76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iii BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD®Power Users Christopher Negus François Caen 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page ii 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page i BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page ii 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iii BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD®Power Users Christopher Negus François Caen 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iv BSD UNIX® Toolbox: 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD® Power Users Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-0-470-37603-4 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher. 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NetBSD is a registered trademark of NetBSD Foundation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor men- tioned in this book. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page v As always, I dedicate my work on this book to my wife, Sheree. — Christopher Negus To my wife, Tonya, for supporting me in all my endeavors. — François Caen 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page vi 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page vii About the Authors Christopher Negus is the author of the best-selling Fedora and Red Hat Linux Bibles, Linux Toys, Linux Troubleshooting Bible, and Linux Bible 2008 Edition. He is a member of the Madison Linux Users Group. Before becoming a full-time writer, Chris served for eight years on development teams for the UNIX operating system at AT&T, where UNIX was created and developed. He also worked with Novell on Linux development and Caldera Linux. François Caen, through his company Turbosphere LLC, hosts and manages business application infrastructures, with 95 percent running on Linux systems. As an open source advocate, he has lectured on OSS network management and Internet services and served as president of the Tacoma Linux Users Group. François is a Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE). In his spare time, he enjoys managing enterprise Cisco networks. About the Technical Editor Thomas Blader first began dabbling in Linus/UNIX in 1993 with Yggdrasil Linux and BSD. Since 1997, he has worked for the same company as a Solaris/Linux admin- istrator. He has recently become involved with network security. He also does UNIX- related consulting and software development as well as book writing and editing. 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page viii 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page ix Credits Acquisitions Editor Vice President and Executive Publisher Jenny Watson Joseph B. Wikert Development Editor Project Coordinator, Cover William Bridges Lynsey Osborn Technical Editor Compositor Thomas Blader Laurie Stewart, Happenstance Type-O-Rama Production Editor Daniel Scribner Proofreader David Parise, Copy Editor Word One Michael Koch Indexer Editorial Manager Melanie Belkin Mary Beth Wakefield Production Manager Tim Tate Vice President and Executive Group Publisher Richard Swadley 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page x Contents at a Glance Chapter 1: Starting with BSD Systems . .1 Chapter 2: Installing FreeBSD and Adding Software . .13 Chapter 3: Using the Shell . .33 Chapter 4: Working with Files . .51 Chapter 5: Manipulating Text . .71 Chapter 6: Playing with Multimedia . .89 Chapter 7: Administering File Systems . .103 Chapter 8: Backups and Removable Media . .127 Chapter 9: Checking and Managing Running Processes . .143 Chapter 10: Managing the System . .161 Chapter 11: Managing Network Connections . .185 Chapter 12: Accessing Network Resources . .205 Chapter 13: Doing Remote System Administration . .225 Chapter 14: Locking Down Security . .243 Appendix A: Using vi or Vim Editors . .263 Appendix B: Shell Special Characters and Variables . .271 Appendix C: Personal Configuration Files . .277 Index . .281 76034ftoc.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 1:04 PM Page xi Contents Acknowledgments xix Introduction xxi Chapter 1: Starting with BSD Systems 1 About FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD 2 Finding BSD Resources 4 Focusing on BSD Commands 6 Finding Commands 7 Command Reference Information in BSD 8 Summary 11 Chapter 2: Installing FreeBSD and Adding Software 13 Before Installing FreeBSD 13 Installing FreeBSD 14 Booting the Install Disc 14 Starting the Install Process 15 Adding, Deleting, and Managing Software 19 Finding Software 19 Installing Software Packages (binary) 21 Removing Software Packages (binary) 22 Installing Software Using Ports (source code) 23 Getting and Installing Applications with Ports 25 Checking Packages and Ports 28 Checking Installed Packages Against Ports 28 Upgrading Ports 28 Auditing Installed Packages 29 Cleaning Up the Ports Collection 30 Summary 31 Chapter 3: Using the Shell 33 Terminal Windows and Shell Access 33 Using Terminal Windows 33 Using Virtual Terminals 35 76034ftoc.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 1:04 PM Page xii Contents Using the Shell 36 Using Bash History 36 Using Command Line Completion 38 Redirecting stdin and stdout 38 Using aliases 41 Tailing Files 41 Acquiring Super-User Power 41 Using the su Command 42 Delegating Power with sudo 43 Using Environment Variables 44 Creating Simple Shell Scripts 45 Editing and Running a Script 45 Adding Content to Your Script 46 Summary 50 Chapter 4: Working with Files 51 Understanding File Types 51 Using Regular Files 51 Using Directories 52 Using Symbolic and Hard Links 53 Using Device Files 54 Using Named Pipes and Sockets 54 Setting File and Directory Permissions 55 Changing Permissions with chmod 56 Setting the umask 58 Changing Ownership 58 Traversing the File System 59 Copying Files 60 Changing File Attributes 62 Searching for Files 63 Generating the locate Database 63 Finding Files with locate 64 Locating Files with find 65 Using Other Commands to Find Files 67 Finding Out More About Files 67 Listing Files 67 Verifying Files 68 Summary 69 xii 76034ftoc.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 1:04 PM Page xiii Contents Chapter 5: Manipulating Text 71 Matching Text with Regular Expressions 71 Editing Text Files 72 Using the JOE Editor 73 Using the Pico and Nano Editors 76 Graphical Text Editors 78 Listing, Sorting, and Changing Text 78 Listing Text Files 78 Paging Through Text 79 Paginating Text Files with pr 80 Searching for Text with grep 81 Replacing Text with sed 83 Translate or Remove Characters with tr 84 Checking Differences Between Two Files with diff 85 Using awk and cut to Process Columns 87 Converting Text Files to Different Formats 88 Summary 88 Chapter 6: Playing with Multimedia 89 Working with Audio 89 Starting with Audio 89 Playing Music 90 Adjusting Audio