Kratka Povijest Unixa Od Unicsa Do Freebsda I Linuxa
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Proceedings of the Bsdcon 2002 Conference
USENIX Association Proceedings of the BSDCon 2002 Conference San Francisco, California, USA February 11-14, 2002 THE ADVANCED COMPUTING SYSTEMS ASSOCIATION © 2002 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved For more information about the USENIX Association: Phone: 1 510 528 8649 FAX: 1 510 548 5738 Email: [email protected] WWW: http://www.usenix.org Rights to individual papers remain with the author or the author's employer. Permission is granted for noncommercial reproduction of the work for educational or research purposes. This copyright notice must be included in the reproduced paper. USENIX acknowledges all trademarks herein. Rethinking /devand devices in the UNIX kernel Poul-Henning Kamp <[email protected]> The FreeBSD Project Abstract An outstanding novelty in UNIX at its introduction was the notion of ‘‘a file is a file is a file and evenadevice is a file.’’ Going from ‘‘hardware only changes when the DEC Field engineer is here’’to‘‘my toaster has USB’’has put serious strain on the rather crude implementation of the ‘‘devices as files’’concept, an implementation which has survivedpractically unchanged for 30 years in most UNIX variants. Starting from a high-levelviewofdevices and the semantics that have grown around them overthe years, this paper takes the audience on a grand tour of the redesigned FreeBSD device-I/O system, to convey anoverviewofhow itall fits together,and to explain whythings ended up as theydid, howtouse the newfeatures and in particular hownot to. 1. Introduction tax and meaning, so that a program expecting a file name as a parameter can be passed a device name; There are really only twofundamental ways to concep- finally,special files are subject to the same protec- tualise I/O devices in an operating system: The usual tion mechanism as regular files. -
ECE 435 – Network Engineering Lecture 15
ECE 435 { Network Engineering Lecture 15 Vince Weaver http://web.eece.maine.edu/~vweaver [email protected] 25 March 2021 Announcements • Note, this lecture has no video recorded due to problems with UMaine zoom authentication at class start time • HW#6 graded • Don't forget HW#7 • Project Topics due 1 RFC791 Post-it-Note Internet Protocol Datagram RFC791 Source Destination If other than version 4, Version attach form RFC 2460. Type of Service Precedence high reliability Routine Fragmentation Offset high throughput Priority Transport layer use only low delay Immediate Flash more to follow Protocol Flash Override do not fragment CRITIC/ECP this bit intentionally left blank TCP Internetwork Control UDP Network Control Other _________ Identifier _______________________ Length Header Length Data Print legibly and press hard. You are making up to 255 copies. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Time to Live Options _________________________________________________ Do not write _________________________________________________ in this space. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Header Checksum _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ for more info, check IPv4 specifications at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0791.txt 2 HW#6 Review • Header: 0x000e: 4500 = version(4), header length(5)=20 bytes ToS=0 0x0010: 0038 = packet length (56 bytes) 0x0012: 572a = identifier 0x0014: 4000 = fragment 0100 0000 0000 0000 = do not fragment, offset 0 0x0016: 40 = TTL = 64 0x0017: 06 = Upper layer protocol (6=TCP) 0x0018: 69cc = checksum 0x001a: c0a80833 = source IP 192.168.8.51 0x001e: 826f2e7f = dest IP 130.111.46.127 • Valid IPs 3 ◦ 123.267.67.44 = N ◦ 8.8.8.8 = Y ◦ 3232237569 = 192.168.8.1 ◦ 0xc0a80801 = 192.168.8.1 • A class-A allocation is roughly 224=232 which is 0.39% • 192.168.13.0/24. -
BSD Magazine
FREENAS MINI FREENAS STORAGE APPLIANCE CERTIFIED IT SAVES YOUR LIFE. STORAGE HOW IMPORTANT IS YOUR DATA? With over six million downloads, As one of the leaders in the storage industry, you FreeNAS is undisputedly the most know that you’re getting the best combination of hardware designed for optimal performance Years of family photos. Your entire music popular storage operating system and movie collection. Office documents with FreeNAS. Contact us today for a FREE Risk in the world. you’ve put hours of work into. Backups for Elimination Consultation with one of our FreeNAS experts. Remember, every purchase directly supports every computer you own. We ask again, how Sure, you could build your own FreeNAS system: the FreeNAS project so we can continue adding important is your data? research every hardware option, order all the features and improvements to the software for years parts, wait for everything to ship and arrive, vent at to come. And really - why would you buy a FreeNAS customer service because it hasn’t, and finally build it server from anyone else? NOW IMAGINE LOSING IT ALL yourself while hoping everything fits - only to install the software and discover that the system you spent Losing one bit - that’s all it takes. One single bit, and days agonizing over isn’t even compatible. Or... your file is gone. The worst part? You won’t know until you MAKE IT EASY ON YOURSELF absolutely need that file again. Example of one-bit corruption As the sponsors and lead developers of the FreeNAS project, iXsystems has combined over 20 years of THE SOLUTION hardware experience with our FreeNAS expertise to The Mini boasts these state-of-the- The FreeNAS Mini has emerged as the clear choice to bring you FreeNAS Certified Storage.We make it art features: save your digital life. -
La Sécurité Informatique Edition Livres Pour Tous (
La sécurité informatique Edition Livres pour tous (www.livrespourtous.com) PDF générés en utilisant l’atelier en source ouvert « mwlib ». Voir http://code.pediapress.com/ pour plus d’informations. PDF generated at: Sat, 13 Jul 2013 18:26:11 UTC Contenus Articles 1-Principes généraux 1 Sécurité de l'information 1 Sécurité des systèmes d'information 2 Insécurité du système d'information 12 Politique de sécurité du système d'information 17 Vulnérabilité (informatique) 21 Identité numérique (Internet) 24 2-Attaque, fraude, analyse et cryptanalyse 31 2.1-Application 32 Exploit (informatique) 32 Dépassement de tampon 34 Rétroingénierie 40 Shellcode 44 2.2-Réseau 47 Attaque de l'homme du milieu 47 Attaque de Mitnick 50 Attaque par rebond 54 Balayage de port 55 Attaque par déni de service 57 Empoisonnement du cache DNS 66 Pharming 69 Prise d'empreinte de la pile TCP/IP 70 Usurpation d'adresse IP 71 Wardriving 73 2.3-Système 74 Écran bleu de la mort 74 Fork bomb 82 2.4-Mot de passe 85 Attaque par dictionnaire 85 Attaque par force brute 87 2.5-Site web 90 Cross-site scripting 90 Défacement 93 2.6-Spam/Fishing 95 Bombardement Google 95 Fraude 4-1-9 99 Hameçonnage 102 2.7-Cloud Computing 106 Sécurité du cloud 106 3-Logiciel malveillant 114 Logiciel malveillant 114 Virus informatique 120 Ver informatique 125 Cheval de Troie (informatique) 129 Hacktool 131 Logiciel espion 132 Rootkit 134 Porte dérobée 145 Composeur (logiciel) 149 Charge utile 150 Fichier de test Eicar 151 Virus de boot 152 4-Concepts et mécanismes de sécurité 153 Authentification forte -
Ebook - Informations About Operating Systems Version: August 15, 2006 | Download
eBook - Informations about Operating Systems Version: August 15, 2006 | Download: www.operating-system.org AIX Internet: AIX AmigaOS Internet: AmigaOS AtheOS Internet: AtheOS BeIA Internet: BeIA BeOS Internet: BeOS BSDi Internet: BSDi CP/M Internet: CP/M Darwin Internet: Darwin EPOC Internet: EPOC FreeBSD Internet: FreeBSD HP-UX Internet: HP-UX Hurd Internet: Hurd Inferno Internet: Inferno IRIX Internet: IRIX JavaOS Internet: JavaOS LFS Internet: LFS Linspire Internet: Linspire Linux Internet: Linux MacOS Internet: MacOS Minix Internet: Minix MorphOS Internet: MorphOS MS-DOS Internet: MS-DOS MVS Internet: MVS NetBSD Internet: NetBSD NetWare Internet: NetWare Newdeal Internet: Newdeal NEXTSTEP Internet: NEXTSTEP OpenBSD Internet: OpenBSD OS/2 Internet: OS/2 Further operating systems Internet: Further operating systems PalmOS Internet: PalmOS Plan9 Internet: Plan9 QNX Internet: QNX RiscOS Internet: RiscOS Solaris Internet: Solaris SuSE Linux Internet: SuSE Linux Unicos Internet: Unicos Unix Internet: Unix Unixware Internet: Unixware Windows 2000 Internet: Windows 2000 Windows 3.11 Internet: Windows 3.11 Windows 95 Internet: Windows 95 Windows 98 Internet: Windows 98 Windows CE Internet: Windows CE Windows Family Internet: Windows Family Windows ME Internet: Windows ME Seite 1 von 138 eBook - Informations about Operating Systems Version: August 15, 2006 | Download: www.operating-system.org Windows NT 3.1 Internet: Windows NT 3.1 Windows NT 4.0 Internet: Windows NT 4.0 Windows Server 2003 Internet: Windows Server 2003 Windows Vista Internet: Windows Vista Windows XP Internet: Windows XP Apple - Company Internet: Apple - Company AT&T - Company Internet: AT&T - Company Be Inc. - Company Internet: Be Inc. - Company BSD Family Internet: BSD Family Cray Inc. -
Směrovací Démon BIRD
Směrovací démon BIRD CZ.NIC z. s. p. o. Ondřej Filip / [email protected] 8. 6. 2010 – IT10 1 Směrování a forwarding ● Router - zařízení připojené k více sítím ● Umí přeposlat „cizí“ zprávu - forwarding ● Cestu pozná podle směrovací (routovací) tabulky ● Sestavování routovací tabulky – routing – Statické – Dynamické ● Interní - uvnitř AS rychlé, důvěřivé, přesné – RIP, OSPF ● Externí (mezi AS, pomalé, filtering, přibližné – pouze BGP 2 Rozdělení směrovacích protokolů AS 2 RIP BGP AS 1 OSPF BGP BGP AS 3 3 static Směrovací démon ● Na Linuxu (a ostatních UNIXech) – uživatelská aplikace mimo jádro, forwarding v jádře ● Obvykle implementuje více směrovacích protokolů ● Směrovací politika - filtrování ● Quagga (Zebra) – Cisco syntax http://www.quagga.net ● OpenBGPd - http://www.openbgpd.org ● GateD – zastaralý, ne volná licence ● BIRD 4 Historie projektu ● Start projektu v roce 1999 ● Seminární projekt – MFF UK Praha ● Projekt uspán ● Drobné probuzeni v letech 2003 a 2006 (CESNET) ● Plně obnoveno na přelomu 2008/2009 v rámci Laboratoří CZ.NIC - http://labs.nic.cz 5 Cíle projektu ● Opensource směrovací démon – alternativa k tehdejšímu démonu Quagga/Zebra (GateD) ● Rychlý a efektivní ● Portabilní, modulární ● Podpora současných směrovacích protokolů ● IPv6 a IPv4 v jednom zdrojovém kódu (dvojí překlad) ● Snadná konfigurace a rekonfigurace (!) ● Silný filtrovací jazyk 6 Vlastnosti ● Portabilní – Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD ● Podpora IPv4 i IPv6 ● Static, RIP, OSPF, BGP - Route reflektor, Směrovací server (Route server) ASN32 (ASPLAIN), MD5 -
Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix : from AT&T-Owned to Freely
Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix : From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable Marshall Kirk McKusick Early History Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie presented the first Unix paper at the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles at Purdue University in November 1973. Professor Bob Fabry, of the University of California at Berkeley, was in attendance and immediately became interested in obtaining a copy of the system to experiment with at Berkeley. At the time, Berkeley had only large mainframe computer systems doing batch processing, so the first order of business was to get a PDP-11/45 suitable for running with the then-current Version 4 of Unix. The Computer Science Department at Berkeley, together with the Mathematics Department and the Statistics Department, were able to jointly purchase a PDP-11/45. In January 1974, a Version 4 tape was delivered and Unix was installed by graduate student Keith Standiford. Although Ken Thompson at Purdue was not involved in the installation at Berkeley as he had been for most systems up to that time, his expertise was soon needed to determine the cause of several strange system crashes. Because Berkeley had only a 300-baud acoustic-coupled modem without auto answer capability, Thompson would call Standiford in the machine room and have him insert the phone into the modem; in this way Thompson was able to remotely debug crash dumps from New Jersey. Many of the crashes were caused by the disk controller's inability to reliably do overlapped seeks, contrary to the documentation. Berkeley's 11/45 was among the first systems that Thompson had encountered that had two disks on the same controller! Thompson's remote debugging was the first example of the cooperation that sprang up between Berkeley and Bell Labs. -
Github: a Case Study of Linux/BSD Perceptions from Microsoft's
1 FLOSS != GitHub: A Case Study of Linux/BSD Perceptions from Microsoft’s Acquisition of GitHub Raula Gaikovina Kula∗, Hideki Hata∗, Kenichi Matsumoto∗ ∗Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan {raula-k, hata, matumoto}@is.naist.jp Abstract—In 2018, the software industry giants Microsoft made has had its share of disagreements with Microsoft [6], [7], a move into the Open Source world by completing the acquisition [8], [9], the only reported negative opinion of free software of mega Open Source platform, GitHub. This acquisition was not community has different attitudes towards GitHub is the idea without controversy, as it is well-known that the free software communities includes not only the ability to use software freely, of ‘forking’ so far, as it it is considered as a danger to FLOSS but also the libre nature in Open Source Software. In this study, development [10]. our aim is to explore these perceptions in FLOSS developers. We In this paper, we report on how external events such as conducted a survey that covered traditional FLOSS source Linux, acquisition of the open source platform by a closed source and BSD communities and received 246 developer responses. organization triggers a FLOSS developers such the Linux/ The results of the survey confirm that the free community did trigger some communities to move away from GitHub and raised BSD Free Software communities. discussions into free and open software on the GitHub platform. The study reminds us that although GitHub is influential and II. TARGET SUBJECTS AND SURVEY DESIGN trendy, it does not representative all FLOSS communities. -
Print Server N01 ライセンスについて
Print Server N01 ライセンスについて このたびは、Print Server N01 をお買い上げいただき、まことにありがとうございます。 本書は、ライセンスについて記載しています。 なお、Print Server の基本的な操作については、「ユーザーズガイド 導入編」をお読みください。 もくじ TOYO COLOR FINDER®......................................................................................................................................................2 DIC カラーガイド........................................................................................................................................................................2 PANTONE MATCHING SYSTEM®...............................................................................................................................2 Apache の Xerces .....................................................................................................................................................................2 libtiff...................................................................................................................................................................................................5 ADOBE® PDF LIBRARY .....................................................................................................................................................5 UNLHA32.DLL ...........................................................................................................................................................................5 ADOBE® CPSI............................................................................................................................................................................5 -
BSD UNIX Toolbox 1000+ Commands for Freebsd, Openbsd
76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iii BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD®Power Users Christopher Negus François Caen 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page ii 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page i BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page ii 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iii BSD UNIX® TOOLBOX 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD®Power Users Christopher Negus François Caen 76034ffirs.qxd:Toolbox 4/2/08 12:50 PM Page iv BSD UNIX® Toolbox: 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD®, OpenBSD, and NetBSD® Power Users Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-0-470-37603-4 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publisher. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permis- sion should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. -
BIRD's Flight from Lisbon to Prague
BIRD's flight from Lisbon to Prague CZ.NIC Ondrej Filip / [email protected] With help of Wolfgang Hennerbichler May 6, 2009 – RIPE 60 / Prague 1 Features ● GPL implementation of RIP, BGP, OSPF ● BGP – ASN32, MD5, route server, ... ● IPv4, IPv6 ● Highly flexible – Multiple routing tables - RIBs (internal and also synchronization with OS) ● Protocol PIPE - multiple routers, route reflectors ● Powerful configuration & filtering language ● Automatic reconfiguration ● Currently developed by CZ.NIC Labs 2 Design 3 Filters example define myas = 47200; function bgp_out(int peeras) { if ! (source = RTS_BGP ) then return false; if (0,peeras) ~ bgp_community then return false; if (myas,peeras) ~ bgp_community then return true; if (0, myas) ~ bgp_community then return false; return true; } protocol bgp R25192x1 { local as myas; neighbor 194.50.100.13 as 25192; import where bgp_in(25192); export where bgp_out(25192); rs client; } 4 Filters example function avoid_martians() prefix set martians; { martians = [ 169.254.0.0/16+, 172.16.0.0/12+, 192.168.0.0/16+, 10.0.0.0/8+, 224.0.0.0/4+, 240.0.0.0/4+, 0.0.0.0/32-, 0.0.0.0/0{25,32}, 0.0.0.0/0{0,7} ]; # Avoid RFC1918 networks if net ~ martians then return false; return true; } 5 define myas = 47200; function bgp_out(int peeras) { if ! (source = RTS_BGP ) then return false; if (0,peeras) ~ bgp_community then return false; if (myas,peeras) ~ bgp_community then return true; if (0, myas) ~ bgp_community then return false; return true; } protocol bgp R25192x1 { local as myas; neighbor 194.50.100.13 as 25192; -
The Complete Freebsd
The Complete FreeBSD® If you find errors in this book, please report them to Greg Lehey <grog@Free- BSD.org> for inclusion in the errata list. The Complete FreeBSD® Fourth Edition Tenth anniversary version, 24 February 2006 Greg Lehey The Complete FreeBSD® by Greg Lehey <[email protected]> Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2006 by Greg Lehey. This book is licensed under the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5” license. The full text is located at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/legalcode. You are free: • to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work • to make derivative works under the following conditions: • Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor. • Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. This clause is modified from the original by the provision: You may use this book for commercial purposes if you pay me the sum of USD 20 per copy printed (whether sold or not). You must also agree to allow inspection of printing records and other material necessary to confirm the royalty sums. The purpose of this clause is to make it attractive to negotiate sensible royalties before printing. • Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. • For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. • Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above.