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FULLTEXT01.Pdf Examensarbete kandidatnivå Filmmusik av James Horner Instrumenteringens betydelse för filmmusikens berättarfunktioner Författare: Sebastian Lander Handledare: Berk Sirman Seminarieexaminator: Per-Henrik Holgersson Formell kursexaminator: Thomas Florén Ämne/huvudområde: Ljud- och musikproduktion Kurskod: LP2009 Poäng: 15 hp Examinationsdatum: 12 januari 2018 Vid Högskolan Dalarna finns möjlighet att publicera examensarbetet i fulltext i DiVA. Publiceringen sker open access, vilket innebär att arbetet blir fritt tillgängligt att läsa och ladda ned på nätet. Därmed ökar spridningen och synligheten av examensarbetet. Open access är på väg att bli norm för att sprida vetenskaplig information på nätet. Högskolan Dalarna rekommenderar såväl forskare som studenter att publicera sina arbeten open access. Jag/vi medger publicering i fulltext (fritt tillgänglig på nätet, open access): Ja Abstract Instrumenteringens klangfärg inom rörliga bilder erhåller en viktig funktionalitet då musikaliskt berättande oftast vilja återskapa känslor som speglar berättelsen främst. Det är därför som kandidatuppsatsen avser gå in närmare på området och detta för att bidra med mer kunskap. Gällande urvalet har denna gjorts på filmmusik komponerad av James Horner där en selektion varit på sammanlagt sex filmer med totalt tre regissörer. För att kunna utföra undersökningen därav besvara frågeställningarna har metoden varit innehållsanalys där resultat visar på likheter inom den instrumentation som används. Förutom detta finnas undantag, men att instrumenteringen då möjligtvis vara där för ett hastigt beslut. Bortsett från vad som benämnts behandlar uppsatsens teori samt tidigare forskning musikvetenskap, men även kompositionslära samt musikpsykologi. Keywords Filmmusik, Funktion, Innehållsanalys, Instrumentering, James Horner, Orkestrering Innehållsförteckning Innehållsförteckning .................................................................. 1 Inledning ................................................................................. 3 Syfte och frågeställningar ....................................................................... 3 Avgränsningar ......................................................................................... 4 Begrepp................................................................................................... 4 Teori/Tidigare forskning ............................................................. 5 Lyssningstester ....................................................................................... 5 Orkestrering ............................................................................................ 7 Metod .................................................................................... 11 Modell ................................................................................................... 11 Urval ..................................................................................................... 12 Genomförande ....................................................................................... 12 Forskningsetiska överväganden ............................................................ 13 Resultat och analys.................................................................. 14 ”Glory” .................................................................................................. 14 Instrumenteringens spelrum ............................................................. 14 ”Preparations For Battle” ................................................................... 16 ”Legends of the Fall” ............................................................................. 18 Instrumenteringens spelrum ............................................................. 19 “The Ludlows” ................................................................................... 20 ”Avatar” ................................................................................................ 22 Instrumenteringens spelrum ............................................................. 22 “Becoming One of "The People", Becoming One with Neytiri” ........... 23 ”Titanic” ................................................................................................ 25 1 Instrumenteringens spelrum ............................................................. 25 “An Ocean of Memories” .................................................................... 26 ”A Beautiful Mind” ................................................................................. 28 Instrumenteringens spelrum ............................................................. 28 ”First Drop-Off, First Kiss” ................................................................. 29 “Apollo 13” ............................................................................................ 30 Instrumenteringens spelrum ............................................................. 31 “Re-Entry & Splashdown” .................................................................. 32 Diskussion .............................................................................. 36 Reflektion .............................................................................................. 37 Källförteckning ........................................................................ 39 Litteratur ............................................................................................... 39 Filmer .................................................................................................... 40 Webbplatser .......................................................................................... 41 2 Inledning “Previous research has shown that music emotion is influenced by timbre (sound color), and that musical instrument sounds have strong emotional characteristics. For example, it was found that the trumpet, clarinet, and violin are relatively joyful compared to other sustained instruments, even in isolated sounds apart from musical context, while the horn is relatively sad.” (Chau, Wu & Horner. 2015. s.229). Instrumenteringens klangfärg inom filmmusik vill oftast ackompanjera scenen på ett väl tänkt karakteristiskt sätt, detta för att återskapa känslor som speglar berättelsen främst. Om en bortser från atmosfärer förstärker musik karaktärer genom att sätta stämning eller ge mer information utöver vad som förmedlas (Buhler, Neumeyer & Deemer, 2015, s. 46–49). Många av de undersökningar som gjorts på ämnet om känslor och instrumenteringens klangfärg visar på att ett samband finns (Horner, Lee & Wu, 2014, s. 664). Där en kan se att bland annat klangfärg har en viktig funktion vid igenkännande av exempelvis genre (Chau, Horner & Wu, 2015, s. 229). Förutom klangfärgens egenskaper att förmedla kraftfulla känslor hos tittare bidrar exempelvis även harmoni, skala eller melodi med mycket information (Cohen, 2010, s. 902). Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med uppsatsen är att gå in närmare på frågan om instrumenteringens betydelse för filmmusikens berättarfunktioner och detta för att bidra med mer kunskap. Förutom detta erhåller instrumenteringens klangfärg egenskaper att förmedla passande gentemot vad tittare ser samt följer därav även kandidatuppsatsens syfte att bidra med djupare förståelse (Horner, Lee & Wu, 2014, s. 672–674). Det finns två frågeställningar som uppsatsen grundar sig på: • Vad är instrumenteringens ändamål gentemot de rörliga bilderna? • Hur skiljer sig det tongivande instrumentet i filmmusiken tillsammans med den övriga instrumenteringen? 3 Avgränsningar Uppsatsen kommer inte att behandla musikteori, men väsentliga delar kan förekomma. Det är även inte kandidatuppsatsens syfte att analysera ledmotiv. Förutom vad som nämnts berör urvalet enbart filmmusik komponerad av James Horner där en selektion komma vara på sammanlagt sex filmer. Begrepp Uppsatsen använder somliga begrepp som komma definieras här och detta genomförs i en kronologisk ordning beroende på var den första förekomsten påträffas. Förutom detta om begreppsdefinitioner kommer dessutom liknande begrepp att avgränsas samtidigt, oavsett dess första förekomst. Uppsatsen använder benämningar som är på svenska, engelska och italienska där översättningar har gjorts om begrepp etablerats. Med klangfärger finnas olikheter inom exempelvis instrument där ljudande känsla eller karaktär varierar mellan varandra. Detta är för de frekvenser inom deltoner samt dess ljudstyrka, men även hörsel att avgöra egenskaper för klangfärgen (Sundberg, i.d.). Bortsett från vad som nämnts kan även en eftersträvan för dämpande effekt vara önskvärt. Detta är för sordin att finnas där instruments tonhöjd kan förändras, men annars för det musikinstrumenttillbehör att påverka klangfärgen (”Sordin”, i.d.). Förutom tidigare klangfärger använder uppsatsen även formuleringar såsom att ett instrument framföra neutralitet och detta med ordet färglös där en specifik känsla inte förmedlas. Gällande lyssningstester förekommer den engelska beteckningen spectral centroid vilket menas att genom digital signalbehandling komma fram till mitten eller tyngdpunkten i ett spektrum (Chau, Horner & Wu, 2015, s. 230). Förutom ovan förekommer artikulationer där förhållande mellan toner kan förevisas och detta gentemot varandra såsom för exempelvis staccato menas ett mellanrum mellan varje ton, men för legato utan mellanrum därav att spelas ihopsatta (”Artikulation”, i.d.). Med icke-diegetisk menas den filmmusik riktat mot tittare som följer berättelsen, detta för motsatta diegetisk att vara för karaktärerna själva inom de rörliga bilderna (”Dieges”, i.d.).
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