Governance Structures of Free/Open Source Software Development
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The Challenges of Dynamic Network Interfaces
The Challenges of Dynamic Network Interfaces by Brooks Davis brooks@{aero,FreeBSD}.org The Aerospace Corporation The FreeBSD Project EuroBSDCon 2004 October 29-31, 2004 Karlsruhe, Germany Introduction ● History of Dynamic Interfaces ● Problems ● Possible Solutions ● Advice to Implementors ● Future Work Early UNIX ● Totally static. ● All devices must be compiled in to kernel ● Fast and easy to program ● Difficult to maintain as the number of devices grows Autoconfiguration ● Introduced in 4.1BSD (June 1981) ● One kernel can serve multiple hardware configurations ● Probe – Test for existence of devices, either using stored addresses or matching devices on self-identifying buses ● Attach – Allocate a driver instance (as of 6.0, this must be fully dynamic) Kernel Modules ● Allows drivers to be added at run time ● LKM (Loadable Kernel Modules) – Introduced in 2.0 by Terry Lambert – Modeled after the facility in SunOS ● KLD (dynamic kernel linker) – Introduced along with newbus in 3.0 by Doug Rabson – Added a generic if_detach() function PC Card & CardBus ● Initial PC Card (PCMCIA) support via PAO in 2.0 ● Fairly good support in 3.0 ● Most PAO changes merged in 4.0 – PAO development ceased ● CardBus support in 5.0 Other Removable Devices ● USB Ethernet (4.0) ● Firewire (fwe(4) in 4.8, fwip(4) in 5.3) ● Bluetooth (5.2) ● Hot plug PCI ● Compact PCI ● PCI Express ● Express Card Netgraph ● Node implement network functions ● Arbitrary connection of nodes allowed ● ng_iface(4) node creates interfaces on demand Interface Cloning ● Handles most pseudo -
Introduzione Al Mondo Freebsd
Introduzione al mondo FreeBSD Corso avanzato Netstudent Netstudent http://netstudent.polito.it E.Richiardone [email protected] maggio 2009 CC-by http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/it/ The FreeBSD project - 1 ·EÁ un progetto software open in parte finanziato ·Lo scopo eÁ mantenere e sviluppare il sistema operativo FreeBSD ·Nasce su CDROM come FreeBSD 1.0 nel 1993 ·Deriva da un patchkit per 386BSD, eredita codice da UNIX versione Berkeley 1977 ·Per problemi legali subisce un rallentamento, release 2.0 nel 1995 con codice royalty-free ·Dalla release 5.0 (2003) assume la struttura che ha oggi ·Disponibile per x86 32 e 64bit, ia64, MIPS, ppc, sparc... ·La mascotte (Beastie) nasce nel 1984 The FreeBSD project - 2 ·Erede di 4.4BSD (eÁ la stessa gente...) ·Sistema stabile; sviluppo uniforme; codice molto chiaro, ordinato e ben commentato ·Documentazione ufficiale ben curata ·Licenza molto permissiva, spesso attrae aziende per progetti commerciali: ·saltuariamente esterni collaborano con implementazioni ex-novo (i.e. Intel, GEOM, atheros, NDISwrapper, ZFS) ·a volte no (i.e. Windows NT) ·Semplificazione di molte caratteristiche tradizionali UNIX Di cosa si tratta Il progetto FreeBSD include: ·Un sistema base ·Bootloader, kernel, moduli, librerie di base, comandi e utility di base, servizi tradizionali ·Sorgenti completi in /usr/src (~500MB) ·EÁ giaÁ abbastanza completo (i.e. ipfw, ppp, bind, ...) ·Un sistema di gestione per software aggiuntivo ·Ports e packages ·Documentazione, canali di assistenza, strumenti di sviluppo ·i.e. Handbook, -
Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix : from AT&T-Owned to Freely
Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix : From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable Marshall Kirk McKusick Early History Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie presented the first Unix paper at the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles at Purdue University in November 1973. Professor Bob Fabry, of the University of California at Berkeley, was in attendance and immediately became interested in obtaining a copy of the system to experiment with at Berkeley. At the time, Berkeley had only large mainframe computer systems doing batch processing, so the first order of business was to get a PDP-11/45 suitable for running with the then-current Version 4 of Unix. The Computer Science Department at Berkeley, together with the Mathematics Department and the Statistics Department, were able to jointly purchase a PDP-11/45. In January 1974, a Version 4 tape was delivered and Unix was installed by graduate student Keith Standiford. Although Ken Thompson at Purdue was not involved in the installation at Berkeley as he had been for most systems up to that time, his expertise was soon needed to determine the cause of several strange system crashes. Because Berkeley had only a 300-baud acoustic-coupled modem without auto answer capability, Thompson would call Standiford in the machine room and have him insert the phone into the modem; in this way Thompson was able to remotely debug crash dumps from New Jersey. Many of the crashes were caused by the disk controller's inability to reliably do overlapped seeks, contrary to the documentation. Berkeley's 11/45 was among the first systems that Thompson had encountered that had two disks on the same controller! Thompson's remote debugging was the first example of the cooperation that sprang up between Berkeley and Bell Labs. -
Debates in the Digital Humanities This Page Intentionally Left Blank DEBATES in the DIGITAL HUMANITIES
debates in the digital humanities This page intentionally left blank DEBATES IN THE DIGITAL HUMANITIES Matthew K. Gold editor University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis London Chapter 1 was previously published as “What Is Digital Humanities and What’s It Doing in English Departments?” ADE Bulletin, no. 150 (2010): 55– 61. Chap- ter 2 was previously published as “The Humanities, Done Digitally,” The Chron- icle of Higher Education, May 8, 2011. Chapter 17 was previously published as “You Work at Brown. What Do You Teach?” in #alt- academy, Bethany Nowviskie, ed. (New York: MediaCommons, 2011). Chapter 28 was previously published as “Humanities 2.0: Promises, Perils, Predictions,” PMLA 123, no. 3 (May 2008): 707– 17. Copyright 2012 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the University of Minnesota Press 111 Third Avenue South, Suite 290 Minneapolis, MN 55401- 2520 http://www.upress.umn.edu library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Debates in the digital humanities / [edited by] Matthew K. Gold. ISBN 978-0-8166-7794-8 (hardback)—ISBN 978-0-8166-7795-5 (pb) 1. Humanities—Study and teaching (Higher)—Data processing. 2. Humanities —Technological innovations. 3. Digital media. I. Gold, Matthew K.. AZ182.D44 2012 001.3071—dc23 2011044236 Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper The University of Minnesota is an equal- opportunity educator and employer. -
The Challenges of Dynamic Network Interfaces
The Challenges of Dynamic Network Interfaces Brooks Davis The FreeBSD Project Seattle, WA brooks@{aero,FreeBSD}.org Abstract vices to the modern age of near complete dynamism. Following this history, the problems caused by this dynamism are discussed in detail. Then solutions to On early BSD systems, network interfaces were some of these problems are proposed and analyzed, static objects created at kernel compile time. To- and advice to implementers of userland applications day the situation has changed dramatically. PC is given. Finally, the issues are summarized and fu- Card, USB, and other removable buses allow hard- ture work is discussed. ware interfaces to arrive and depart at run time. Pseudo-device cloning also allows pseudo-devices to be created dynamically. Additionally, in FreeBSD and Dragonfly, interfaces can be renamed by the ad- 2 History ministrator. With these changes, interfaces are now dynamic objects which may appear, change, or dis- appear at any time. This dynamism invalidates a In early versions of UNIX, the exact set of devices number of assumptions that have been made in the on the system had to be compiled in to the kernel. If kernel, in external programs, and even in standards the administrator attempted to use a device which such as SNMP. This paper explores the history of was compiled in, but not installed, a panic or hang the transition of network interfaces from static to dy- was nearly certain. This system was easy to pro- namic. Issues raised by these changes are discussed gram and efficient to execute. Unfortunately, it was and possible solutions suggested. -
PC-BSD 9 Turns a New Page
CONTENTS Dear Readers, Here is the November issue. We are happy that we didn’t make you wait for it as long as for October one. Thanks to contributors and supporters we are back and ready to give you some usefull piece of knowledge. We hope you will Editor in Chief: Patrycja Przybyłowicz enjoy it as much as we did by creating the magazine. [email protected] The opening text will tell you What’s New in BSD world. It’s a review of PC-BSD 9 by Mark VonFange. Good reading, Contributing: especially for PC-BSD users. Next in section Get Started you Mark VonFange, Toby Richards, Kris Moore, Lars R. Noldan, will �nd a great piece for novice – A Beginner’s Guide To PF Rob Somerville, Erwin Kooi, Paul McMath, Bill Harris, Jeroen van Nieuwenhuizen by Toby Richards. In Developers Corner Kris Moore will teach you how to set up and maintain your own repository on a Proofreaders: FreeBSD system. It’s a must read for eager learners. Tristan Karstens, Barry Grumbine, Zander Hill, The How To section in this issue is for those who enjoy Christopher J. Umina experimenting. Speed Daemons by Lars R Noldan is a very good and practical text. By reading it you can learn Special Thanks: how to build a highly available web application server Denise Ebery with advanced networking mechanisms in FreeBSD. The Art Director: following article is the �nal one of our GIS series. The author Ireneusz Pogroszewski will explain how to successfully manage and commission a DTP: complex GIS project. -
Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to Freebsd Table of Contents Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to Freebsd
Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD Table of Contents Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD............................................................................1 Dedication..........................................................................................................................................3 Foreword............................................................................................................................................4 Introduction........................................................................................................................................5 What Is FreeBSD?...................................................................................................................5 How Did FreeBSD Get Here?..................................................................................................5 The BSD License: BSD Goes Public.......................................................................................6 The Birth of Modern FreeBSD.................................................................................................6 FreeBSD Development............................................................................................................7 Committers.........................................................................................................................7 Contributors........................................................................................................................8 Users..................................................................................................................................8 -
Governance Structures of Free/Open Source Software Development
Uitnodiging GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES OF FREE/OPEN 51 SOURCE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Voor het bijwonen van de George Dafermos openbare verdediging van het Modularity theory makes a compelling argument: modular product design increases the potential number of persons that could work on a distributed project and has a positive effect proefschrift: on their labour productivity because it allows them to work independently of each other, with little or no need for central coordination. This doctoral dissertation sets out to put this argument to the test by studying a phenomenon that combines both scale and modularity: Governance Structures Free and open source software (FOSS) development. Its central question is: Does modularity mitigate the adverse effects of increasing scale in FOSS development? of Free/Open Source Software Development In exploring the effect of modularity and increasing scale on the dynamic of development of FreeBSD, a large and well-known FOSS project, over a period of fifteen years, the dissertation addresses several related empirical issues: How are FOSS projects organised? How are they governed? And most interestingly, how do they manage increasing scale? Does their ability to self-organise diminish as they grow larger, thereby necessitating hierarchical coordination? Op maandag 10 december 2012 om 15 uur precies in de Frans Source Software Development Source Software Governance Structures of Free/Open van Hasseltzaal van de Aula van de Technische Universiteit Delft, Mekelweg 5 te Delft The Next Generation Infrastructures Foundation George Dafermos represents an international consortium of knowledge institutions, market players and governmental bodies, which joined forces to cope with the challenges faced Governance Structures by today’s and tomorrow’s infrastructure systems. -
Netmap: a Novel Framework for Fast Packet I/O
netmap: a novel framework for fast packet I/O Luigi Rizzo,∗ Universita` di Pisa, Italy Abstract high rate raw packet I/O required by these applica- tions is not the intended target of general purpose OSes. Many applications (routers, traffic monitors, firewalls, Raw sockets, the Berkeley Packet Filter [14] (BPF), the etc.) need to send and receive packets at line rate even on AF SOCKET family, and equivalent APIs have been very fast links. In this paper we present netmap, a novel used to build all sorts of network monitors, traffic gen- framework that enables commodity operating systems erators, and generic routing systems. Performance, how- to handle the millions of packets per seconds traversing ever, is inadequate for the millions of packets per sec- 1..10 Gbit/s links, without requiring custom hardware or ond (pps) that can be present on 1..10 Gbit/s links. In changes to applications. search of better performance, some systems (see Sec- In building netmap, we identified and successfully re- tion 3) either run completely in the kernel, or bypass the duced or removed three main packet processing costs: device driver and the entire network stack by exposing per-packet dynamic memory allocations, removed by the NIC’s data structures to user space applications. Ef- preallocating resources; system call overheads, amor- ficient as they may be, many of these approaches depend tized over large batches; and memory copies, elimi- on specific hardware features, give unprotected access to nated by sharing buffers and metadata between kernel hardware, or are poorly integrated with the existing OS and userspace, while still protecting access to device reg- primitives. -
Kratka Povijest Unixa Od Unicsa Do Freebsda I Linuxa
Kratka povijest UNIXa Od UNICSa do FreeBSDa i Linuxa 1 Autor: Hrvoje Horvat Naslov: Kratka povijest UNIXa - Od UNICSa do FreeBSDa i Linuxa Licenca i prava korištenja: Svi imaju pravo koristiti, mijenjati, kopirati i štampati (printati) knjigu, prema pravilima GNU GPL licence. Mjesto i godina izdavanja: Osijek, 2017 ISBN: 978-953-59438-0-8 (PDF-online) URL publikacije (PDF): https://www.opensource-osijek.org/knjige/Kratka povijest UNIXa - Od UNICSa do FreeBSDa i Linuxa.pdf ISBN: 978-953- 59438-1- 5 (HTML-online) DokuWiki URL (HTML): https://www.opensource-osijek.org/dokuwiki/wiki:knjige:kratka-povijest- unixa Verzija publikacije : 1.0 Nakalada : Vlastita naklada Uz pravo svakoga na vlastito štampanje (printanje), prema pravilima GNU GPL licence. Ova knjiga je napisana unutar inicijative Open Source Osijek: https://www.opensource-osijek.org Inicijativa Open Source Osijek je član udruge Osijek Software City: http://softwarecity.hr/ UNIX je registrirano i zaštićeno ime od strane tvrtke X/Open (Open Group). FreeBSD i FreeBSD logo su registrirani i zaštićeni od strane FreeBSD Foundation. Imena i logo : Apple, Mac, Macintosh, iOS i Mac OS su registrirani i zaštićeni od strane tvrtke Apple Computer. Ime i logo IBM i AIX su registrirani i zaštićeni od strane tvrtke International Business Machines Corporation. IEEE, POSIX i 802 registrirani i zaštićeni od strane instituta Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Ime Linux je registrirano i zaštićeno od strane Linusa Torvaldsa u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Ime i logo : Sun, Sun Microsystems, SunOS, Solaris i Java su registrirani i zaštićeni od strane tvrtke Sun Microsystems, sada u vlasništvu tvrtke Oracle. Ime i logo Oracle su u vlasništvu tvrtke Oracle. -
UNIX History Page 1 Tuesday, December 10, 2002 7:02 PM
UNIX History Page 1 Tuesday, December 10, 2002 7:02 PM CHAPTER 1 UNIX Evolution and Standardization This chapter introduces UNIX from a historical perspective, showing how the various UNIX versions have evolved over the years since the very first implementation in 1969 to the present day. The chapter also traces the history of the different attempts at standardization that have produced widely adopted standards such as POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification. The material presented here is not intended to document all of the UNIX variants, but rather describes the early UNIX implementations along with those companies and bodies that have had a major impact on the direction and evolution of UNIX. A Brief Walk through Time There are numerous events in the computer industry that have occurred since UNIX started life as a small project in Bell Labs in 1969. UNIX history has been largely influenced by Bell Labs’ Research Editions of UNIX, AT&T’s System V UNIX, Berkeley’s Software Distribution (BSD), and Sun Microsystems’ SunOS and Solaris operating systems. The following list shows the major events that have happened throughout the history of UNIX. Later sections describe some of these events in more detail. 1 UNIX History Page 2 Tuesday, December 10, 2002 7:02 PM 2 UNIX Filesystems—Evolution, Design, and Implementation 1969. Development on UNIX starts in AT&T’s Bell Labs. 1971. 1st Edition UNIX is released. 1973. 4th Edition UNIX is released. This is the first version of UNIX that had the kernel written in C. 1974. Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie publish their classic paper, “The UNIX Timesharing System” [RITC74]. -
Introduction to Free Software-SELF
Introduction to Free Software Jordi Mas Hernández (coordinador) David Megías Jiménez (coordinador) Jesús M. González Barahona Joaquín Seoane Pascual Gregorio Robles XP07/M2101/02708 © FUOC • XP07/M2101/02708 Introduction to Free Software Jordi Mas Hernández David Megías Jiménez Jesús M. González Barahona Founding member of Softcatalà and Computer Science Engineer by the Professor in the Department of Tele- of the telematic network RedBBS. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona matic Systems and Computation of He has worked as a consultant in (UAB, Spain). Master in Advanced the Rey Juan Carlos University (Ma- companies like Menta, Telépolis, Vo- Process Automatisation Techniques drid, Spain), where he coordinates dafone, Lotus, eresMas, Amena and by the UAB. PhD. in Computer Sci- the research group LibreSoft. His Terra España. ence by the UAB. Associate Profes- professional areas of interest include sor in the Computer Science, Multi- the study of free software develop- media and Telecommunication De- ment and the transfer of knowledge partment of the Universitat Oberta in this field to the industrial sector. de Catalunya (UOC, Spain) and Di- rector of the Master Programme in Free Software at the UOC. Joaquín Seoane Pascual Gregorio Robles PhD. Enigeer of Telecommunicati- Assistant professor in the Rey Juan ons in the Politechnical University Carlos University (Madrid, Spain), of Madrid (Spain). He has worked where he acquired his PhD. de- in the private sector and has al- gree in February 2006. Besides his so taught in the Computer Scien- teaching tasks, he researches free ce Faculty of that same university. software development from the Nowadays he is professor in the De- point of view of software enginee- partment of Telematic Systems En- ring, with special focus in quantitati- gineering, and has taught courses ve issues.