer: This research report was prepared at the request of the Commission to support its deliberations. Posting of the report to the Commission's website is intended to promote greater public understanding of the issues addressed by the Commission in its ongoing assessment of U.S.-China economic relations and their implications for U.S. security, as mandated by Public Law 106-398 and Public Law 108-7. However, it does not necessarily imply an endorsement by the Commission or any individual Commissioner of the views or conclusions expressed in this commissioned research report. CONTENTS Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1
  • Appendix 1. Specimens Examined

    Appendix 1. Specimens Examined

    Knapp et al. – Appendix 1 – Morelloid Clade in North and Central America and the Caribbean -1 Appendix 1. Specimens examined We list here in traditional format all specimens examined for this treatment from North and Central America and the Caribbean. Countries, major divisions within them (when known), and collectors (by surname) are listed in alphabetic order. 1. Solanum americanum Mill. ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA. Antigua: SW, Blubber Valley, Blubber Valley, 26 Sep 1937, Box, H.E. 1107 (BM, MO); sin. loc. [ex Herb. Hooker], Nicholson, D. s.n. (K); Barbuda: S.E. side of The Lagoon, 16 May 1937, Box, H.E. 649 (BM). BAHAMAS. Man O'War Cay, Abaco region, 8 Dec 1904, Brace, L.J.K. 1580 (F); Great Ragged Island, 24 Dec 1907, Wilson, P. 7832 (K). Andros Island: Conch Sound, 8 May 1890, Northrop, J.I. & Northrop, A.R. 557 (K). Eleuthera: North Eleuthera Airport, Low coppice and disturbed area around terminal and landing strip, 15 Dec 1979, Wunderlin, R.P. et al. 8418 (MO). Inagua: Great Inagua, 12 Mar 1890, Hitchcock, A.S. s.n. (MO); sin. loc, 3 Dec 1890, Hitchcock, A.S. s.n. (F). New Providence: sin. loc, 18 Mar 1878, Brace, L.J.K. 518 (K); Nassau, Union St, 20 Feb 1905, Wight, A.E. 111 (K); Grantstown, 28 May 1909, Wilson, P. 8213 (K). BARBADOS. Moucrieffe (?), St John, Near boiling house, Apr 1940, Goodwing, H.B. 197 (BM). BELIZE. carretera a Belmopan, 1 May 1982, Ramamoorthy, T.P. et al. 3593 (MEXU). Belize: Belize Municipal Airstrip near St. Johns College, Belize City, 21 Feb 1970, Dieckman, L.
  • Greenkeeper Training

    Greenkeeper Training

    FEATURE Greenkeeper Training BIGGA is actively involved in raising the standard of Greenkeeper Training. The Association is a member of the Greenkeepers’ Training Committee and strives to enhance the level of education through various means, including Section, Regional and National workshops, seminars and conferences. The range and quality of training now available throughout the UK means there is a training course for every greenkeeper. This should improve the quality of greenkeeping and help to produce better quality Sami Collins golf courses to the benefit of all within the industry. Head of Learning & Golf Course Managers should ensure that their staff are trained to Development the highest standards. This begins by selecting a training provider that BIGGA meets the criteria laid down by the GTC. There is a clear link between Tel: 01347 833800 education, training and economic success and all clubs should invest Email: [email protected] in the education of their staff. Website: www.bigga.org.uk SCOTLAND ELMWOOD COLLEGE LANGSIDE COLLEGE Cooper, Fife, KY15 4JB Rutherglen Campus, Contact: [email protected] Buchanan Drive, Rutherglen, Full-time and Part-time National Certificate Greenkeeping. Glasgow, G73 3PF Block release/fast track and workbased learning options for SVQ Level 2 and Level 3. ILM Level 3 & 4 Management. Contact: William O’Neil HNC and HND Golf Course Management available Tel: 0141 272 3823 both online/ distance learning and full-time/ part-time Email: [email protected] options. HNC/HND Golf Facility Management. Sportsturf Courses available. SVQ Level 2 & 3 in Landbased Service SVQ, SGA, HNC, HND, Full time and part time courses Engineering and Golf Course Mechanics Courses.