DOCSLIB.ORG

Life History Traits and Patterns of Diversification in Oceanic Archipelagos: a Meta-Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Life History Traits and Patterns of Diversification in Oceanic Archipelagos: a Meta-Analysis UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works Title Life history traits and patterns of diversification in oceanic archipelagos: A meta-analysis Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2dc816v8 Journal Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 174(3) ISSN 0024-4074 Authors García-Verdugo, C Baldwin, BG Fay, MF et al. Publication Date 2014 DOI 10.1111/boj.12127 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California bs_bs_banner Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174, 334–348. With 4 figures Life history traits and patterns of diversification in oceanic archipelagos: a meta-analysis CARLOS GARCÍA-VERDUGO1,2*, BRUCE G. BALDWIN3, MICHAEL F. FAY FLS4 and JULI CAUJAPÉ-CASTELLS1 1Departamento de Biodiversidad Molecular y Banco de DNA, Jardín Botánico Canario ‘Viera y Clavijo’ – Unidad Asociada CSIC, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Ap. de correos 14 de Tafira Alta, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain 2Fundación Canaria Amurga-Maspalomas, Avda. Tirajana, 39, Edificio Mercurio, Torre II, 6aPlanta, 35100 San Bartolomé de Tirajana, Spain 3Department of Integrative Biology and Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2465, USA 4Genetics Section, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK Received 24 June 2013; revised 14 September 2013; accepted for publication 15 October 2013 Ecological conditions, such as high habitat diversity and the absence of competitors, have been proposed as key determinants of the patterns of speciation observed in oceanic island floras. However, the relationship between plant traits and lineage diversification has received less attention. Here, we review 120 published phylogenetic and population genetic studies of three well-studied oceanic archipelagos (Canary Islands, Galápagos and Hawai‘i) to investigate potential associations between life history characters (growth form and fruit type) and patterns of diversification. The available data suggest that the phenotypic syndrome ‘herbaceous-dry fruited’ was predominant among ancestors of species-rich lineages, although the Hawaiian flora also shows a substantial proportion of ‘woody-fleshy fruited’ ancestors. Growth form, unlike fruit type, is shown to be a labile character strongly selected for woodiness, particularly in radiating lineages. Dry fruits, although representative of diverse dispersal modes and efficacies, are generally associated with a low incidence of inter-island colonization, and the analysis of population genetic data confirms strong genetic differentiation among islands for dry fruited species of radiating lineages. In contrast, fleshy fruited species of monotypic lineages typically show widespread distributions coupled with extensive gene flow among islands, which probably impedes speciation. Our analyses suggest that fruit types associated with limited evidence of dispersal promote recurrent speciation within lineages, although particular character states related to speciation appear to be context dependent. This study reinforces the idea that plant traits associated with island colonization and population persistence are, in addition to ecological conditions, important factors in understanding the patterns of diversification on islands. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174, 334–348. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: adaptive radiation – colonization ability – dispersal – fleshy fruits – island endemics – lineage diversification – speciation – woodiness. INTRODUCTION Saint-Vincent, 1803; Darwin, 1839; Mann, 1869). The vast majority of oceanic islands are of volcanic origin The exceptional levels of biological diversity found on and were never part of continental landmasses, oceanic islands have been the focus of scientific unlike other types of islands; terrestrial biotas research since the 19th century (Bory de on oceanic islands are therefore generally the result of long-distance dispersal, often followed by *Corresponding author. E-mail: in situ speciation, a condition that has stimulated [email protected] numerous hypotheses in biogeography, systematics 334 © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174, 334–348 PLANT TRAITS AND SPECIATION ON ISLANDS 335 and evolutionary ecology (MacArthur & Wilson, 1967; apparently congruent with this expectation Whittaker & Fernández-Palacios, 2007; Bramwell & (García-Verdugo et al., 2009, 2010a; Moura, Silva & Caujapé-Castells, 2011). Many studies have investi- Caujapé-Castells, 2013). Broader comparative studies gated factors that may account for the remarkable of the Hawaiian flora, however, indicate that fleshy number of endemic species occurring in these rela- fruits may favour lineage diversification and high tively small geographical areas. For instance, island species diversity in some lineages (Carlquist, 1966a; age and area, environmental heterogeneity and geo- Price & Wagner, 2004; Givnish et al., 2009). graphical isolation have been pointed out as major In this study, we review the recent literature on factors determining species diversity on islands (for oceanic island floras to investigate potential associa- recent syntheses, see Whittaker & Fernández- tions between life history traits and speciation in Palacios, 2007; Gillespie & Baldwin, 2009). However, island plant lineages. By separating lineages into two because most biogeographical models consider total contrasting patterns of diversification (species-rich vs. species number, the conclusions drawn from such monotypic), we aim to identify those traits more studies are somewhat biased by the large contribution closely related to diversification within archipelagos. of those island lineages that experienced dramatic We use published phylogenetic reconstructions of episodes of diversification (i.e. radiating lineages). ancestral character states to identify which particular Oceanic island floras also harbour a remarkable traits were predominant among early colonizers that number of endemic lineages for which variation gave rise to species-rich lineages. Species distribution across populations does not support the occurrence of data are also used to infer whether colonization multiple speciation events (i.e. those that originated ability could be related to certain trait combinations by anagenesis; Stuessy et al., 2006). Contrasting or type of lineage. Lastly, we review the available levels of diversification among island plant lineages molecular evidence to investigate whether fleshy are, in part, probably the result of processes associ- fruits are generally associated with species cohesion ated with intrinsic traits (Price & Wagner, 2004; in oceanic archipelagos, and consider possible expla- Herben, Suda & Munclinger, 2005; Levin, 2006; nations for contrasting levels of diversification of García-Verdugo, Friar & Santiago, 2013b), which, in fleshy fruited lineages in different insular settings. addition to ecological opportunity (Silvertown, 2004; Carine, 2005), may explain the patterns of diversifi- cation in these areas. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fruit type and growth habit are two life history characters that have been the subject of considerable SELECTION OF ISLAND SYSTEMS attention with regard to their relationship with spe- Our survey focused on the floras of those oceanic ciation (Tiffney & Mazer, 1995; Dodd, Silvertown & archipelagos for which abundant information from Chase, 1999; Smith, 2001; Givnish, 2010). Having an phylogenetic and population genetic studies was herbaceous growth habit may promote diversification available. Archipelagos comprising several islands, rates in plant lineages because of short generation not single-island systems, were chosen because mul- times or high fecundity (Ricklefs & Renner, 1994; tiple islands offer opportunities to analyse the effect Dodd et al., 1999). High rates of molecular evolution of colonization ability on diversification patterns in herbaceous taxa relative to woody plants also across lineages (e.g. Price & Wagner, 2004). In addi- support this idea (Smith & Donoghue, 2008). In con- tion, oceanic rather than continental archipelagos trast, other studies relate woodiness to high species were selected because the former generally display a diversity, as woody species may experience lower higher diversity of lineages, thus providing robust extinction rates than herbaceous lineages (Tiffney & sample sizes for statistical analysis. The high levels of Mazer, 1995). Fruit type is typically associated with endemicity on oceanic islands also present ideal cir- the way in which seeds are most effectively dispersed, cumstances for the analysis of factors related to which is also expected to affect diversification rates. speciation. Three archipelagos (Canary Islands, Galá- The frequency and range of seed dispersal may have pagos and Hawaiian Islands) satisfied all these con- a significant role in species cohesion, particularly in ditions and were used for further analyses. It should those species inhabiting areas with strong physical be noted that, although the selected archipelagos barriers, such as oceanic islands (Givnish, 2010; Kisel share a number of characteristics useful for our & Barraclough, 2010). Fleshy fruits of island species analyses (high levels of endemism, multiple islands), are probably dispersed by frugivorous vertebrates, some other attributes, particularly distance to main- mostly birds, which may enhance rates of gene flow land source areas and climatic conditions, are mark- among populations as
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Landscape-Based Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability for All Native Hawaiian Plants
    Technical Report HCSU-044 A LANDscape-bASED ASSESSMENT OF CLIMatE CHANGE VULNEraBILITY FOR ALL NatIVE HAWAIIAN PLANts Lucas Fortini1,2, Jonathan Price3, James Jacobi2, Adam Vorsino4, Jeff Burgett1,4, Kevin Brinck5, Fred Amidon4, Steve Miller4, Sam `Ohukani`ohi`a Gon III6, Gregory Koob7, and Eben Paxton2 1 Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative, Honolulu, HI 96813 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 3 Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 4 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service —Ecological Services, Division of Climate Change and Strategic Habitat Management, Honolulu, HI 96850 5 Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai‘i National Park, HI 96718 6 The Nature Conservancy, Hawai‘i Chapter, Honolulu, HI 96817 7 USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Hawaii/Pacific Islands Area State Office, Honolulu, HI 96850 Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawai‘i at Hilo 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720 (808) 933-0706 November 2013 This product was prepared under Cooperative Agreement CAG09AC00070 for the Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey. Technical Report HCSU-044 A LANDSCAPE-BASED ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY FOR ALL NATIVE HAWAIIAN PLANTS LUCAS FORTINI1,2, JONATHAN PRICE3, JAMES JACOBI2, ADAM VORSINO4, JEFF BURGETT1,4, KEVIN BRINCK5, FRED AMIDON4, STEVE MILLER4, SAM ʽOHUKANIʽOHIʽA GON III 6, GREGORY KOOB7, AND EBEN PAXTON2 1 Pacific Islands Climate Change Cooperative, Honolulu, HI 96813 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawaiʽi National Park, HI 96718 3 Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, University of Hawaiʽi at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 4 U.
    [Show full text]
  • *Wagner Et Al. --Intro
    NUMBER 60, 58 pages 15 September 1999 BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS HAWAIIAN VASCULAR PLANTS AT RISK: 1999 WARREN L. WAGNER, MARIE M. BRUEGMANN, DERRAL M. HERBST, AND JOEL Q.C. LAU BISHOP MUSEUM PRESS HONOLULU Printed on recycled paper Cover illustration: Lobelia gloria-montis Rock, an endemic lobeliad from Maui. [From Wagner et al., 1990, Manual of flowering plants of Hawai‘i, pl. 57.] A SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE RECORDS OF THE HAWAII BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1998 Research publications of Bishop Museum are issued irregularly in the RESEARCH following active series: • Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. A series of short papers PUBLICATIONS OF describing original research in the natural and cultural sciences. Publications containing larger, monographic works are issued in BISHOP MUSEUM four areas: • Bishop Museum Bulletins in Anthropology • Bishop Museum Bulletins in Botany • Bishop Museum Bulletins in Entomology • Bishop Museum Bulletins in Zoology Numbering by volume of Occasional Papers ceased with volume 31. Each Occasional Paper now has its own individual number starting with Number 32. Each paper is separately paginated. The Museum also publishes Bishop Museum Technical Reports, a series containing information relative to scholarly research and collections activities. Issue is authorized by the Museum’s Scientific Publications Committee, but manuscripts do not necessarily receive peer review and are not intended as formal publications. Institutions and individuals may subscribe to any of the above or pur- chase separate publications from Bishop Museum Press, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-0916, USA. Phone: (808) 848-4135; fax: (808) 841-8968; email: [email protected]. Institutional libraries interested in exchanging publications should write to: Library Exchange Program, Bishop Museum Library, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-0916, USA; fax: (808) 848-4133; email: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Interpretation of Patterns of Genetic Variation in Endemic Plant Species of Oceanic Islands
    bs_bs_banner Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174, 276–288. REVIEW ARTICLE Interpretation of patterns of genetic variation in endemic plant species of oceanic islands TOD F. STUESSY1*, KOJI TAKAYAMA1†, PATRICIO LÓPEZ-SEPÚLVEDA1‡ and DANIEL J. CRAWFORD2 1Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Biodiversity Center, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria 2Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and the Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA Received 28 January 2013; revised 18 April 2013; accepted for publication 7 July 2013 Oceanic islands offer special opportunities for understanding the patterns and processes of evolution. The availability of molecular markers in recent decades has enhanced these opportunities, facilitating the use of population genetics to reveal divergence and speciation in island systems. A common pattern seen in taxa on oceanic islands is a decreased level of genetic variation within and among populations, and the founder effect has often been invoked to explain this observation. Founder effects have a major impact on immigrant populations, but, over millions of years, the original genetic signature will normally be erased as a result of mutation, recombination, drift and selection. Therefore, the types and degrees of genetic modifications that occur must often be caused by other factors, which should be considered when explaining the patterns of genetic variation. The age of the island is extremely important because oceanic islands subside on their submarine plates over time. Erosion caused by wind, rain and wave action combine to grind down soft volcanic substrates. These geomorphological events can have a dramatic impact on population number and size, and hence levels of genetic diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), and Potential for Biological Control of Senecio Madagascariensis (Asteraceae) M
    J. Appl. Entomol. Host range of Secusio extensa (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), and potential for biological control of Senecio madagascariensis (Asteraceae) M. M. Ramadan1, K. T. Murai1 & T. Johnson2 1 State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Plant Pest Control Branch, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA 2 Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Volcano, Hawaii, USA Keywords Abstract Host range, Secusio extensa, Senecio madagascariensis Secusio extensa (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) was evaluated as a potential bio- logical control agent for Madagascar fireweed, Senecio madagascariensis Correspondence (Asteraceae), which has invaded over 400 000 acres of rangeland in the Mohsen M. Ramadan (corresponding author), Hawaiian Islands and is toxic to cattle and horses. The moth was intro- State of Hawaii Department of Agriculture, duced from southeastern Madagascar into containment facilities in Plant Pest Control Branch, 1428 South King Hawaii, and host specificity tests were conducted on 71 endemic and Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96814, USA. E-mail: [email protected] naturalized species (52 genera) in 12 tribes of Asteraceae and 17 species of non-Asteraceae including six native shrubs and trees considered key Received: September 15, 2009; accepted: components of Hawaiian ecosystems. No-choice feeding tests indicated April 6, 2010. that plant species of the tribe Senecioneae were suitable hosts with first instars completing development to adult stage on S. madagascariensis doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2010.01536.x (78.3%), Delairea odorata (66.1%), Senecio vulgaris (57.1%), Crassoceph- alum crepidioides (41.2%), and at significantly lower rates on Emilia fos- bergii (1.8%) and Erechtites hieracifolia (1.3%). A low rate of complete larval development also was observed on sunflower, Helianthus annuus (11.6%), in the tribe Heliantheae.
    [Show full text]
  • The Critical Role of Plant Systematics Daniel J
    pISSN 1225-8318 Korean J. Pl. Taxon. eISSN 2466-1546 46(2): 129−148 (2016) Korean Journal of http://dx.doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2016.46.2.129 Plant Taxonomy Cryptic variation, molecular data, and the challenge of conserving plant diversity in oceanic archipelagos: the critical role of plant systematics Daniel J. Crawford* and Tod F. Stuessy1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 60045, USA 1Herbarium, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, USA, and Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria (Received 6 May 2016; Accepted 24 May 2016) ABSTRACT: Plant species on oceanic islands comprise nearly 25% of described vascular plants on only 5% of the Earth’s land surface yet are among the most rare and endangered plants. Conservation of plant biodiversity on islands poses particular challenges because many species occur in a few and/or small populations, and their habitats on islands are often disturbed by the activity of humans or by natural processes such as landslides and volcanoes. In addition to described species, evidence is accumulating that there are likely significant numbers of “cryptic” species in oceanic archipelagos. Plant systematists, in collaboration with others in the botanical dis- ciplines, are critical to the discovery of the subtle diversity in oceanic island floras. Molecular data will play an ever increasing role in revealing variation in island lineages. However, the input from plant systematists and other organismal biologists will continue to be important in calling attention to morphological and ecological variation in natural populations and in the discovery of “new” populations that can inform sampling for molec- ular analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Divergence and Phylogeographic
    Zhao and Gong BMC Evolutionary Biology (2015) 15:134 DOI 10.1186/s12862-015-0374-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Genetic divergence and phylogeographic history of two closely related species (Leucomeris decora and Nouelia insignis) across the 'Tanaka Line' in Southwest China Yu-Juan Zhao and Xun Gong* Abstract Background: Leucomeris decora and Nouelia insignis (Asteraceae) are narrowly and allopatrically distributed species, separated by the important biogeographic boundary Tanaka Line in Southwest China. Previous morphological, cytogenetic and molecular studies suggested that L. decora is sister to N. insignis. However, it is less clear how the two species diverged, whether in full isolation or occurring gene flow across the Tanaka Line. Here, we performed a molecular study at the population level to characterize genetic differentiation and decipher phylogeographic history in two closely related species based on variation examined in plastid and nuclear DNAs using a coalescent-based approach. Results: These morphologically distinct species share plastid DNA (cpDNA) haplotypes. In contrast, Bayesian analysis of nuclear DNA (nDNA) uncovered two distinct clusters corresponding to L. decora and N. insignis. Based on the IMa analysis, no strong indication of migration was detected based on both cpDNA and nDNA sequences. The molecular data pointed to a major west-east split in nuclear DNA between the two species corresponding with the Tanaka Line. The coalescent time estimate for all cpDNA haplotypes dated to the Mid-Late Pleistocene. The estimated demographic parameters showed that the population size of L. decora was similar to that of N. insignis and both experienced limited demographic fluctuations recently. Conclusions: The study revealed comprehensive species divergence and phylogeographic histories of N.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Markers Reveal No Genetic Differentiation Between Myrica Rivas-Martinezii and M
    Annals of Botany 103: 79–86, 2009 doi:10.1093/aob/mcn222, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org Molecular markers reveal no genetic differentiation between Myrica rivas-martinezii and M. faya (Myricaceae) Miguel A. Gonza´lez-Pe´rez1,*, Pedro A. Sosa1, Elisabeth Rivero1, Edna A. Gonza´lez-Gonza´lez1 and Agustı´n Naranjo2 1Departamento de Biologı´a, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain and 2Departamento de Geografı´a. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, C/. Pe´rez del Toro, 1 (35017), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain Received: 15 July 2008 Returned for revision: 11 September 2008 Accepted: 14 October 2008 Published electronically: 13 November 2008 † Background and Aims Myrica rivas-martinezii is a critically endangered endemic of the laurel forest of the Canary Islands and co-occurs very close to M. faya. Some authors suggest that M. rivas-martinezii and M. faya are two morphs of the same species, so molecular markers were used to estimate the levels and structur- ing of genetic variation within and among natural populations in order to evaluate genetic relationships between these two congeners. † Methods Six polymorphic microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) markers were used to determine the genetic diversity and the genetic relationship between both Myrica species. † Key Results Most of the natural populations analysed were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for both taxa. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for both species revealed that most of the genetic variability detected was contained within populations (92.48 and 85.91 % for M.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterizing Ecological and Genetic Patterns of the Colonizing Species Dubautia Scabra on the Big Island, Hawaii Samantha Kaleigh Naibauer
    University of Northern Colorado Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC Master's Theses Student Research 12-2018 Characterizing Ecological and Genetic Patterns of the Colonizing Species Dubautia Scabra on the Big Island, Hawaii Samantha Kaleigh Naibauer Follow this and additional works at: https://digscholarship.unco.edu/theses Recommended Citation Naibauer, Samantha Kaleigh, "Characterizing Ecological and Genetic Patterns of the Colonizing Species Dubautia Scabra on the Big Island, Hawaii" (2018). Master's Theses. 68. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/theses/68 This Text is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ã 2018 SAMANTHA KALEIGH NAIBAUER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN COLORADO Greeley, CO The Graduate School CHARACTERIZING ECOLOGICAL AND GENETIC PATTERNS OF THE COLONIZING SPECIES DUBAUTIA SCABRA ON THE BIG ISLAND, HAWAII A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Science Samantha Kaleigh Naibauer College of Natural and Health Science School of Biological Sciences December 2018 This Thesis by: Samantha Kaleigh Naibauer Entitled: CHARACTERIZING ECOLOGICAL AND GENETIC PATTERNS OF THE COLONIZING SPECIES DUBAUTIA SCABRA ON THE BIG ISLAND, HAWAII has been approved as meeting the requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in College of Natural and Health Sciences in School of Biological Sciences Accepted by the Thesis Committee Mitchell McGlaughlin, Ph.D., Chair Scott Franklin, Ph.D., Committee Member Stephen Mackessy, Ph.D., Committee Member Accepted by the Graduate School Linda L.
    [Show full text]
  • Maunakea Plant Threats, Identification, Collection & Processing Guide
    Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan Standard Operating Procedure D Maunakea Plant Threats, Identification, Collection & Processing Guide Version 1.0, 8/17/2015, Jessica Kirkpatrick, Fritz Klasner, Kerri Nakatsu, & Darcy Yogi Table of Contents 1. Purpose and Scope .................................................................................................................................... 1 2. University Management Area and Ecological Zones................................................................................. 2 3. Native Plant Species .................................................................................................................................. 4 4. Priority Plant Threats ................................................................................................................................ 5 5. Field Staff – Plant Identification Guide ..................................................................................................... 9 5.1. Vegetation Terminology ..................................................................................................................... 9 5.2. Native Species within the Management Area.................................................................................. 11 5.3. Introduced Species within Management Area ................................................................................ 23 5.4. A Selection of Introduced Plants on Adjacent lands ........................................................................ 35 5.5. Plant
    [Show full text]
  • W+W Special Paper B-21-3
    W+W Special Paper B-21-3 Die Radiation der Silberschwert- Gruppe (Familie Asteraceae) von Hawaii und die Rolle der Polyploidie Nigel Crompton Juli 2021 https://www.wort-und-wissen.org/wp-content/uploads/b-21-3_silberschwert.pdf Inhalt Die Radiation der Silberschwert-Gruppe (Familie Asteraceae) von Hawaii und die Rolle der Polyploidie kompakt ......................................................................................................... 3 Einführung ..................................................................................................... 3 Asteraceae, die Familie der Silberschwert-Gruppe .............................. 5 Taxonomie der Asteraceae ......................................................................... 7 Phänotypische Merkmalsausprägungen der Silberschwert- Gruppe ............................................................................................................. 9 Artenvielfalt innerhalb der Silberschwert-Gruppe ............................ 12 Hybridisierung in der Silberschwert-Gruppe ...................................... 13 Hybriden und der Ursprung der Arten .................................................. 15 Wie die Silberschwert-Gruppe begann ................................................ 18 Die Radiation der Silberschwert-Gruppe ............................................ 21 Allgemeine Aspekte der Radiation der Silberschwert-Gruppe ....... 23 Eine kurze Geschichte der Silberschwert-Gruppe ............................. 24 Schlussfolgerungen ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Role of Hybridization in Adaptive Radiations:A Case Study in the Dubautia Arborea- Dubautia Ciliolata (Asteraceae) Complex
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title Ecological role of hybridization in adaptive radiations:A case study in the Dubautia arborea- Dubautia ciliolata (Asteraceae) complex Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1s47j019 Journal International Journal of Plant Sciences, 174(5) ISSN 1058-5893 Authors García Verdugo, C Friar, E Santiago, LS Publication Date 2013-06-01 DOI 10.1086/669929 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Int. J. Plant Sci. 174(5):749–759. 2013. ᭧ 2013 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 1058-5893/2013/17405-0003$15.00 DOI: 10.1086/669929 ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF HYBRIDIZATION IN ADAPTIVE RADIATIONS: A CASE STUDY IN THE DUBAUTIA ARBOREA–DUBAUTIA CILIOLATA (ASTERACEAE) COMPLEX Carlos Garcı´a-Verdugo,1,*,† Elizabeth Friar,*,‡ and Louis S. Santiago§ *Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California 91711, U.S.A.; †Department of Integrative Biology and Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A.; ‡Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230, U.S.A.; and §Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, U.S.A., and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama Premise of research. Hybridization is a mechanism frequently invoked to account for the spectacular radiations observed in oceanic islands, but, surprisingly, there is little empirical support for its ecological role in island plant radiations. Theory predicts that hybridization should provide individuals with the phenotypic novelty required for habitat shifts, thus promoting conditions for subsequent speciation. In this article, we studied the first stages of this process using two hybridizing species of Dubautia (Asteraceae), the most diversified genus of the Hawaiian silversword radiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Bot Wagner Et Al 1999 Atrisk.Pdf
    1 Hawaiian Vascular Plants at Risk: 19991 WARREN L. WAGNER2 (Department of Botany, MRC 166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560-0166, USA; email: [email protected]), MARIE M. BRUEGMANN2 (Pacific Islands Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Rm. 3122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96850, USA), DERRAL R. HERBST (Research Associate, Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704, USA), & JOEL Q.C. LAU (The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Hawaii Natural Heritage Program, 1116 Smith St., Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817, USA) Hawai‘i has more endangered and threatened plants than any other state in the United States (263/699 taxa or 38% U.S. listed vascular plants). Because of the magnitude of the conservation problems in the Hawaiian Islands, it is vital that biologists, conservationists, and land managers have the most up-to-date information possible. This 1999 assessment of Hawaiian vascular plant species at risk is an update of the compilation provided by Wagner et al. (1990). It is derived from a database maintained in the Pacific Island pro- gram in the Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution. Since the 1990 assessment, much attention has been focused by many individuals and organizations on evaluating Hawaiian ecosystems and the species that comprise them. Basic research on the flora has been conducted as well as considerable effort expended to survey, conserve, and manage the dwindling and degrading natural habitat throughout the state. In order to make this 1999 assessment comprehensive, other authors representing current efforts (which include database development) in Hawai‘i to compile and track information on at risk plants were invited to participate (and are listed alphabetically on the title page).
    [Show full text]