BSD UNIX Toolbox: 1000+ Commands for Freebsd, Openbsd and Netbsd Christopher Negus, Francois Caen
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Introduction to Debugging the Freebsd Kernel
Introduction to Debugging the FreeBSD Kernel John H. Baldwin Yahoo!, Inc. Atlanta, GA 30327 [email protected], http://people.FreeBSD.org/˜jhb Abstract used either directly by the user or indirectly via other tools such as kgdb [3]. Just like every other piece of software, the The Kernel Debugging chapter of the FreeBSD kernel has bugs. Debugging a ker- FreeBSD Developer’s Handbook [4] covers nel is a bit different from debugging a user- several details already such as entering DDB, land program as there is nothing underneath configuring a system to save kernel crash the kernel to provide debugging facilities such dumps, and invoking kgdb on a crash dump. as ptrace() or procfs. This paper will give a This paper will not cover these topics. In- brief overview of some of the tools available stead, it will demonstrate some ways to use for investigating bugs in the FreeBSD kernel. FreeBSD’s kernel debugging tools to investi- It will cover the in-kernel debugger DDB and gate bugs. the external debugger kgdb which is used to perform post-mortem analysis on kernel crash dumps. 2 Kernel Crash Messages 1 Introduction The first debugging service the FreeBSD kernel provides is the messages the kernel prints on the console when the kernel crashes. When a userland application encounters a When the kernel encounters an invalid condi- bug the operating system provides services for tion (such as an assertion failure or a memory investigating the bug. For example, a kernel protection violation) it halts execution of the may save a copy of the a process’ memory current thread and enters a “panic” state also image on disk as a core dump. -
Lecture 1: Introduction to UNIX
The Operating System Course Overview Getting Started Lecture 1: Introduction to UNIX CS2042 - UNIX Tools September 29, 2008 Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages Lecture Outline 1 The Operating System Description and History UNIX Flavors Advantages and Disadvantages 2 Course Overview Class Specifics 3 Getting Started Login Information Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages What is UNIX? One of the first widely-used operating systems Basis for many modern OSes Helped set the standard for multi-tasking, multi-user systems Strictly a teaching tool (in its original form) Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages A Brief History of UNIX Origins The first version of UNIX was created in 1969 by a group of guys working for AT&T's Bell Labs. It was one of the first big projects written in the emerging C language. It gained popularity throughout the '70s and '80s, although non-AT&T versions eventually took the lion's share of the market. Predates Microsoft's DOS by 12 years! Lecture 1: UNIX Intro The Operating System Description and History Course Overview UNIX Flavors Getting Started Advantages and Disadvantages Lecture Outline 1 The Operating System Description and History UNIX Flavors Advantages and Disadvantages 2 Course Overview Class Specifics 3 -
The Dragonflybsd Operating System
1 The DragonFlyBSD Operating System Jeffrey M. Hsu, Member, FreeBSD and DragonFlyBSD directories with slightly over 8 million lines of code, 2 million Abstract— The DragonFlyBSD operating system is a fork of of which are in the kernel. the highly successful FreeBSD operating system. Its goals are to The project has a number of resources available to the maintain the high quality and performance of the FreeBSD 4 public, including an on-line CVS repository with mirror sites, branch, while exploiting new concepts to further improve accessible through the web as well as the cvsup service, performance and stability. In this paper, we discuss the motivation for a new BSD operating system, new concepts being mailing list forums, and a bug submission system. explored in the BSD context, the software infrastructure put in place to explore these concepts, and their application to the III. MOTIVATION network subsystem in particular. A. Technical Goals Index Terms— Message passing, Multiprocessing, Network The DragonFlyBSD operating system has several long- operating systems, Protocols, System software. range technical goals that it hopes to accomplish within the next few years. The first goal is to add lightweight threads to the BSD kernel. These threads are lightweight in the sense I. INTRODUCTION that, while user processes have an associated thread and a HE DragonFlyBSD operating system is a fork of the process context, kernel processes are pure threads with no T highly successful FreeBSD operating system. Its goals are process context. The threading model makes several to maintain the high quality and performance of the FreeBSD guarantees with respect to scheduling to ensure high 4 branch, while exploring new concepts to further improve performance and simplify reasoning about concurrency. -
BSD UNIX Toolbox 1000+ Commands for Freebsd, Openbsd
76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iii BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD®Power Users Christopher Negus François Caen 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page ii 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page i BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page ii 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iii BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD®Power Users Christopher Negus François Caen 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iv BSD UNIX® Toolbox: 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD® Power Users Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-0-470-37603-4 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permis- sion should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. -
Mandoc: Becoming the Main BSD Manual Toolbox
mandoc: becoming the main BSD manual toolbox BSDCan 2015, June 13, Ottawa Ingo Schwarze <[email protected]> Cynthia Livingston’sOTTB “Bedifferent” (c) 2013 C. Livingston (with permission) > Ingo Schwarze: mandoc page 2: INTROI BSDCan 2015, June 13, Ottawa Brief history of UNIX documentation • The key point: All documentation in one place and one format. Easy to find, uniform and easy to read and write. Be correct, complete, concise. • 1964: RUNOFF/roffmarkup syntax by Jerome H. Saltzer,MIT. Unobtrusive,diff(1)-friendly,easy to hand-edit, simple tools, high quality output. • 1971: Basic manual structure by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie for the AT&T Version 1 UNIX manuals, Bell Labs. • 1979: man(7) physical markup language for AT&T Version 7 UNIX. • 1989: mdoc(7) semantic markup by Cynthia Livingston for 4.3BSD-Reno. Powerful, self-contained, portable. • 1989: GNU troffbyJames Clarke. • 2001: mdoc(7) rewrite by Werner Lemberg and Ruslan Ermilovfor groff-1.17. • 2008: mandoc(1) started by Kristaps Dzonsons. • 2010: mandoc(1) is the only documentation formatter in the OpenBSD base system. • 2014: mandoc(1) used by default in OpenBSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, illumos. 16:19:30 What is the mandoc toolbox? → < > Ingo Schwarze: mandoc page 3: INTROIIBSDCan 2015, June 13, Ottawa What is the mandoc toolbox? User perspective:man(1), the manual viewer One comprehensive tool! Normal operation always proceeds in three steps: 1. Find one or more manuals in the file system or using a database by manual name — man(1) — or by search query — apropos(1) =man -k The result of this step can be printed out with man -w. -
OPENBSD HARDWARE SENSORS FRAMEWORK a Unified and Ready-To-Use System for Hassle- Ee Hardware Monitoring
OPENBSD HARDWARE SENSORS FRAMEWORK A unified and ready-to-use system for hassle-ee hardware monitoring. Constantine A. Murenin and Raouf Boutaba University of Waterloo AsiaBSDCon 2009 — 12–15 March 2009 — Tokyo, Japan Abstract In this paper, we will discuss the origin, history, design guidelines, API and the device drivers of the hardware sensors framework available in OpenBSD. The framework spans multiple utilities in the base system and the ports tree, is utilised by over 70 drivers, and is considered to be a distinctive and ready-to-use feature that sets OpenBSD apart from many other operating systems, and in its root is inseparable from the OpenBSD experience. 1. Introduction Another trend that has been particularly common in the recent years is the availability of defined inter- We will start by investigating into the matter of what faces for software-based temperature readout from hardware monitoring sensors represent, how common individual components of personal computers, such as is it for them to appear in the general-purpose com- the CPU, or the add-on cards, such as those imple- puter hardware that has been available on the market menting the 802.11 wireless functionality or 10 Giga- in the last decade or so, and what benefits can we gain bit Ethernet. Popular examples include recent Intel by having a unified, simple and straightforward inter- Xeon and Core series of processors (as well as budget face for getting the data out of these sensors. models that are marketed under different brands) Although it may come as a surprise to some users, the [admtemp.4] [cpu.4]; all AMD64 processors from majority of personal computers that have been avail- AMD (Families 0Fh, 10h, 11h) [kate.4] [km.4]; Intel able on the market in the last decade have an inte- WiFi Link 4965/5100/5300 wireless network devices grated hardware monitoring circuitry whose main [iwn.4]. -
Interesting Things You Didn't Know You Could Do With
Interesting Things You Didn’t Know You Could Do With ZFS Allan Jude -- ScaleEngine Inc. [email protected] twitter: @allanjude Introduction Allan Jude ● 13 Years as FreeBSD Server Admin ● FreeBSD src/doc committer (focus: ZFS, bhyve, ucl, xo) ● Co-Author of “FreeBSD Mastery: ZFS” and upcoming “FreeBSD Mastery: Advanced ZFS” with M. W. Lucas ● Architect of the ScaleEngine CDN (HTTP and Video) ● Host of BSDNow.tv & TechSNAP.tv Podcasts ● Use ZFS for large collections of videos, extremely large website caches, mirrors of PC-BSD pkgs and RaspBSD ● Single Handedly Manage Over 1000TB of ZFS Storage The Power of ZFS ● Integrated Redundancy (Mirroring, RAID-Z) ● Data Integrity Checking (Checksums, Scrub) ● Pooled Storage (Hot Add Disks) ● Multi-Level Cache (ARC, L2ARC, SLOG) ● Copy-on-Write (no fsck) ● Snapshots and Clones ● Quotas and Reservations ● Transparent Compression (LZ4, GZIP1-9) ● Incremental Replication (zfs send/recv) ● Datasets with Individual Inherited Properties ● Custom Properties ● Fine Grained Delegation Applying That Power ZFS has many features, but how can I use them to solve my problems? ZFS has a very well designed command line user interface, making it very easy for a sysadmin to perform common tasks (add more storage, create new datasets, change settings and properties), accomplish things that were not possible before, as well as extract a great deal more information from the storage system. ZFS Was Meant To Be Scripted # zfs list -Hp -r -o name,refer,logicalreferenced sestore5/mysql02 22001288628 24331078144 sestore5/omicron -
The Complete Freebsd
The Complete FreeBSD® If you find errors in this book, please report them to Greg Lehey <grog@Free- BSD.org> for inclusion in the errata list. The Complete FreeBSD® Fourth Edition Tenth anniversary version, 24 February 2006 Greg Lehey The Complete FreeBSD® by Greg Lehey <[email protected]> Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2006 by Greg Lehey. This book is licensed under the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5” license. The full text is located at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/legalcode. You are free: • to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work • to make derivative works under the following conditions: • Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor. • Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. This clause is modified from the original by the provision: You may use this book for commercial purposes if you pay me the sum of USD 20 per copy printed (whether sold or not). You must also agree to allow inspection of printing records and other material necessary to confirm the royalty sums. The purpose of this clause is to make it attractive to negotiate sensible royalties before printing. • Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. • For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. • Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. -
Freebsd Smpng: Behind the Scenes
FreeBSD SMPng: Behind the scenes GregLehey [email protected] [email protected] Sydney, 27September 2001 FreeBSD SMPng behind the scenes 1GregLehey, 27September 2001 Topics • Howwegot into this mess. FreeBSD SMPng behind the scenes 2GregLehey, 27September 2001 Topics • Howwegot into this mess. • Whythe UNIX kernel is not suited to multiple processors. FreeBSD SMPng behind the scenes 3GregLehey, 27September 2001 Topics • Howwegot into this mess. • Whythe UNIX kernel is not suited to multiple processors. • Solving the problem. FreeBSD SMPng behind the scenes 4GregLehey, 27September 2001 Topics • Howwegot into this mess. • Whythe UNIX kernel is not suited to multiple processors. • Solving the problem. • Team dynamics. FreeBSD SMPng behind the scenes 5GregLehey, 27September 2001 Topics • Howwegot into this mess. • Whythe UNIX kernel is not suited to multiple processors. • Solving the problem. • Team dynamics. • Current state of play. FreeBSD SMPng behind the scenes 6GregLehey, 27September 2001 Topics • Howwegot into this mess. • Whythe UNIX kernel is not suited to multiple processors. • Solving the problem. • Team dynamics. • Current state of play. • Looking forward. FreeBSD SMPng behind the scenes 7•GregLehey, 27September 2001 The Mindcraft benchmarks • Common knowledge: UNIX is faster than Microsoft. FreeBSD SMPng behind the scenes 8GregLehey, 27September 2001 The Mindcraft benchmarks • Common knowledge: UNIX is faster than Microsoft. • In 1999, Mindcraft published benchmarks showing NT much faster than Linux. FreeBSD SMPng behind the scenes 9GregLehey, 27September 2001 The Mindcraft benchmarks • Common knowledge: UNIX is faster than Microsoft. • In 1999, Mindcraft published benchmarks showing NT much faster than Linux. • Linux people first claimed the results were wrong. FreeBSD SMPng behind the scenes 10 GregLehey, 27September 2001 The Mindcraft benchmarks • Common knowledge: UNIX is faster than Microsoft. -
History of the Openbsd Hardware Sensors Framework
History of the OpenBSD Hardware Sensors Framework Constantine A. Murenin University of Waterloo AsiaBSDCon 2009 — 12/15 March 2009 — Tokyo, Japan Outline • Introduction • Framework API and utilities • Drivers • I²C Bus Scan • Conclusion What is a sensor? • Any device with a sensor-like data: • temperature • voltage • fan speed • … • logical drive status • time offset Are these common at all? • many Super I/O chips have integrated hardware monitors • Intel Core and AMD K8 / K10 have integrated thermal sensors • IPMI in servers / ACPI in laptops • SCSI enclosures • 10GbE and 802.11 Why sensors framework? • Monitoring environmental values can predict, detect, troubleshoot system failure. (Voltage, temperature, fan, logical drive status.) • Unified interface, no configuration required, works out-of-the-box. • Sensors are fun! Uber cool drivers • sdtemp(4) — SO-DIMM temperature sensors • km(4) — AMD Family 10h processors (Phenom, Opteron Barcelona) and Family 11h (Turion X2 Ultra et al) neither of these two are in Linux yet! http://theos.com/deraadt/jc-42.4-pic1.jpg http://theos.com/deraadt/jc-42.4-pic2.jpg Design decisions • Keep it simple, secure and usable • Make it work by default • Overengineering is useless — many devices have incomplete specifications • No buttons™ How voltage sensors work? • Most chips have sensors from 0 to 4 V • Excess voltage removed by resistors • Resistor “recommendations” How voltage sensors read? function maths result original readin’ 0xcb 203 sensor voltage 203 * 16 mV 3.24 V scale for +5 V 3.24 V * 1.68 5.44 V scale for +12 V 3.24 V * 3.80 12.31 V Resistor recommendations • Ignored by some motherboard designers • Not given in documentation for some chips • Results: • voltage “doesn’t scale” • do the best with what you have Framework API /sys/sys/sensors.h • struct sensor / struct sensordev, transport over sysctl(3) • sensor description, e.g. -
Best Practices for Openzfs L2ARC in the Era of Nvme
Best Practices for OpenZFS L2ARC in the Era of NVMe Ryan McKenzie iXsystems 2019 Storage Developer Conference. © Insert Your Company Name. All Rights Reserved. 1 Agenda ❏ Brief Overview of OpenZFS ARC / L2ARC ❏ Key Performance Factors ❏ Existing “Best Practices” for L2ARC ❏ Rules of Thumb, Tribal Knowledge, etc. ❏ NVMe as L2ARC ❏ Testing and Results ❏ Revised “Best Practices” 2019 Storage Developer Conference. © iXsystems. All Rights Reserved. 2 ARC Overview ● Adaptive Replacement Cache ● Resides in system memory NIC/HBA ● Shared by all pools ● Used to store/cache: ARC OpenZFS ○ All incoming data ○ “Hottest” data and Metadata (a tunable ratio) SLOG vdevs ● Balances between ○ Most Frequently Used (MFU) Data vdevs L2ARC vdevs ○ Most Recently zpool Used (MRU) FreeBSD + OpenZFS Server 2019 Storage Developer Conference. © iXsystems. All Rights Reserved. 3 L2ARC Overview ● Level 2 Adaptive Replacement Cache ● Resides on one or more storage devices NIC/HBA ○ Usually Flash ● Device(s) added to pool ARC OpenZFS ○ Only services data held by that pool ● Used to store/cache: ○ “Warm” data and SLOG vdevs metadata ( about to be evicted from ARC) Data vdevs L2ARC vdevs ○ Indexes to L2ARC zpool blocks stored in ARC headers FreeBSD + OpenZFS Server 2019 Storage Developer Conference. © iXsystems. All Rights Reserved. 4 ZFS Writes ● All writes go through ARC, written blocks are “dirty” until on stable storage ACK NIC/HBA ○ async write ACKs immediately ARC OpenZFS ○ sync write copied to ZIL/SLOG then ACKs ○ copied to data SLOG vdevs vdev in TXG ● When no longer dirty, written blocks stay in Data vdevs L2ARC vdevs ARC and move through zpool MRU/MFU lists normally FreeBSD + OpenZFS Server 2019 Storage Developer Conference. -
BSD Projects IV – BSD Certification • Main Features • Community • Future Directions a (Very) Brief History of BSD
BSD Overview Jim Brown May 24, 2012 BSD Overview - 5/24/2012 - Jim Brown, ISD BSD Overview I – A Brief History of BSD III – Cool Hot Stuff • ATT UCB Partnership • Batteries Included • ATT(USL) Lawsuit • ZFS , Hammer • BSD Family Tree • pf Firewall, pfSense • BSD License • Capsicum • Virtualization Topics • Jails, Xen, etc. • Desktop PC-BSD II – The Core BSD Projects IV – BSD Certification • Main Features • Community • Future Directions A (Very) Brief History of BSD 1971 – ATT cheaply licenses Unix source code to many organizations, including UCB as educational material 1975 – Ken Thompson takes a sabbatical from ATT, brings the latest Unix source on tape to UCB his alma mater to run on a PDP 11 which UCB provided. (Industry/academic partnerships were much more common back then.) Computer Science students (notably Bill Joy and Chuck Haley) at UCB begin to make numerous improvements to Unix and make them available on tape as the “Berkeley Software Distribution” - BSD A (Very) Brief History of BSD Some notable CSRG • 1980 – Computer Science Research Group members (CSRG) forms at UCB with DARPA funding to make many more improvements to Unix - job control, autoreboot, fast filesystem, gigabit address space, Lisp, IPC, sockets, TCP/IP stack + applications, r* utils, machine independence, rewriting almost all ATT code with UCB/CSRG code, including many ports • 1991 – The Networking Release 2 tape is released on the Internet via anon FTP. A 386 port quickly follows by Bill and Lynne Jolitz. The NetBSD group is formed- the first Open Source community entirely on the Internet • 1992 – A commercial version, BSDI (sold for $995, 1-800-ITS-UNIX) draws the ire of USL/ATT.