Introduzione Al Mondo Freebsd
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The Challenges of Dynamic Network Interfaces
The Challenges of Dynamic Network Interfaces by Brooks Davis brooks@{aero,FreeBSD}.org The Aerospace Corporation The FreeBSD Project EuroBSDCon 2004 October 29-31, 2004 Karlsruhe, Germany Introduction ● History of Dynamic Interfaces ● Problems ● Possible Solutions ● Advice to Implementors ● Future Work Early UNIX ● Totally static. ● All devices must be compiled in to kernel ● Fast and easy to program ● Difficult to maintain as the number of devices grows Autoconfiguration ● Introduced in 4.1BSD (June 1981) ● One kernel can serve multiple hardware configurations ● Probe – Test for existence of devices, either using stored addresses or matching devices on self-identifying buses ● Attach – Allocate a driver instance (as of 6.0, this must be fully dynamic) Kernel Modules ● Allows drivers to be added at run time ● LKM (Loadable Kernel Modules) – Introduced in 2.0 by Terry Lambert – Modeled after the facility in SunOS ● KLD (dynamic kernel linker) – Introduced along with newbus in 3.0 by Doug Rabson – Added a generic if_detach() function PC Card & CardBus ● Initial PC Card (PCMCIA) support via PAO in 2.0 ● Fairly good support in 3.0 ● Most PAO changes merged in 4.0 – PAO development ceased ● CardBus support in 5.0 Other Removable Devices ● USB Ethernet (4.0) ● Firewire (fwe(4) in 4.8, fwip(4) in 5.3) ● Bluetooth (5.2) ● Hot plug PCI ● Compact PCI ● PCI Express ● Express Card Netgraph ● Node implement network functions ● Arbitrary connection of nodes allowed ● ng_iface(4) node creates interfaces on demand Interface Cloning ● Handles most pseudo -
Campus Networking Best Practices Session 5: Wireless
Campus Networking Best Practices Session 5: Wireless LAN Hervey Allen Dale Smith NSRC & University of Oregon University of Oregon & NSRC [email protected] [email protected] Wireless LAN • Provide wireless network across your campus that has the following characteristics: – Authentication – only allow your users – Roaming – allow users to start up in one section of your network, then move to another location – Runs on your campus network Firewall/ Border Traffic Shaper Router Wireless REN switch Authentication Core Gateway Router Core Servers Network Access Control (NAC) Enterprise Identity Management • Processes and Documentation of users. – Now you must deal with this. – What to use as the back-end user store? • LDAP • Active Directory • Kerberos • Other? – Will this play nice with future use? • email, student/staff information, resource access, ... Identity Management Cont. • An example of such a project can be seen here: – http://ccadmin.uoregon.edu/idm/ • This is a retrofit on to an already retrofitted system. • Learn from others and try to avoid this situation if possible. A Wireless Captive Portal The Wireless Captive Portal • Previous example was very simple. • A Captive Portal is your chance to: – Explain your Acceptable Use Policies – Decide if you must authenticate, or – Allow users on your network and monitor for problems instead (alternate solution). – Anything else? Branding? What's Happening? • remember our initial network diagrams...? • Do you think our hotel built their own solution? • Probably not... Commercial Solutions • Aruba http://www.arubanetworks.com/ • Bradford Networks – http://www.bradfordnetworks.com/ • Cisco NAC Appliance (Clean Access) – http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6128/ • Cisco Wireless LAN Controllers – http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/wireless/ • Enterasys http://www.enterasys.com/ • Vernier http://www.verniernetworks.com Open Source Solutions • CoovaChilli (morphed from Chillispot) – http://coova.org/wiki/index.php/CoovaChilli – Uses RADIUS for access and accounting. -
Portace Na Jin´E Os
VYSOKEU´ CENˇ ´I TECHNICKE´ V BRNEˇ BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FAKULTA INFORMACNˇ ´ICH TECHNOLOGI´I USTAV´ INFORMACNˇ ´ICH SYSTEM´ U˚ FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS REDIRFS - PORTACE NA JINE´ OS PORTING OF REDIRFS ON OTHER OS DIPLOMOVA´ PRACE´ MASTER’S THESIS AUTOR PRACE´ Bc. LUKA´ Sˇ CZERNER AUTHOR VEDOUC´I PRACE´ Ing. TOMA´ Sˇ KASPˇ AREK´ SUPERVISOR BRNO 2010 Abstrakt Tato pr´acepopisuje jak pˇr´ıpravu na portaci, tak samotnou portaci Linuxov´ehomodulu RedirFS na operaˇcn´ısyst´emFreeBSD. Jsou zde pops´any z´akladn´ırozd´ılypˇr´ıstupuk Lin- uxov´emu a FreeBSD j´adru,d´alerozd´ılyv implementaci, pro RedirFS z´asadn´ı,ˇc´astij´adra a sice VFS vrstvy. D´alezkoum´amoˇznostia r˚uzn´epˇr´ıstupy k implementaci funkcionality linuxov´ehoRedirFS na operaˇcn´ımsyst´emu FreeBSD. N´aslednˇejsou zhodnoceny moˇznostia navrˇzenide´aln´ıpostup portace. N´asleduj´ıc´ıkapitoly pak popisuj´ıpoˇzadovanou funkcional- itu spolu s navrhovanou architekturou nov´ehomodulu. D´aleje detailnˇepops´ann´avrha implementace nov´ehomodulu tak, aby mˇelˇcten´aˇrjasnou pˇredstavu jak´ymzp˚usobem modul implementuje poˇzadovanou funkcionalitu. Abstract This thesis describes preparation for porting as well aw porting itself of RedirFS Linux kernel module to FreeBSD. Basic differences between Linux and FreeBSD kernels are de- scribed as well as differences in implementation of the Virtual Filesystem, crucial part for RedirFS. Further there are described possibilities and different approaches to implemen- tation RedirFS functionality to FreeBSD. Then, the possibilities are evaluated and ideal approach is proposed. Next chapters introduces erquired functionality of the new module as well as its solutions. Then the implementation details are describet so the reader can very well understand how the new module works and how the required functionality is implemented into the module. -
The Challenges of Dynamic Network Interfaces
The Challenges of Dynamic Network Interfaces Brooks Davis The FreeBSD Project Seattle, WA brooks@{aero,FreeBSD}.org Abstract vices to the modern age of near complete dynamism. Following this history, the problems caused by this dynamism are discussed in detail. Then solutions to On early BSD systems, network interfaces were some of these problems are proposed and analyzed, static objects created at kernel compile time. To- and advice to implementers of userland applications day the situation has changed dramatically. PC is given. Finally, the issues are summarized and fu- Card, USB, and other removable buses allow hard- ture work is discussed. ware interfaces to arrive and depart at run time. Pseudo-device cloning also allows pseudo-devices to be created dynamically. Additionally, in FreeBSD and Dragonfly, interfaces can be renamed by the ad- 2 History ministrator. With these changes, interfaces are now dynamic objects which may appear, change, or dis- appear at any time. This dynamism invalidates a In early versions of UNIX, the exact set of devices number of assumptions that have been made in the on the system had to be compiled in to the kernel. If kernel, in external programs, and even in standards the administrator attempted to use a device which such as SNMP. This paper explores the history of was compiled in, but not installed, a panic or hang the transition of network interfaces from static to dy- was nearly certain. This system was easy to pro- namic. Issues raised by these changes are discussed gram and efficient to execute. Unfortunately, it was and possible solutions suggested. -
PC-BSD 9 Turns a New Page
CONTENTS Dear Readers, Here is the November issue. We are happy that we didn’t make you wait for it as long as for October one. Thanks to contributors and supporters we are back and ready to give you some usefull piece of knowledge. We hope you will Editor in Chief: Patrycja Przybyłowicz enjoy it as much as we did by creating the magazine. [email protected] The opening text will tell you What’s New in BSD world. It’s a review of PC-BSD 9 by Mark VonFange. Good reading, Contributing: especially for PC-BSD users. Next in section Get Started you Mark VonFange, Toby Richards, Kris Moore, Lars R. Noldan, will �nd a great piece for novice – A Beginner’s Guide To PF Rob Somerville, Erwin Kooi, Paul McMath, Bill Harris, Jeroen van Nieuwenhuizen by Toby Richards. In Developers Corner Kris Moore will teach you how to set up and maintain your own repository on a Proofreaders: FreeBSD system. It’s a must read for eager learners. Tristan Karstens, Barry Grumbine, Zander Hill, The How To section in this issue is for those who enjoy Christopher J. Umina experimenting. Speed Daemons by Lars R Noldan is a very good and practical text. By reading it you can learn Special Thanks: how to build a highly available web application server Denise Ebery with advanced networking mechanisms in FreeBSD. The Art Director: following article is the �nal one of our GIS series. The author Ireneusz Pogroszewski will explain how to successfully manage and commission a DTP: complex GIS project. -
BSD UNIX Toolbox 1000+ Commands for Freebsd, Openbsd
76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iii BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD®Power Users Christopher Negus François Caen 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page ii 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page i BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page ii 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iii BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD®Power Users Christopher Negus François Caen 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iv BSD UNIX® Toolbox: 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD® Power Users Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-0-470-37603-4 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permis- sion should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. -
Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to Freebsd Table of Contents Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to Freebsd
Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD Table of Contents Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD............................................................................1 Dedication..........................................................................................................................................3 Foreword............................................................................................................................................4 Introduction........................................................................................................................................5 What Is FreeBSD?...................................................................................................................5 How Did FreeBSD Get Here?..................................................................................................5 The BSD License: BSD Goes Public.......................................................................................6 The Birth of Modern FreeBSD.................................................................................................6 FreeBSD Development............................................................................................................7 Committers.........................................................................................................................7 Contributors........................................................................................................................8 Users..................................................................................................................................8 -
Wireless Authentication
Wireless Authentication Network Startup Resource Center www.nsrc.org These materials are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Overview Define authentication Strengths and weaknesses of captive portals How captive portals work What is Authentication? Verifying the claim that an entity is allowed to act on behalf of a given known identity More simply: • Is this person/device who they say they are? • Can they prove it • for example, with password, signature? • In our case, the entity is the software, acting on behalf of the user controlling the computer. Why Is Auth So Complicated? I am on a computer. Am I its owner? • Device is not the same as person. I am a network administrator • Should I have access to the finance system? I am connecting to the network from home • Should I have access to all my work resources? I am a printer • Should I be able to scp files to the network? Authentication Core Concepts These are all different concepts: • Confidentiality • Access Control • Authorization • Authentication Confidentiality Ensure that only those who should have access to information can indeed do so (usually encryption) Access Control Access control is the mechanisms by which rights & restrictions are controlled & enforced Authorization Authorization defines what an entity (a user, a device) is authorized (allowed), to access • Which networks (ACLs/filters) • Which systems, which files ? (FS ACLs, permissions) • When can they do that (time policies) ? • Can they run an application or access a service ? Authentication We want to know: WHO, WHERE(*), WHEN • Which entity? • What AP did they associate with? • When did they log on ? • What IP number did they have? PSK (Pre-Shared Key) cannot tell us this. -
GELI Boot Booting from Encrypted Disks on Freebsd
GELI Boot Booting from Encrypted Disks on FreeBSD Allan Jude -- ScaleEngine Inc. [email protected] twitter: @allanjude Introduction Allan Jude ● 13 Years as FreeBSD Server Admin ● FreeBSD src/doc committer (focus: ZFS, bhyve, ucl, xo) ● Co-Author of “FreeBSD Mastery: ZFS” and “FreeBSD Mastery: Advanced ZFS” with Michael W. Lucas (For sale in the hallway) ● Architect of the ScaleEngine CDN (HTTP and Video) ● Host of BSDNow.tv & TechSNAP.tv Podcasts ● Use ZFS for large collections of videos, extremely large website caches, mirrors of PC-BSD pkgs and RaspBSD ● Single Handedly Manage Over 1000TB of ZFS Storage Overview ● Do a lot of work with ZFS ● Helped build the ZFS bits of the installer ● Integrated ZFS Boot Environments ● Created ZFS Boot Env. Menu ● ZFS Boot Env. do not work with GELI ● Booting from GELI encrypted pool requires creating an unencrypted “boot pool” with the kernel and GELI module ● Boot Environments are awesome, you should use them too I Have Written A Thing ● I am a very novice C programmer ● Implemented a minimal version of GELI in the gpt{,zfs}boot (UFS and ZFS) bootcodes ● Took a lot of time to understand the existing bootcode and how it works ● Took a lot of learning about C ● The existing boot code is terrible, and needs much love, too much copy-pasta ● Had to navigate many obstacles ● but, it works! How Do Computers Even Work? ● BIOS reads the 512 bytes MBR ● Consists of 446 byte bootstrap program, and partition table (4 entries) ● This bootstrap is then executed (boot0.S) ● It examines the partition table and finds the active partition, reads the first 512 bytes ● This is boot1. -
Governance Structures of Free/Open Source Software Development
Uitnodiging GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES OF FREE/OPEN 51 SOURCE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Voor het bijwonen van de George Dafermos openbare verdediging van het Modularity theory makes a compelling argument: modular product design increases the potential number of persons that could work on a distributed project and has a positive effect proefschrift: on their labour productivity because it allows them to work independently of each other, with little or no need for central coordination. This doctoral dissertation sets out to put this argument to the test by studying a phenomenon that combines both scale and modularity: Governance Structures Free and open source software (FOSS) development. Its central question is: Does modularity mitigate the adverse effects of increasing scale in FOSS development? of Free/Open Source Software Development In exploring the effect of modularity and increasing scale on the dynamic of development of FreeBSD, a large and well-known FOSS project, over a period of fifteen years, the dissertation addresses several related empirical issues: How are FOSS projects organised? How are they governed? And most interestingly, how do they manage increasing scale? Does their ability to self-organise diminish as they grow larger, thereby necessitating hierarchical coordination? Op maandag 10 december 2012 om 15 uur precies in de Frans Source Software Development Source Software Governance Structures of Free/Open van Hasseltzaal van de Aula van de Technische Universiteit Delft, Mekelweg 5 te Delft The Next Generation Infrastructures Foundation George Dafermos represents an international consortium of knowledge institutions, market players and governmental bodies, which joined forces to cope with the challenges faced Governance Structures by today’s and tomorrow’s infrastructure systems. -
Institutionalizing Freebsd Isolated and Virtualized Hosts Using Bsdinstall(8), Zfs(8) and Nfsd(8)
Institutionalizing FreeBSD Isolated and Virtualized Hosts Using bsdinstall(8), zfs(8) and nfsd(8) [email protected] @MichaelDexter BSDCan 2018 Jails and bhyve… FreeBSD’s had Isolation since 2000 and Virtualization since 2014 Why are they still strangers? Institutionalizing FreeBSD Isolated and Virtualized Hosts Using bsdinstall(8), zfs(8) and nfsd(8) Integrating as first-class features Institutionalizing FreeBSD Isolated and Virtualized Hosts Using bsdinstall(8), zfs(8) and nfsd(8) This example but this is not FreeBSD-exclusive Institutionalizing FreeBSD Isolated and Virtualized Hosts Using bsdinstall(8), zfs(8) and nfsd(8) jail(8) and bhyve(8) “guests” Application Binary Interface vs. Instructions Set Architecture Institutionalizing FreeBSD Isolated and Virtualized Hosts Using bsdinstall(8), zfs(8) and nfsd(8) The FreeBSD installer The best file system/volume manager available The Network File System Broad Motivations Virtualization! Containers! Docker! Zones! Droplets! More more more! My Motivations 2003: Jails to mitigate “RPM Hell” 2011: “bhyve sounds interesting...” 2017: Mitigating Regression Hell 2018: OpenZFS EVERYWHERE A Tale of Two Regressions Listen up. Regression One FreeBSD Commit r324161 “MFV r323796: fix memory leak in [ZFS] g_bio zone introduced in r320452” Bug: r320452: June 28th, 2017 Fix: r324162: October 1st, 2017 3,710 Commits and 3 Months Later June 28th through October 1st BUT July 27th, FreeNAS MFC Slips into FreeNAS 11.1 Released December 13th Fixed in FreeNAS January 18th 3 Months in FreeBSD HEAD 36 Days -
GELI (8) Freebsd System Manager's Manual GELI (8) NAME Geli
GELI (8) FreeBSD System Manager’s Manual GELI (8) NAME geli — control utility for cryptographic GEOM class SYNOPSIS To compile GEOM ELI into your kernel, place the following lines in your kernel configuration file: device crypto options GEOM_ELI Alternately, to load the GEOM ELI module at boot time, place the following line in your loader.conf(5): geom_eli_load="YES" Usage of the geli(8) utility: geli init [ -bPv][ -a algo ][ -i iterations ][ -K newkeyfile][ -l keylen ][ -s sectorsize ] prov geli label - an alias for init geli attach [ -dpv ][ -k keyfile ] prov geli detach [ -fl] prov . geli stop - an alias for detach geli onetime [ -d][ -a algo][ -l keylen][ -s sectorsize ] prov . geli setkey [ -pPv ][ -i iterations ][ -k keyfile][ -K newkeyfile][ -n keyno] prov geli delkey [ -afv ][ -n keyno] prov geli kill [ -av][ prov . ] geli backup [ -v] prov file geli restore [ -v] file prov geli clear [ -v] prov . geli dump [ -v] prov . geli list geli status geli load geli unload DESCRIPTION The geli utility is used to configure encryption on GEOM providers. The following is a list of the most important features: • Utilizes the crypto(9) framework, so when there is crypto hardware available, geli will make use of it automatically. • Supports many cryptographic algorithms (currently AES, Blowfish and 3DES). • Can create a key from a couple of components (user entered passphrase, random bits from a file, etc.). • Allows to encrypt the root partition - the user will be asked for the passphrase before the root file system is mounted. • The passphrase of the user is strengthened with: B. Kaliski, PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification, Version 2.0.