'2484 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. FEBRUARY 5,.
1340. By Mr. DABRO'V~ Petition of the Methodist EpisC The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator fro-m Kansas moves 94. I put it in the report in the Senate, but when my attention that the Sew~te proceed to the consideration of the i'eport was called to the fact that they had '~eglected to put it in their The motion was agreed to. repert I took it. out of this report. So it is neces ary to pass The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the this resolution, which reduces the appropriation from $30,000, I conference report. think, to $26,000. :Mr. JONES of Washington. I wish to a.sk the Senator from The concurrent resolution was considered by unanimous con Kansas about one amendment which the Senate put in t:11e bilL sent and agreed to. Tile House hruJ. . a provision that the purchasers of land 'on the PETITIONS AND .MEMORIALS. Yakima Indian Reservation .should pay $10 an a-cre for the Mr.. CURTIS. I submit .a resoluti-on of the Kansas State water rights. The Senate reduced that to $2. The conference Legislatw:e, which I ask may be referred to the proper .com. report makes it $5. ·wm the Senator state the 1·easons for · mittee and printed in the RECORD. m..:.'l.king that large iucrease? The resolution was referred to the Committee on Post Offices Mr. CURTIS. I will state that the House conferees advised and Post Roads and ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as the Senate conferees that the amount h.ad been .fixed at $10 follows-: after consultation with the 1\Iember.s ef the House delegation .KANSAS Hl:GHWAY- general opening of such lands to dlsposal in which officers, soldiers, Day before yesterday we opened the bids for the purpose sailors, or marines who have served in the Army or Na\'y of the of furnishing the paper that the Government of the United Unitf>d States in the war with Germany and been honorably separated or discharged therefrom or placed in the Regular Army or Naval States will want- for the coming year. All the bids that we Reserve shall have a preferred right of entry under the homestead or could receive from all agents or manufacturers amounted to desert land laws, i! qualified thereunder, except as against prior 20. The prices bid are generally out of all reason. existing valid settlement rights and as against preference rights con ferred by existing laws or equitable claims subject to allowance and I want the Senate to understand the serious situation_ the confirmation: Provided, That the rights and benefits conferred by this Government finds itself in to-day in relation to print paper and act shall not extend to any person who, having been drafted for serv all other classes of paper. In order to impress upon the Senate ice under the provisions of the selective service act, shall have re fused to render such service or to wear the uniform of such service of the United States the wicked waste that has been going on of the United States. in the past I have prepared a statement showing the addresses SEc. 2. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to or speeches p-rinted at the Government Printing Office since make any and all regulations necessary to carry into full force and effect the provisions hereof. July 1, 1916, charged by the Public Printer to departmental appropriations or other funds available therefor, not including The joint resolution was reported to the Senate without those ordered by Congress or Members of Congress. amendment, ordered to a third reading, read the third timet This statement is but nn indication of what has been goi:ng on. and passed. I expect in a couple of weeks to show the full picture to the COMMITTEE ON PACIFIC ISLANDS, PORTO RICO, AND THE VIR !liN Senate of the United States. I think the time has arrived when ISLANDS. eve1·y Member of this body ought to insist upon a halt being l\1r. KNOX. From the Committee on Rules I report back fa called upon the waste of paper by the Government of the United. vorably without amendment Senate resolution 273, submitted by States. the Senator from Texas [l\1r. SHEPPARD] on the 9th ultimo, and I For the executive office during the period from July 1, 1916, ask unanimous consent for its present considerrrtion. to September 15, 1919, there have been copies of speeches printed The resolution was read, considered by unanimous consent, to the number of 1,163,862. The estimated weight of those and agreed to, as follows : speeches is 79,497 pounds. Resolved, That Rule XXV, Standing Rules of the Senate, be, and the Mr. THOMAS. The Senator means avoirdupois weight? same is hereby, amended _by cbangina- the paragraph therein. ngw read Mr. SMOOT. Yes. The total cost of merely printing those ing as follows: "A Committee on PaC1fic·Islands and Porto Rtco, to con sist of 12 Senators," .so as hereafter to read: "A Committee on Pacific speeches was $13,705.72. In the Department of State the total Islands, Porto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, to consist of 12 Senators." number of copies of speeches printed was 29,100, their estimated QUESTIONS OF ORDER. weight was 1,513 pounds, and the cost $527.02. In the Treasury Mr. HARRISON.' I report favorably from the Committee on Department the total number of speeches printed was 25,066,000. Rules Senate resolution 104, submitted by me on June 30, 1919, Mr. NELSON. Of speeches? l\1r. SMOOT. Of speeches. and I ask for its immediate consideration. Mr. OVERMAN. Why is the Treasury Department printing The resolution was read, as follows: speeches? R esolved, That Rule XX of the Standing Rules of the Senate be, and is hereby, amended so as to read as follows : ' Mr. SMOOT. I will call attention to that a little later, I will " RULE XX. That all questions of order shall be decided by the pre say to the Senator from North Carolina. siding officer without debate, subject to an appeal to the Senate, with The estimated weight of those speeches was 758,896 pounds, out debate· and no question of order shall be entertained after debate on the merits of the proposition has begun. When an appeal is taken, and the total cost of the printing was $86,813.09. Remember, the any subsequent question ~ of order which may arise before the decision of cost of printing of these speeches comes out of an appropriation such appeal shall be decided by the presiding officer, without debate, and made to the department for 9overnment printing. In the War every appeal therefrom sha11 be decided at once and without debate; and any appeal may be laid on the table without preju~ice to the ~"!ld Department there were a total number of 500 speeches printed; ing proposition, and thereupon shall be held as affirmmg the dec1s1on in the Post Office Department there were 165,000 printed. The of the presiding officer. total number printed in the Agricultural Department was 144,- " The presifling officer may submit any question of order for the 000; in the Department of Labor it was 123,000; in the Pan decision of the Senate." American Union it was 5,000; in the United States Food Admin 1\Ir. JONES of Washington. I think that is a . very impor istration it was 307,000. -In the Railroad Administration the tant resolution, and it ought to go· over. tota I was 3,055,5{}0-- The VICE PRESIDENT. Objection being made, the resolu- l\fr. POMERENE. The total number of what? tion goes to the calendar. Mr. SMOOT. The total number of speeches that have been OLYMPIC NATIONAL FOREST. printed as public documents for . distribution throughout the Mr. JONES of Washington. On the legislative day of Febru United States. I have the number of the jacket of each speech ary 2, the calendar day of February 3, I introduced a bill that and the number of copies of each speech that was printed. is known as Senate bill 3846. It authorizes the adjustment of Mr. KING. Mr. President, will my colleague yield? certain boundaries of the Olympic National Forest, in the State Mr. SMOOT. Yes. of Washington. I think I myself marked the bill for reference Mr. KING. Do I understand that the departments, after to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. I find, how speeches have been delivered, themselves send out the speeches? ever, that bills of a similar character have heretofore been Mr. SMOOT. They send out the speeches through the depart referred to the Committee on Public Lands. In studying the ments. In the United States Railroad Administration there bill more carefully I have concluded that it should go to that were 3,055,500 speeches printed. They were copies of speeches committee. I therefore ask that the Committee on Agriculture delivered at Altoona, Pa., and before different associations and Forestry be discharged from the further consideration of throughout the United States. The money which was appropri the bill and that it be referred to the Committee on Public ated for Government printing' in the departments was used for Lands. the printing and distribution of these speeches throughout the The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, that action will United States. be taken. When I give the summary of the whole number I am going to EMPLOYEES IN EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. call attention to the weight of the speeches, and I desire the Sen ate to know what it costs merely to send them through the mails. 1\fr. KING. Mr. President, several days ago I introduced a Mr. KING. If my colleague will pardon me, I desire to say bill (S. 3612) to authorize the United States Bureau of Effi that his discussion is very interesting. I should like to know ciency to provide for the J)romotion, transfer, and discharge of how the departments justify the sending out of speeches at certain employees in the executive departments, bureaus, Government expense? Are those speeches delivered by Sena boards, commissions, and agencies, and for other purposes, and tors or Representatives or by officials of the departments eulo it was referred to the Committee on Civil Service and Re gizing the departments and praising themselves for their won trenchment. The special committee that is now considering derful economies and great achievements? the question of the budget is also giving some attention to the Mr. SMOOT. I will take up the speeches sent out by the Rail matters to which the bill refers. I therefore ask that ·the Com road Administration. The address at Altoona, Pa., was deliv mittee on Civil Service and Retrenchment be discharged from ered by Hon. W. G. McAdoo on September 12, 1918. There were the further consideration of the bill and that it be referred to 1,000,000 copies of that address printed by the Railroad Adminis the Special Committee to Devise a Plan for a National Budget tration and sent through the mails. An ru:l.dress entitled "A Life System. Sentence" was delivered by Rev. J. F. Weinmann, and there The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered. were 2,000,000 of them printed and sent by the Railroad Adminis PUBLIC PRINTING. b:a tion through the mails. There was an a.ddress before the 1\fr. SMOOT. 1\fr. President, in connection with the use of Railroad Fire Protective Association by Charles N. Rambo, of paper I desire to submit some figures this morning, and I hope which 15,000 copies were printed. There was an address deliv Senators will give attention. ered before the New York' Railroad Club by Frank :McManamy, 2488 CONGRESSION·AL RECORD-- SENATE. FEBRUARY 5, of which 15,000 copies were printed. There was an address I say that we ourselves pay for the vrinting of speeches de before the Nntional Safety Council at the Seventh Annual Con livered by us, I mean each Senator bears t.l,le entire expense of gress at St. Louis, 1\Io., by Hiram W. Belnap, but there were paying fQr nll extra copies of his speeches printed for distri only 5,000 printed. These are the character of the speeches. bution. 1\Ir. SMITH of Georgia. Who paid for the printing of these l\ir. SMOOT. Yes. spee~hes? . Now, Mr. President, in connection ~vith this subject I de ire Mr. SMOOT. The Government of the United States paid for to ask unanimous consent that the statement from which I them; an Copies Estimated Appropriation or fund Jacket. Title. By whom delivered. Date. Total cost. I printed. weight. ch.·uged. To whom delivered. EXECUTIVE OFFICE. Pound.8. 51285 Address before Press Club in New The President ...... _. June 30, 1916 · 2,000 40 $15.60 White House allot- White House. York City. ment. 51538 Address to Associated Advertising ..... do .•••.•.••..... -- June 29,1916 1,000 18 11.91 ... _.do ••••.••••••..... Do. Clubs, Philadelphia. 51539 Address at Detroit, Mich., and ... _.do .•..•••.• ·-····· July 10,1916 1,000 36 29.67 _____ do ••••••••..•• ____ Do. Toledo, Ohio. 52186 Address to Citizenship Convention, ..... do ...... July 13,1916 1,000 18 u.ss .... -do ••••.••.••...... Do. Washington. 57972 Address accepting the Lincoln ..... do.······-········ Sept. 4,1916 2,500 45 28.71 -----do ••.••••••...... Do. homestead. 58892 Address to Congress .. -...... do.···-··········· Aug. 29, 1916 1, 850 41 35.02 _____ do .•.••••....•.... Do. 59960 Address at Lincoln's birthplace ...... do ...... s:;r,t· 4,1916 1,~ 18 7.10 ...•. do .•.•••.•... ·-··- Do. 59961 Address at Getty ; bur~ (and letter ..... do ...... ·-······-- J y 4,1913 19 22.18 .....do ...••••. ·--··-· Do. to Representative Underwood). 62016 Address beforejointsession ofCon- ___ _.do .•.••••.•.•.., ... May 27,1918 1, 500 30 28.62 ._ ...do ••••••.•.•.•.•.. Do. g-ress. 63643 Address at suffrage convention ...... -do ...... - ..... Sept. 8,1916 1,000 22 11.55 ·-···do .•••.•.•.....• ... Do. 63644 Address before Grain Dealers' As- .... -do ...... Sept. 25, 1916 1,000 44 23.96 .. -.. do ...... Do. sodation, Baltimore, Md. 69919 Address before joint session of Con- .....do ...... : .. Dec. 5,1916 6,000 206 68.00 ____ .do...... Do. gress. 77388 Address to the Senate ... _...... ____ .do .•...•...•...... Jan. 22,1917 2,000 42 34.42 _____ do .•.•.•••••.. _... Do. 79516 Address before joint session of Con- .....do ...... •...... Feb. 3,1917 2,000 44 29.20 -....do ...... ---· Do. gress. -.... R27~ ..... do ...... ·-··················- .•. _.do .•...... Feb. 26,1917 1,000 18 31.31 _____ do_ •...•••••.• _. __ Do. 83234 ... _.do.- ...... ·-·······-····-·- ..... do .... -...... do .. ··-·· 1,000 24 5.86 ____ .do .•. -•.•..•.•.... Do . 83982 Inaugural address ...... _..... -... - ..... do ...... ·---····· Mar. 4,1917 1, 012 46 28.94 .. _.. do .•.•...•.... ____ Do. 89245 Address before joint session of Con- -·--·do ...... Apr. 2,1917 2,500 97 47.11 .. _.. do ...... Do. gress. 92704 ..... do ...... ·-··········-····-·· ..... do .•...•. ·-···-··- Apr. 8,1917 - 1,000 22 9.52 _____ do.···-··········· Do. 98552 Miscellaneous speeches ..... __ .. -...... do.···--'"···-···· 15,000 4,080 232.66 .•... do ..... ·-----·-··· Do. 99550 War addresses (annot!lted) _ .. -...... _.do .. -·-··-········ "A":Pr:- ·2; i9i7 · 95,000 8,550 1,681.16 Committee on Public Committee on Public Information. Information. 103778 Flag Day a:ldtess at Washington, ..... do .•... ·-·-··--··· June H, 1917 3,100 54 49.11 White House allot- White House. D.C. ment. 2046 Address at Young Men's Christian .. -.. do ...... __ Oct. 24,1914 500 14 18.93 .....do .••••••••••..... Do. Association celebratio:t, Pats- burgh. 3610 Address at Independence Hall, --···do .•.••..... -.. ··- July 4,1914 500 15 17.50 ._ ..•do ••••••••.•.•. ··- Do. Philadelphia. 3611 Address before Pan American Fi- .....do .•...... May 24,1915 500 5 6.94 ··-·.-do •••.••.•...... Do. nanci.al Conference. 3612 Address before American Bar As- .... -do .•...•...... Oct._ 20, 1914 500 9 8. 73 -....do .•••.•••.... _... Do. sociation. 3613 Address before Southern Commer- . .... do ...... Oct. 27,1913 500 9 · 10.21 -··-·do .•...•.•...... _ Do. ci.al Congress, Mobile, Ala. 3614 Address before first annool assem- .....do ... -...... May 27,1916 1,000 16 12.45 . .•.. do .•••.•••••...... Do. blage of the League to Enforce Peace. 9881 Flag Day address, with evidence of ..... do .•...•...... June 14,1917 940,000 63,933 9, 947.10 Committee on Public Committee on Public (}('rmany's plans. Information. Information. 24618 Address before American Federa.- ..... dO-·······-······· Noy. 12,1917 1, 000 18 17.81 White House allot· White House. tion or Labor Convention, Buf- ment. falo, N.Y. 27801 Address before joint session of Con- ..... do ..•••..•...... De::. 4., 1917 2, 400 S2 t:4.20 ..... do .....•.•••.•.•.. Do. gress. 33394 .....do. , .. -····················-··· .... -do ...... -..... Jan. 4,1918 2,250 4.0 25.42 ..... do ...... •...... Do. 33988 ..... do ...... ·-····-········ . -... do ...... -..•...... Jan. 8,1918 3, 750 67 45.93 . •... do ...... ••...... Do. 41314 ... -.do._ .. .. -...... ·-···-··· ..... do .....•...•...... Feb. 1}1918 2, 750 50 42.87 .... -do ...... •.•...... Do. 43133 AddressatNewYvrk, N.Y ...... _.do ...... May 1 , 1915 1,000 18 10.04 ..... do ...... •...... Do. Jan. 29,1915 1,000 22.13 46003 A1~~~ ~~Ji: A~~~)fi~cW~l ..... dO- ...... 25 .....do .....•.•...... Do. Railway Association. 4.9033 Address before joint session of Con- ..... do ...•.•••...... Mar. 4,1913 (1) 72 41.53 ..... do ...... •.•...•.. Do. gress. ~ 51812 Address at Baltimore, Md ...... _ .....do ..•....•.•...... 1, 750 ...... i7' 33.72 ._ ... do ...•...•.•...... Do. 61055 Address at o~g or Red Cross .....do ..•....•...... ·i.ta;: ·is; i9is · 1,000 13.36 ..... do ...... Do. G9082 Ad~~lfMo=t r,~~n ...... _...... do ... ·-········-·· July 4,1918 1, 750 31 29.26 ..... do ...... Do. 83515 Address ~t opening of Liberty loan .....do ...•...•...... Sept. 27, 1918 1, 500 30 47.60 -....dO-·-············· Do. 31 E4279 A~~Js r:;fore the S~te of the .....do ..•..• : ....•.... Sept. 30, 1p18 1,500 30 33.05 .....do .. ·-······-····- Do. United States. £4453 Address !lt opening of Liberty loan ..... do .•••.••••..•.•. _ Sept. 27, 1918 1, ()()() 20 5.54 .....do._ ...•.•.•...... Do. campaign. !;0955 Address before joint session of Con- .. -.. do ...•••.•••....•. Nov. 11,1918 2,500 92 52.84 _, ... do._ •..•.•...... Do. gress. 93872 .....do •••...... •..••••... ·-····· .....do ...... •••••• Dec. 2,1918 2,500 85 93.18 .... -do ..•...... •.• De. 1 t',ooo each ou. 'No copy on tile in the Government Printing Office. 2489' Slate111t11.t showing ~ddresses or speechZs:_"{>'''ifl.ted ·at th~ · a~vernm~Yrintin? !O fMtffrow.J.iilj;1.; 1911';~ t&J Stpte mberr15; J.!rl!li ~nr¥ cltrngedi b!f' t~~ Public : Printer· to ·de-;,artmentxz · a ppropnatitm:s urfurn'l3 av3tl1ble th:eretor( not lireli.Umr tllostn>rderedi>lf: C0n'j1ess 'OT" MeT!Jf.l'ers:·of CimJrtss)-ContLn.u3 :L Copies,; Estl~ted , T'ota.roost Appropriation or fund Jacket: Tttle. Byvhomuelivered. Date.' printed. Weiglit · · charged. To whom delivered: EXECUTIVE OFfiCE-Continued. Addresses at Boston, Mass., and· }"'liB President- fFeli. 24; 1919 } - 1,000 • 40 wfWliite House·· allot-- } ·'wm .t H 10!?507 { New York, N.Y. "' ········\Mal:. 4,1919 ., . \ ment". - e ouse. 125805 Address- befor6i.. the Senate ~ oLthe . ____ .do •• ~·-····--···· July 10,1919 Z,!JOO; . 105.1Z... , ....do. __ ....•...•...... Do.~ UnitedStates.~. . _ . 10!1508 Addressesonll.l'"'•· ..,_,__._*'""'"··P · t o- E urope:.. :.·.•. d6· •..•....•...... {Dec:Feb. . 24,19193'; 1918 } 1~000 . 128· 129.~ ss- : ___ do: ___ .•...•••. __ . no ~ 128518 .....do ...... •... _, ...... do ·~-: .....•...... •...... 1,000 128 32.53 ....• do ..•..•...•••.... ; Do. 131462 Address before·jointsessionofCon- ... -do..-.•- •.•.•..•.••.. -Aug;: 8,.19.lll.. 2,250 72 71.41 ....• do...... Do. gress. , 1,123,862 78, 657 13, 423. 44 11801 Address(Portuguese) ••.•...... •.. Hon.Robt.Lansing .. July 29,1917 15,000 315 123.54 CommitteePubliciD.- Committee- om Public ' formation.- Information. £802 Address-.(Spanish) •.....•.•.••..... : •... do .•••.•.•••••.•. ) .....do...... zs;ooo · 525· 158.74 ....• do ••••••.•.••..... Do.. 1------~------1 ------1 .w;ooo st!T 282~ 28 Total under executive office .. : . • .•.•...••••••..•..._ . . . ..•.•. ..•••.. 1, 163;86Z DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 159385 Address of ths.Secretary of State.. Horu:..Robt L~~- Seyt. 4jJ.Il16. 600 20.49 State Department al- State Department. • Iotmem._ €434 Address to Reserve 25404 Address befol'e jpint session of ThErEi"esident----·--· 'Feb.·. 3;_1917. 200 3 11. 8J 0--- .do.! . ______----. Do. Congress. ~ . 34426 100 1 2.27 ...•. do ..•••...... Do. 41875 1 100 2 2.27 ...•. do ....-- -·--·-·--· Do._ 70760 :::::~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::~~:::::::::~::::::: ~~: !J~tr · 500 18 6.73 .....do ....•.•...•...... Do; 1,100 81. Do• . 7~4-78 ·A-ddress -before. .the; Senate of.the .•..•do .: •• .-•.•..••...•.. Jau., 22,1917 43. OL .•.. ..do-~---- ... ··-·-·. U"nited:Btates.- 82628 Address befoDe joint session of .....do ....•... __ ..••..• Apr; 2, 1917 50() 29 9. 77 ..... do ...•...... Do. Co~s. . . £4894 .....do ...... •...... •dO •.• -----·-···-·· .•••• do ....••.. , 500 ' · 28c • K3-l' Consular fund ...... Do; QS\:!46 Address before joint session of .....do: •••••••••.•••- •• ~ ....• do•..•••.. 200 4 . 78 State Department al- Do. Congress (Rench). lotment. 100754 Address :- before jpint session of ..... do:...... Dec- Z,J918- 500 . 19 8;.)8- .•••• dO----·--·- - -~ - -··· · · , Do• . 1 12G733 Adcd0r~~=- ,e;'bse.fore"" ' the Senate of the ....• do; •.••...... •.... JulY7 10j1919 150 5 LOB : ..•• do-:.: ...... • Do. " United States. 135702 Address before joint session of . ..•• d{) ...... Aug:• . s;1919 150 6 4.04 ...•. do ....•...... •.. Do. Congress. 4;oo:r 19& ======1======1 , Total under Department of 29,100 1,513 527.02 •• --- •.•. - ···------·-···- ' State. . 'IREASURY DEPARTMENT. 15072 Liberty loan -address ,at Atlantic Hon; W:-. a; MoA.doo .. Siipt. 2&i.J9l'r J 18,500 1,480 320. 72 . Tteasury Depsrtment Treasury Department. City, N.J. · ~ ~ allotment·. 15836 ..... do ...... •...... •.•••. do ••••••••~. __ .. _____.do.. •..... ' 3, 458,000 138,320 19,884. 16 Second Liberty lo~n .. · Do. 17246 Libe!tY loan :address at Madison, ...•. do...... O.ct. a; 19lT , 6,500, 000 273,000 10,30-l. 99 .•.•• do .• ·--··--~····~ Do. _WIS. <:!' • . . i 17923 Libertyloanaddress-at...,louxflltx, , ..... do~ .••.•..•••..•.. Oct . 411917 ' 2,,500.000 · · 95,000 13;8!7.16 -----do..· · ---~- - -·-···-· · · Do. Iowa. · 1 Do; 54520 Liberty loan: address to Women .....do •••••.••••...•.. Apr.. 8,1918 1 3,00J,OOO 30,000 3,048..00 Third:Libartylo:m•••• ' Loan Workers: - 55401 Libertyloanaddressat Richmond, .•... do .• ·····--·-••..•••.•. d~- ••••.• 1,016, 500 34,561 5,683.34 ...•. do .•.•••••.•••.•.. Do. Va. f6343 Liberty loan' address to railway ..•.. do ••.••• ·-...... Apr. 17,1918 2,"'200, ooa - 35,200 .' 7,340.36 ' ~ ..•• do-..•• ~----·-··- ·-- : Do. employees. 56850 Liberty loan address to ship work· .....do •••••.••.•...... Apr. 15;1918- 251,000 4,016 761.57 .•... do •• --·- - -·--~---. Do. ers at Beaumont, Tex. 58364 Liberty loan•address at San An- ...•. do ...•.....•...•.. Apr. 16,1918 1,000 18 10.67 .•.•. do ••••••••.•••...• Do. tonio, Tex.. 83244 Liberty loan adaress at Carnegie : ....do .•.••..•...•.... Sept: 24;1918 s;oot,ooo· 56; 335-' : 12; 580. 43' Elourth ·Liberty loan~ • D.o. Hall,• New York. 104230 Libertyloanadd:tessat'-Des:Molnes, .•••. do•••••..• : •...... Ma;Y.: 21,1917 so.;.ooo.' 1 ~ 70() • 30 Total under Department. of 25,065,-000. 758, 8~6 88,813.09· ····------·-··- ··· ····· Treasury;- WAR.' DEPAR-TMENT. 73290 S~!r~ 15/lt~:.ry in Surgeon Congressman:Lloy_d ... __ J"anr 22; 1915 , 500 11.30 Medical Dep:utment Medical Museum. appropriation. Total under War Department : ...... •.•...... __ ..•..••.... ·~====500==I-=====l===l=l==.=30=1" ..•. -~- ...... INo copy on file in the Government Printing Office. 2490 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. FEBRUA~Y 5, Statement showing addresses or speeches printed at tlie Government Printing Office f-rom july 1, 1916J.!~ _September 15, 1919, and charged bv the Public Printer to dep:zrtmental . appropriations or funb available therefor (not including th Copies Estimated Total cost. Appropriationorfund · Jacket. Title. By whom delivered. Date. printed. weight. charged. • To whom deliv;ered. POST OFFICE DEPARTYENT. Pounds. 112226 Address before Conference of Busi- Hon. A. S. Burleson. . Apr. 1, 1919 580 $139.35 Post Office allotment. Post Offico. ness Organizations and Postal Service. 114124 .....do ...... do ...... do ...... 100,000 4,000 733.46 ..... do ...... :... Do. 114536 Remarks to Post Office Inspectors ....••do ...... Mar. Z'l, 1919 1 000 20 16.40 .....do...... Do. 117039 Address before Conference of Busi· .....do ...... Apr. 1,1919 ro;ooo 2,000 319.50 ... :.do...... Do. ness Organizations and Postru Service. Total under Post Office De ...... '!==165=='=000=1===6,;,'=600=1==1;,,=208=. 7=1=!" ...... · ...... partment. AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT. 107451 Address before Governors' Confer· Hon. D. F. Houston .. Dec. 16,1918 3,000 102 49.11 Agriculture allotment. Agriculture ence. 108271 Address before Trans-Mississippi ..... do ...... Feb. 20,1919 53,000 2,120 551.60 . ." ... do ...... :... m~;: Congress. 109098 Address before Joint Conference of ...•. do ....•..••...... Feb. 26,1919 18,000 4.32 150.54 ..... do...... Do. Agricultural Commission of American Bankers' Association, etc. 74,000 ' 2, 654 751.25 108109 Address before New England For- HenryS. Graves...... Feb. 24,1919 15,000 405 130.23 ..... do ...... Do. 114609 ArJ:kC:i!!~:~~ni=r ..... do...... Apr. 16,1919 25,000 875 195.76 .....do ...... Do. Congress, Chicago, lll. 123114 Address before New England For· .. ...do ...... Feb. 24,1919 ___s_,ooo ______125-ll---3_4_.63-l ..... do ...... Do. estry Conference, Boston, Mass. 1 1 45,000 1, 405 360. 62 = = 101364 Address before National Associ a- Maj. S. C. Presc~tt.... Jan. 7,1919 25, 000 650 221. 68 .....do ...... Do. tion of Commissioners of .Agri- culture at Baltimore, Md. Total under Agriculture De 144)000 4, 709 1, 333.55 ...... partment. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. 40430 Addres.Q on Labor's Relation to Hon. W. B. Wilson ••....•...... 500 32 59.00 War labor ad.mi.n.is- Labor Department. · the World War. trative appropria- tion. i5288 Address at Delmonico's, New York ..... do ...... July 31,1918 50,000 900 24.3. 82 ..... do ...... Do. 50,500 932 303.75 1H285 Address before the American In- T. S. Holden...... Apr. 9,1919 25,000 925 2W.23 ..... do ...... ; Do. stitute of Architects,· New York. 116028 ..... do ...... do ...... : ...... do ...... 15,000 555 107.07 .. ... do ...... Do. 40,000 1,480 3·27.30 110907 Address before Forty-first .Annual Helen L. Sumner ..... June 10,1916 7,500 127 50.51 ..... do ...... Do. , Meeting of American Academy of Medicine, Detroit, Mich. 114330 Address before Conference of Gov- Irving Fisher...... Mar. 3-5, 1919 25,000 475 104.07 ..... do ...... Do. ernors and Mayors at White House. Total under Department ol ...... t...... 123,000 3,014 785.63 ...... Labor. P..L~ .AMERICAN UNION. 36240 Address before Southern Com.mer· Minister Calderon . . ... Oct. 15,1917 3,000 57 12.35 Pan American Union Pan American U'nion. cia! Congress. allotment. 55122 .Address at Lake Mohonk Con· .....do ...... 2,000 24 8.12 ..... do ...... Do. ference. Total under Pan American 5,000 81 20.47 ...... Union. UNITED STATES FOOD .A.DMlNISTRATION. 12163 Address to Baptists of the South at Hon. Herbert Hoover. Aug. 9,1917 15,000 150 35:"32 Food Administration .. Food Administration. Washington. · 58722 Food Control a War Measure ...... do ...... Apr. 18,1918 40,000 1,«0 245.55 ..... do ...... Do. 66314 .....do ...... do ...... do ...... 25,000 . 900 . 144.07 . .... do ...... Do. 64239 The Dairy and World Food "Prob- .•... do...... May 23, 1918 40,000 ' 1,360. 270.54 ..... do ...... Do. lem. · 72168 . ....do ...... do ...... do ...... '.. -10,000 1,480 228.71 ..... do ...... Do. I - 160,000 5,330 924.19 13539 WhcatNeedsoftheWorld ...... Dr.AlonzoTaylor .... Aug. 28,1917 100,000 2,000 356.35 .....do ...... Do. 18527 .....do ...... do ...... do ...... 5,000 100 19.45 ..... do ...... : .... Do . 58098 Human Factors in Food Supply •...•... do ....•••.•...... 25,000 250 71.20 ...•. do ...... Do . 130,000 2,350 447.00 20956 AddressbeforeAmericanBankers' M. L. Requa ...... Sept. 26,1'917 15,000 510 109.32 .....do ...... Do. Association. 24803 .....do ...... do ...... do ...... 2,000 64 14.81 .....do ...... Do . 17,000 574 124. Q4 Total under United States 307,000 8,254 1,495.23 ...... F~d Administration: 1920. CON'GRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE. 2491- Statement showing addressC8 or speeches printed at the Government Printing Office from July t, 1916, to Septtmber 1P, 1919, and charged by the Public Prin!er to dep!lrtmenta! appropriatiom or furnk available therefor (not including those ordered by Congress or Members of CVngrus)-Continued. · . Copies Estimated Appropriation or fund J6cket. Title. By whom delivered. Date. printed. weight. Total cost. charged. To whom delivered UNITED STATES RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION. ..-' Pounds. 8i127 Address at Altoona, Pa...... • Bon. W. G. McAdoo.. Sept. 12,1918 1,000,000 12,000 $1,290.40 United States Rail- Railroad Administra- road Administration. tion. 82825 A LifeSentence ...... Rev. J. F. Weinmann...... • 2,000,000 16,000 805.76 ..... do ...... Do. 1>5807 Address before the Railroad Fire Chas. N. Rambo ...••• Dec. 3,1918 15,000 420 122.68 ..... do ...... •...... • Do. Protection Association. ·!)4599 Address before New York Railroad Frank Mc:Manamy •.•••••••...... •••. 15,000 270 il.H ..... do ...... ••••.•.... Do. Club. 99746 Address before National Safety Hiram W. Belnap..... Sept. 17,1918 5,000 21.32 ..... do .•.•...... •.....• Do. Council at Seventh Annual Con- wess, St. Louis, Mo. · ~ ~ 101347 Address at Willard Hotel, Wash- Bon. W. D. Bines .•.• Jan. 22,1919 10,000 100 28.02 ... . . do ...•....••••...• Do. 105875 ---~~to~~: ...... do ...... do ...... 10,000 90 19.73 ..... do ...... ••••.•.• Do. 124802 Address before Bankers' Associa.- ...... do ...... : ...... June 21,1919 500 30 50.67 .•.. . do ...... •...... Do. tion. ~.500 ~ I 98.42 Total under United States 3,055,500 29,000 2,410.02 Railroad Administration. UNITED STATES SlllPPING BOARD. Address before Grain Dealers' Asso- President Wilson...... Sept. 25, 1916 6, 000 102 23.48 United States Ship- United States Shipping ciation. ping Boord. · Board. Total under United States Shipping Board...... • . • . • • • ...... 6, 000 102 23.48 I======F=====~======I INTERNATIONAL lliGll COMYLSSION. 105143 Address on transfer of chairman- Bon. G. W. McAdoo... Dec. 30,1918 1,000 54 34.75 International High International High Commission. Commission. 105142 Aj~~Ss on transf<>r of chairman- .....do ...... do ...... 1,000 50 52.65 ..... do ...... Do. ship (Spanish). Total under International 2,000 104 87.40 High Commission. ., PUBLIC INFORMATION. 4719G Address at Lexington Avenue Samuel Gompers...... Feb. 22,1918 5, 000 170 50.87 Committee on Public Committee on Pnblie Theater, New York City. Information. Information. 53009 ..... do ...... do ...... do...... 5,000 ISO 38.02 ..... do ...... Do. r------~------: ------1 Total under Public Informa 10,000 350 88.89 tion. COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE. 98622 Address at conference of regional Hon. F. K. Lane...... Sept. 17, 1918 50,000 950 205.17 Council of rational National DMense. chairmen of Highways Transport Defense. Committee. Total under Council of N a 50,000 950 205.17 ...... tiona! Defense. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR. 102138 AddressatHotelAstor,NewYork. Hon. Franklin K...... 10,000 680 170.54 Interior Department Interior Department. Lane. allotment. 113 54 ..... do ...... do...... 2,000 108 22.94 ..... do...... Do. 1------1------~------1 12, ooo 788 1 193. 48 22308 Address at National Parks Con J. Horace McFarland •. Jan. 3,1917 200 6.42 ..... do ...... Do. ference, Washington, D. C. - 22309 ..... do ...... Rev. Chas. W. Gilkey ...... do ...... 200 6 6.36 . .... do ....•.... ~ ...- •.. Do. 22310 ..... do ...... T. S. Palmer ...... Jan. 4,1917 200 8 7.33 . .... do ....•.....•..... Do. 22311 ..... do ...... Hon. Simeon D. Fess. Jan. 6,1917 200 3 3.93 . .... do ....•..••.•••..• Do. 22312 .....do ...... A. B. Casselman ...... Jan. 5,1917 200 4 6.52 .....do ..•••••••••••..• Do. 22313 ..... do ...... Herbert W. Gleason... Jan. 3,1917 200 6 5.06 .....do •••••••••••••... Do. 22314 ..... do ...... -: ••• E ..Lester Jones ...... Jan. 4,1917 200 1} 3.90 . ....do .••••••••••..•.. Do. 22315 ..... do ...... E. W. Nelson ...... do ...... 200 3 3.93 . .... do ••••••••••.•.... Do. 22316 .... . do ...... Mrs. J.D. Sherman ••. Jan. 2,1917 200 3 3.93 . .... do .••••••••••••••. Do. 22317 .....do ...... Willaim H. Holmes... Jan. 3,1917 200 3 3.93 .....do ....•••••.•.•.•.. Do. 22318 ..... do ...... Hon. J. B. Harker.... Jan. 4,1917 200 4 6.12 .....do ....•.•••.•.•.•.. Do. 22319 ..... do ...... George D. Pratt ...... Jan. 3,1917 200 4 7.67 .....do ...... Do. 22320 ..... do ...... Arthur E. Bestor .•... Jan. 4,1917 200 3 3.93 .....do ..•..••••••.•. ·... Do . 22321 .. . .• d{) ...... Huston Thom!!S<>n, jr. Jan. 3, 1917 200 3 3.93 .....do ..•....•.•..•.... Do. 22322 . . ... do ...... Hon. Herbert Quick.•..... do ...... 200 4 6.12 .....do ...... Do. 22323 ..... do ...... Enos MI1Is...... Jan. -,1917 200 6 7.04 .....do ...... Do. 22324 .....do ...... RobertS. Yard...... Jan. 6,1917 200 6 5.52 .....do ...... Do. 12~11 Address before National Educa P. P. Claxton ...... July 2,1919 2,000 166 65.55 .....do ...... Do. tion Association, Milwaukee, Wis. 'l'otal under Department of 17,400 1,025 350.67 ...... Interior. I Grand total of all depart 30,144,3621 894,101 109,056.35 ...... ments, etc. ' · Mr. SMOOT. I now \-Vi h to present a summary of the cost of documents, and the report of the commission on second-class to the Government of printing and mailing addresses and mail matter. The total number of speeches printed during the speecbe · printed at the Go.-ernment Printing Office by order of period stated was 30,144,362. tbe executive departments and other independent establishments The expense involved in printing and mailing these speeches of the Governme 1t and charged to GoYernment appropriations was as follows: The total cost.of printing was $109,066.35: cost from July 1, 1916, to Sel)tt>mher 15, 1919. These figures are of penalty envelopes, $80,G-32.96; estimated expeu~e of addre:-:s based on statements from tile Pnblic Printer, the superintendent ing em·elopes, $67,824; estimated mailing-room e~qwnse, $30,144: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. FEBRUARY 5-, estimated Postal Service expense for handling and ti:ansporta- ' 1\fr. SHEPPA.RD. Mr. President,. let me ask the Senator a tion of 849,1m pounds of speeches, $93,433.55; estimated Postal question before he takes his seat. What has become of the Service expense :for handling and transportation of 5'57';683 bill reforming the whole printing situation which the Senator pounds of env.elopes, $58,27'T.8'T; or a total of $442,'T98;73, introduced some few years ago and which was pending before l\fr. President, it seems to me that the next time we make Congress? appropriations for printing for the departments of the Govern- Mr. SMOOT. The hisrory of the· bill amending the printing ment we ought to know where the money is going and we ought laws I suppose the Senator well knows· up to this session of to top all such expenditures of money as this. Congress. The bill has always been held up in the Senate of L was· going to call attentioJI to a particular matter that was the United States: with. the exception of once, when we passed in violation of law; but perhaps- that would not be a. proper the bill, and it then failed in the House. thing to do. r wish to say, 'however, that I have a copy of rr Mr. SHEPPARD. Has: it been reintroduced in this Congress? speech, delivered by a certain reverend gentleman and sent Mr. Sl\100T. A bill was introduced in the House at this broadcast throughout the country, on the face of which there session of 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2493 paper by the Canadian authorities. That matter was taken up throughout the United States in order to secure legislation to with the Department of State, and, as I understand, the depart build up his department. ment has adjusted the matter so that we are getting our share of Mr. SMOOT. Mr. President, I want to say in conClusion that the Canadian paper. the Joint Committee on Printing now have power, under the Mr. POMERENE. Then is it the Senator's view that the law that was_passed in the deficiency bill last year, to reg:ulate supply will improve from this time on? the printing of certain publications issued by the departments. Mr. GRONNA. It will. When we began to consider what publications shQuld be dis Mr. POMERENE. And at a better rate? continued, first we collected samples of all that were being Mr. GRONNA. I am not advised as to that. I know that the issued-. We could not show them in one room. Just the sample Department of State· has taken up the matter and adjusted it. copies of what was issued we could not show in one room, and Mr. SMOOT. I knew that the State Department had taken we had to get another room to put the samples in ; and then the question up, but I had not heard whether it had been finally we spent weeks and weeks in trying to eliminate what we adjusted or not; but I do know that an embargo was placed on thought could be eliminated without interfering at all with the the exportation of pulp from Canada, and therefore we were departments, and we did eliminate hundreds of them. - compelled to make paper from whatever pulp we could produce I had passed over my desk a morning or two ago, sent out in this country; and, of course, the supply of paper that was on . by a department, copies of letters to be sent throughout the hand was drawn upon every day, and it diminished every day country congratulating the present Secretary of the Treasm·y until it got to a very dangerous point. on his appointment. I do not think that is necessary, l\Ir. . Mr. OVERMAN. Mr. President, has not Canada prevented President. The American people know that he has been ap the shipment of wood from the Crown lands, where our paper pointed, and I do not see why any of the departments of the . 1 makers have gone and leased the Crown lands for the purpose of Government ought to reprint a letter of another person extend getting wood, and has- not the shipment of· the wood been ing congratulations to the Secretary upon his appointment. stopped? What good does it do? Mr. SMOOT. That was done four or five years ago, and I do 1\Ir. KING. · It gives money to the printers. not think the restrictions have been removed. If they have, I Mr. SHERMAN. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? have not heard of it. Mr. SMOOT. I yield to the Senator from Illinois. Mr. SHERMAN. Mr. President-- Mr. SHERMAN. To my mind that is not nearly so offensive .The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Utah yield as the use by the Director of the Railway Administration, to the Senator from Illinois? before he retired, of railway stationery by the ton, scattered Mr. SMOOT. Yes; I yield to the Senator. all over the United States and our territorial possessions, pro Mr. SHERMAN. · Does not the Senator know that there is moting, his publicity, when it was known at the time, or at just as much need of a reform in the Government as there is in least he thought, that be was a candidate :for President. Mr. these private agencies? McAdoo used a great many tons promoting that publicity. I Mr. SMOOT. There is no question about it, and that is what -never knew of a reputable railroad president who printed his I have said. . name as president of a railroad on a folder which I would Jug 1\lr. SHERMAN. Is it not also afact, if the truth were known, around in my pocket when I was paying much lower rate-s for that nearly every Government department is engaged in a cru travel than I pay now under Government ownership. sade for the purpose of magnifying its own importance, and de In addition to that, Mr. NEwBERRY's campaign committee in manding additional powers and more appropriations? Some of Michigan has been damned from Dan to Beersheba because he them are coming to me and denouncing Congress for its parsi paid his own bills to advertise his campaign, and he is now mony in dealing with the particular department in question. indicted by the United States Government and is on trial. Mr. SMOOT. We get letters-most of them anonymous, how Though he paid his own bills, he. is severely criticized for it. ever-from nearly every one of the departments, criticizing Mr. McAdoo paid his campaign bills at the expense of the Gov bitterly any Senator who dares stand upon the :floor of the Sen ernment, and he passes as a great public example of virtue. ate and question any appropriation that is asked for by the de- I would like to see that carried into the campaign, ~Ir. partments of our Government. .. President, along with the League .of Nations and with a state Mr. SHERMAN. Connected with this subject of print-paper ment of an English writer in a recent book that it was " harder supply, the best place for the reform to begin is in the defi<;iency to debamboozle" the old Presbyterian who represented us than appropriation bills, as well as other appropriation bills, and not il: was originally for Lloyd-George "to bamboozle him." furnish to the departments the necessary money or the credit I will read that book for the edification of the Senate some which is always implied in a deficiency bill. These deficiency day. I want it in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. It sells at $2.50 bills are growing to an alarming extent, and it is time for the a volume, which is beyond the reach of the average Senator Senate to apply the hatchet. now after paying his legitimate expenses. I shall put it. in I know that the most unpopular thing in Washington is to the CoNGRESSIONAL REcoRD, Mr. President-the genesis, the curtail appropriations. They call me up at night, out of my slum evolution, and the whole Pentateuch of the peace n·eaty. I bers, to tell me the error of my ways in opposing appropriations; would like .to know how the Senator from Utah would justify and the more I am called up the more I am convinced that there promoting one man and damning another, the latter of whom is need for a countercrusade by Congress against these extrava paid his own bills. gant appropriations. Mr. SMOOT. Of course, I am not justifying it, I will say 1\fr. KING. Mr. President, will my colleague yield? to the Senator. _ Mr. SMOOT. Yes; I yield. Mr. President, just one word more. I do not believe that it Mr. KING. I think if the Senator is merely called up from would . be necessary to take 273,000 pounds of print paper to his slumbers he escapes very well. Many Senators who have print any ·speech ever delivered for distribution. I call.ed atten been opposing these appropriations are denounced by propa tion to the fact that there was one speech that I know of gandists in their own communities and threatened with political which took 48 tons of paper, and the newspapers throughout annihilation; but I want to state to the Senator that in my the country reported that all the speeches I _referred to took 48 opinion a bill ought to be passed creating a censorship over pub tons. There is one speech that will be found in the report sub lications by the executive departments. · I do not mean by that mitted by me to-day that took 136! tons of paper to print that they ought to determine just exactly. what should be said, 6,500,000 copies for distribution throughout the United States. but there ought to be some restriction as to the character and Mr. SHERMAN. Will the Senator yield before he closes the quantity af the publications. Nine-tenths of the publications of subject! I would like to read an extract from this book, if the the departments are not worth the paper they are written upon. Senato1· will yield. They are a disgrace to the departments and a disgrace to the :ur. SMOOT. I am through. country. Another thing that ought to be -done by statute is to Mr. SHERMAN. I want to read a paragraph from page 54 impose a penalty upon executive officers who carry on a propa of The Economic Consequences of the Peace, because it will ganda. For instance, Mr. Claxton has written letters to edu save print paper. It ought to get to the public. The title page cators throughout the United . States pleading for a certain gives the publishers as Harcourt, Brace & Howe, of New York. Americanization bill and urging that they support the bill to cre It says: ate a department of education. That would magnify Mr. Clax "Thus it was that Olemenceau brought to success what had ton ; that would increase the powers of the bureau with which he seemed to be, a few months before, the e:x:traorilinary and im is connected and transform it, indeed, into a department; and possible proposal that the German~ should not be heard. If so Mr. Claxton-and he is merely a type of hundreds of others only the President had not been so conscientious, if only he bad in the departments-spends hundreds and thousands of dollars not concealed from himself what be had: been doing, even at of the people's money · in carrying on an _extensive propaganda the last moment he was in a position to baye recovered lost O. ON:GRESSIO~ AL RECORD-SENATE. FEBRUARY 5, ·ground and to have achieved some very -considerable succ~ses. · and if they have gone to the country have given information i:o But the Pre ident was set. His arms and legs had been spliced he peop1e of the country which hey at len t are sunposed to by the -surgeons to a certain PQsture ·and they must be ·broken want ·and whicb. they at least are supposed to need. lagain before they could ·be ·altered. "To his horrar, Mr. 'Lloyd .But there are many other reasons. Speeches that are made George desiring at the last moment -all the .moderation he here a:re prolonged unduly. There is not any question about dared, 'discavered that he could not in .five days persuade the that. We talk here day after day about things with which we President of error in what it had taken iive 'lilOntb.s to prove to are all familiar largely for the purpose uf consuming time, .and rhim to be just and right. After ·all, it was harder to de it takes money to print that in the CONG.RESSJONA"L REcoRD. We bamboozle this old Presbyterian ·than it had been to 1bamboozle ought to use ·a little judgment ourselves in the speeches which him, for the former involved 'his belief in .and respect for him we make here. While the ·senator from Utah 11as undoubtedly self. called attention to a matter which could be r..emedied to some '" Thus in 'the last act the Pr.esident -stood for stubbOl·nness extent, yet any just remedy along the lines sugge ted by him and a refusal of conciliations:" · will not reach the condition ~Y any means inn smisfactory w~cy. That is written by one of our British ·cousins living tn London. This question of print paper ought .to lbe taken up in earnest, 'Mr. JO.~:JE.S of New Mexico. Mr. :President, some weeks ago and something should be done to conserve the supply and so dis. 1 :introduced a bi11 looking toward the conset•vation of the print ttri,Jnzte it that the newspapers of the country wllich to-Cl.ay need paper supply. It was referred 'to a •Senate eo.romittee, and I it can get it. Jlave not heaTd anything fr(}m ·it, ·nor have I heard ·any sugges Mr. KELLOGG. Mr. President-- tion tram anyone as to any measure ·being offered 'for that The VICE 'PRESIDENT. Does the·Senator from New fe:rle.o ·purpose. _yield to the Senator from 'Minnesota! We .an :recognize the im_portance uf conserving 1he print~paper Mr. .3'01\TES -of New .Mexico. I gladly yield. supply. £om~ time ago I received -a -telegram, among many 'M:r. KELLOGG. I woold like to ask the Senator what specific others, which I have not called to the attention of :tlle Senate remedy he recommends 1 It has been my obse1·vation that -:most because I had hoped that tbe proper committee 'WaS ~onsidering ot the remedies suggested on the fioor begin ana end with a 'the measure; ·but in this connection I think 'it is .desirable to speech. What particular remeO.y does the Senator suggest! call attentian to the telegram. It read-s: Mr. JONES of New Mexico. I will state to the 'Senator th-at a few weeks ago I introduced a bill limiting the size of the large CLEVELAND, Omo, .DecJ:mber .16_, 1.91.9. '!Bon. ANDRI»US A. JONES, daily new papers. That would remedy it to -some extent. ~enate f)tfice Building, Wat~h.in!Pon, D. 0.: Mr. KELLOGG. I submitted a Te.solution to cut short Representing '1,200 h<>me newspapers published in -the rU1'8l ~ocwns .and speeches. I think that would remedy it to ·Some extent. cltie of-the ·United Sttrtes, ~ all of which are now threatened with ,se_nous Mr. JONES o:f New Mexico. 1 agree with the 'Senator. financial loss---e.ven •with ·destruction of their busine.ss~by reason of the hoggishness of l1ig city daily newspapers which by reason of -their Mr. 'KELLOGG. The Senator and I may be -able to work to- huge demands rfor tp:tint paper, and .their great financal .resources a-re gether. -enabled and do .rob smaller newspapers ot their -print-paper .supplies, I urge ,the .immediate passage .o.f le., has come up this morning, so that Senators may be impressed by Mr. CURTIS submitted the following resolution (S. ·Res. 297), the acuteness of the situation. which waS-referred to the C::>mmittee on the Library: 1\fr. W ADSWOUTH. Mr. President, is morning business Resol-ved, That, pending action by Congress looking. to the preserva · closed? tion of such correspondence, records, papers, and other documents as are valuable for historical, statistical, or other purposes, the various The VICE PRESIDENT. It is not. The introduction of bills departments of the Government be, and they hereby are, instructed to and joint resolutions is in order. postpone all recommendations for destruction and to make every efl'ort Mr. W .A.DSWORTH. I feel constrained to ask for the regular to safeguard such of the national archives as are now intrusted to their order. care. BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTYON INTRODUCED. RANK OF ARMY OFFICERS. Bills and a joint resolution were introduced, read the first Mr. HARRISON. I wish to call up Senate resolution 294, time, and, by unanimous consent, the second time, and referred directing the Secretary of War to furnish certain information as follows: with respect to the demotion of officers, and so forth. I sub By Mr. POINDEXTER: . mitted the resolution yesterday and asked that it might lie .A. bill ( S. 3865) providing for the men and officers in the Rus over. sian Railway Service Corps the status of enlisted men and The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair lays the resolution be- officers of the United States .A.rmy when discharged; to the fore the Senate. Committee on Military Affairs. Mr. SMOO'l'. Let it be read. By Mr. RANSDELL: 1\fr. HARRISON. I think it had better be read. A bill (S. 3866) to provide for the control of the floods of the The Assistant Secretary read the resolution. Atchafulaya, Red, and Black Rivers, La., and to protect their Mr. HARRISON. Mr. President, there can be no doubt that basins from the flood waters of the Mississippi River, and for in many cases the plan of the War Department providing for other purposes ; to the Oommittee on Commerce. the demotion of officers has been illogical and grossly unfair. By ::Ur. JONES of New Mexico: There are cases where, at the outbreak of the war, an officer .A. bUl (S. 3867) authorizing the State of New Mexico to apply was, say, No. 800 on the list of officers, meaning that there were the proceeds of the grant to said State of 1,000,000 acres of land 799 al1ead of him as officers. Under the demotion plan he is made by section 7 of the enabling act, June 20, 1910, for the re now, say, No. 1,700 on the list of officers, and that means that imbursement of Grant County, Luna County, Santa Fe County, there are 1,699 ahead of bim. That appears to me to be grossly and the town of Silver City, N. Mex. ; to the Committee on Public unfair. It is a plan that has caused demoralization among the Lands. · officers in the Regular .A.rmy, and it seefns to me that tbe de By Mr. G-RONN.A.: partment's policy should be given to the Senate by the War De A bill (S. 3868) to prevent hoarding and deterioration of and partment in order that if the plan is inequitable and unfair, deception with respect to cold-storage foods, to regulate shipments that may be known. If it is backed up by good reason an 1\Ir. CALDER. Certainly. The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there any objection to the Mr. KING. ·noes existing law deny access to the Court of present consideration of the bill? . · Claims wher.e the action sounds in tort? There being no objection, the Senate, as in Committee of the Mr. NELSON. It does in actions growing out of tort. There Whole, proceeded to consider the bill. is a class of cases that can be referred to the Court of Claims The bill was r€ported to the Senate without amendment, , without special authority; but this is an action sounding in tort; ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third it is a marine tort. time, and passed. Mr. KING. Where there is an implied contract, as I under- The title was amended so as to read: ••A bill for the relief of stand-- f . li"ed .the New Jersey Shipbuilding & Dredging Co., of Bayonne, N. J." 1\fr. NELSON. This can hardly be made a case ·O rmp contract. . GERTRUDE LUSTIG. Mr. KING. The Com·t of Claims has jurisdiction. 1\fr. HARRISON. Mr. President, for about 10 days now the Senate bas been unable to function because of a lack of attend Mr. NELSON. In cases of implied contracts that eo~t m~y ance. I am wondering if we have the proper attendance now, have jurisdiction; but this is an action sounding esse~tUl.ll~ ill tort, and the parties can not go into the Court of Claims With and I make the point of no quorum. out a special act of Congress. Mr. WADSWORTH. Mr. President, will the Senator with· Mr. KING. 1\Ir. President, I shall vote against this measure. hold that suggestion for just a moment? I think it establishes a bad precedent; I think that it opens the Mr. HARRISON. Yes. 1\fr. WADSWORTH. I want to bring a matter before the way for the perpetration of wrongs upo.n the Gove~nmen~ of the United States. We had a similar question under diSCUSSIOn yes Senate which I think will not demand the presence of a quorum, terday. we are providing now for.payment to be m~de ~y the and will take but just a moment, as it is a bill but eight lines in - Government upon the recommendatiOn of a board which IS con length. stituted for administrative and executive purposes. There are Mr. HARRISON. I \vithhold the suggestion. numerous boards in the executive departments, organized for ex Mr. WADSWORTH. I ask unanimous consent that the ecutive and administrative work, and whose labors relate to most Senate proceed to the consideration of Senate bill 3381, Order of the activities of the Government, and we are conferring upon of Business 355, which will be found upon page 11 of the them judicial powers ; we are authorizing them to make inves calendar. The VICE PRESIDENT.- Is there objection? tigations. and awards against the ~vernm.ent an? pronounce There being no objection, the Senate, as in Committee of tlle judgments that become legal and bindiD;g clarms ~I:1ch Co~gr~s Whole, proceeded to consider the bill ( S. 3381) for the relief of is under oblio-ation0 to discharge. I thrnk that It Is unwise, I think that it iS dangerous legislation. Gertrude I,.ustig. It authorizes and directs the Secretary of It seems to me where a sovereign State is willing that it shall the Treasury to pay, out of any money in. the Treasury not be sued and provides a tribunal before which individuals may otherwise appropriated, to Gertrude Lustig, the SUlll of $1,286.53, .YO ·to p;esent their claims against it, that is all that should be being the amount she would have received as pay and allow· ~xacted of it. There ought to be an impartial, dispassionate, ju ances as chief nurse, Army Nurse Corps, from Se:ptemben 28, dicial investigation of claims made against the Government as 1918, the date of her unjustifiable dismissal from that I>OSition, there is a judicial investigation of controversies between private to May 22, 1919, the date of her restoration to the service. individuals· the Government ought to have its day in court, a 1\Ir. KING. Mr. President, I should like to ask the Senator chance to p~esent before a judicial tribunal evide~ce in its own from New York whether or not, during the period mentioned in defense before liability is laid at its door and a JUdgment pro the bill, this nurse had other employment which compensated nounced against it. her for the loss which she sustained by not being in the employ; Mr. President, the statements upon the floor of the Senate of the Army, and if she did not get employment, the reason yesterday indicated, as I said a moment ago, that there are therefor? numerous boards and tribunals, not only in the War and Navy 1\fr. WADSWORTH. The unfortunate thing was that the Departments and the Coast and Geodetic Survey, but in a score nurse in question was in jail during that entire time.· This or more of the administrative and executive bureaus and depart case constitutes one of the most distressing and horrible things ments and instrumentalities of the Government, that are em that I have ever encountered in connection with the treatment powered to <>'O out and make investigation of their own derelic of a good woman by the Government. It arose from a frame-up, tions and dclmquencies and to pron9unce judgments, which .the which the Government finally understood was a frame-up, and Government will be compelled to pay. If the Court of Claims when they did understand it she was released and restore<.I to has not jurisdiction to take care of cases growing out of torts, service. and if this is a case sounding in tort, a general statute ought 1\Ir. KING. A frame-up by officers? to be enacted that will afford f-ull and ample opportunity for Mr. WADSWORTH. .It is difficult to say just how -it com· claimants :against the Government to litigate their cl~ims .. It menced. The story is a rather distressing one, and I hesitate seems to me this is a most dangerous method of dealmg w1:th very much to tell it. claims against the Government of the United States. I hope Mr. KING. I shall not ask the Senator to do that. the bill will be defeated and that the entire question of pro· Mr. WADSWORTH. The Military Intelligence Department vidino- a proper procedure to determine valid claims against of the War Department realized the error that had been made, the G~vernment may be fully considered and legislation enacted, and the Department of Justice also realized it; and both if necessary, in order that the rights of citizens and the rights departments, together with the Surgeon General, the head of of the United States may be ·fully protected. • the whole Medical Service, joineu in an urgent request that this 1\fr. McKELLAR. 1\Ir. President, I desire to ask the Senator relief be granted to Miss Lustig. She has· been restored to from New York a question. In arriving at the conclusion how service, and she is now a member of the Army Nurse Corps. did the representatives of the Government an? the claimant Mr. KING. I want to give notice to the distinguished if reach a conclusion on the amount? I was not ill the Chamber Senator from New York, in view of his statement, that the a little while ago when this matter came up. War Department does not make an investigation to determine :Mr. CALDER. The claimant put in a bill to the Govern who was at fault, and compel the individuals, if they are ment for $122,000. This was referred to a naval board of in· Army officers or if they are in the employ of the Government, ·quiry, which sat for several days, an~ fina~y agree.d that the to make restitution to the Treasury of this amount. I shall claimant was entitled to the sum meJ;li.IOned m the bill. introduce a resolution of investigation to ascertain why such Mr. McKELLAR. They heard the proof? course has not been pursued. 1\fr. CALDER. They heard the proof. Mr. WADS WORTH. I may say to the Senator from Utah Mr. 1\IcKELLAR. And then decided what? . that the Government has done its best to locate the blame , 1\Ir. CALDER. They decided that the claimant was en· for this thing. The persons involved in it have utterly dis titled to $118,300, the amount stated in the bill. The conclusion appeared. I have followed this case for many month~, and I of the recommendation of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy must say that the officers, when they discovered theu error, is as follows : have d<>ne tlieir very best to remedy it; but the only thing that could be done to give relief in part to the unfortunate person In view of the fact that the record indicated that the Navy is clearly involved was to have Congress pass an act authorizing the pay responsible for the damages suffered by .the cla_;illlant as a res~lt of the said collision and further that the claUDant 1s engaged in rmportant ment to this nurse of the money which she would have earned Government work in deepening and widening the Hell Gate Channel, I .as an Army nurse during the period of her confinement. have the honor to recommend that the bill receive favorable considera Mr. KING. In view of the Senator's statement, I believe the tion by the Committee on Claims. appropriation should be made; but I feel that the War Depart~ That is signed by Mr. Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the ment with the vast resources at its command, should deter.. Navy. min· 'whQ cominitted this crime against the nu~e and prosecute . 2498 CONGRESS! ON AL-- ;RECORD-SENATE:- them criminally, and compel them to refund the-amount the The Senator from West Virginia [Mr. ELKINS] with the Sen United States will pay to the injured party. After waiting a ator from Arizona [Mr. SMITH] ; rea ·onable time I shall call the chairman's attention to this The Senator from New l\lexico [Mr. FALL] with the Senator matter, and if there is no satisfactory reply from the proper from Wyoming [l\lr. KENDRICK]; . department I shall ask an investigation of the entire matter. The Senator from New Jersey [Mr. FRELNGHUYSEN] with The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill is before the Senate as in the Senator from Montana [Mr. WALSH] ; · Committee of the Whole and open to amendment. If there be Tbe Senator from New Hampshire [1\lr. KEYES] with the Sen no amendment to be proposed, the bill will be reported to the ator from Louisiana [1\ir. RANSDELL] ; Senate. The Senator from Connecticut [Mr. l\1cLE.a~] with the Sen The bill was reported to the Senate without amendment, ator from Montana [Mr. l\IYERS] ; and ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third The Senator from Michigan [Mr. NEWBERRY] with the Sen time, and passed. - ator from l\lissouri [Mr. REED]. CALLING OF THE ROLL. Mr. BALL (after havin-g voted·in the affirmative). I have a .Mr. HARRISON. I suggest the absence of a quorum. general pair with the senior Senator from Florida (Mr. The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will call the roll. FLETCHER]. I transfer that pair to the senior Senator from The roll was called, and the following Senators answered to Illinois [Mr. SHERMAN] and let my vote stand. their-names: - Mr. WATSON (after having voted in the affirmative). I Ashurst ·Harding McCormick Sheppard voted, but I afterwards learned that my pair, the senior Senator Ball Harris McKellar Smith, Ga. from Delaware [l\fr. \VOLCOTT] is not in the Chamber. I trans Beckham Harrison Moses Smoot fer my pair with that Senator to the Senator from California Brandegee Henderson Myers Spencer Capper Hitchcock Nelson Stanley [Mr. JoHNSON] and permit my vote to stand. Chamberlain Johnson, Calif. New Sterling . Mr. McCORMICK. I have a pair with the junior Senator Cummins Johnson, S.Dak. Norris Sutherland from Nevada [l\Ir. lli~~DERSON]. May I ask if he has voted'/ Curtis Jones, N.Mex. Nugent Underwood Dillingham Jones, Wash. Overman Wadsworth The VICE PRESIDENT. He has not. · . · Fernald Kellogg Page Warren Mr_. McCORMICK. I transfer my pair to the junior Senator France King Phelan Watson from Wisconsin [Mr. LENROOT] and vote "yea." Glass Kirby Phipps Williams Gronna Knox Pomerene 1\~r. OVERMAN. - May I inquire ~f the senior Senator from Hale Lodge Ransdell 'Yyoruing [Mr. WARREN] has voted? · Mr. MOSES. I desire to announce the ab ence of my col The 'VICE PRESIDENT. He has not. league [Mr. KEYEs] on account of illness in his family. This _Mr. ~VERMAN. Having a general pair with that Senator, I announcement may stand for. the day. · · wlll 'iVIthhold my vote. 1\Ir. GRONNA. I wish to announce that the Senator from The result wa announcell-yeas 3.3, nays 6, as follows: Wisconsin [1\Ir. LA FoLLETTE] is absent on account of illness. YEAS-33. I ask that this announcement may stand for the day. · Ball Hale Nelson Sterling Mr. CURTIS. I have been requested to announce that the Beckham Harding New •.'utberland SE>nator from Iowa [Mr. KENYON], the Senator from New Jer Borah Ha.rri!'> Nugent 1-'ownsend Brant.lt>gce Jones, N. Mex. Page Wadsworth sey [l\Ir. EDGE], and the Senator from Louisian!!_ [Mr. GAY] Capper Knox Phipps Watson are absent on business of the Senate. Chamberlain McCormick Poindexter Williams Curtis McCumber ~heppard The VICE PRESIDENT. Fifty-four Senators have answered Fernahl McKellar Smoot to the roll call. There is a quorum present. France McNary Spt>rrcer CIVIL-SERVICE RETffiEMENT. NAYS-G. Mr. STERLING. I move that the Senate proceed to the con Cummins .Tobn;;on, S.Dak. Pomerene Thomas sideration of the bill (S. 1699) for: the' :retirement of employees Harrison Norris · in the classified civil service, and for other purposes. NOT VOTING-57. -The VICE PRESIDENT. The yeas and nays haYe been or Ashurst Gore McLean Smith. Ariz. dered on this motion, and the roll will be called. Bankhead Gronna Moses Smith, Ga. The Reading Clerk proceeded to call the roll. Caldet· Henderson Myers Smith, Md. Colt Hitchcock ·Newberry Smith, S.C. Mr. JONES of Washington (when his name was called). The Culberson J obnson, Calif. Overman Stanley senior Senator from Virginia [Mr. SWANSON] is necessarily Dial .Tones, Wash. Owen Swanson· absent on account of the illness of his wife. I agreed to pair Dillingham Kellogg Penrose Trammell Edge Kendrick Phelan Underwood with him during his absence, and therefore I withbold my vote. Elkins Kenyon Pittman · Walsh, Mass. If at liberty to vote; I would vote" yea." Fall Keyes · Ransdell Walsh1 Mont. Mr. KELLOGG (when his name was ealled). I have a pair Fletcher . King Reed Warren Frelinghuysen Kirby Robinson Wolcott with the Senator from North Carolina [l\1r. Sn.rMo~s], and in Gay La Follette Sherman his absence I withhold my vote. Gerry Lenroot Shlelds 1\Ir. MOSES (when his name was called). I have a general Glass Lodge Simmons pair with the Senator from Louisiana [Mr. GAY] ·and withhold The YICE PRESIDENT. Tbere are three Senators present my vote. ' and not voting. A ·quorum has n~t voted. The, Seci'etat·y will Mr. STERLING (when his name was called). I transfer my call the roll. pair· with the Senator from South Carolina [Mr. SMITH] to the The Reading Clerk called the roll," and the following Senators Senator from Iowa [Mr. KENYON] and vote" yea." answered to their names: Mr. WILLIAMS (when his name was called). I transfer my Ball Henderson Nort·is Sterl~g pail· with the senior Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. PENROSE] Capper jones,' Wash. Nugent Sutherland to the senior Senator from Alabama [Mr. ~ANKHEAD] arid vote Culberson Kellogg Overman Thomas "yea." Curtis Knox Pa~e · Townsend Dillingham Lodge Phipps Wadsworth The roll call was concluded. Fernald . McCormick Pomerene Warren 1\Ir. DILLINGHAM (after having voted in the affirmative). Glass : McKellar Sheppard Williams I have already voted, but having a general pair with the·senior Hale Moses Smoot · Senator from Maryland [Mr. SMI'l'H], who is necessarily de Harding • · NelMn, ~ , .v- Spencer tained from the Senate, I am compelled to withdraw my vote. Harris New . Stanley l\11~. PIDPPS. I transfer my pair with the junior Senator The VICE PRESIDENT. Thirty-seven Senators have an from South Carolina [Mr. DIAL] to the Senator from New York swered to the roll calL There is not a quorum present. The [Mt•. CALDER] and vote "yea." . Secretary will call the names of the absent Senators. l\Ir. 1\IoKELLAR. I have been requested to_ announce that · The Reading Clerk called the names of the absentees, and Mr. the Senator from l\lassachusetts [Mr. WALSH], the Senator GRONNA, l\'lr. l\IcNABY, Mr. PHELAN, Mr. RANSDELL, Mr. SHEB from Delaware [Mr. WoLCori], the Senator from Rhode Island MAN, and 1\Ir. UNDERWOOD answered to their names when called. [Mt·. ·GERRY], and the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. RoBINSON] 1\lr. OVERMAN. . I desire to announce that my colleague [Mr. are detained on official business. SIMMONS] is unavoidab1y detained at home. He has a general l\Ir. CURTIS. I have been requested to announce the follow- pair with the Senator from Minnesota [l\Ir. K.El;LOGG]. I will let ing pairs: . · this announcement stand for the day. Thf' Senator from Rhode Island [Mr. CoLT] with the Senator . Mr. CHAMBERLAIN, Mr. BECKHAM, Mr. CUMMiNs, Mr. BRAN from Florida LMr. TBAMMELL] ; DEGEE, Mr. FRANCE, Mr. GoRE, Mr: KING, 1\Ir. llrTCHCo~k; and The Senator from New Jersey [Mr~ EDGE] ·with the Senator 1\Ir. JoHNSON of South Dakota. entered the . Chamber and an .from Oklahoma [Mr. OwEN]; swered to their names. 1-920. OONGRESSION·AL RECORD-- SENATE, 249a The PRESIDING OFFICER (1\Ir. B..u.L in the chair). Fifty~ · NOT· VOTi.~c;--54. Simmons two Senators having answered to their names, · there is a q\10-' ~!turst 8i!~~ McLean Smith, Ariz. rum present. The yeas anll nays have been oruered on the · Bankhead Gore Moses Smith, Ga. motion ot the Senator from South Dakota [Mr. STERLI~G], and Borah Gronna Myers Smith, Md. Smith, S.C. the Secretary will call the roll. g~~er Jir{c1!~ock ~~:Z,~~~ Swanson The Reading Clerk proceeued to' call the roll. Dial .Tone~ Wash. . Owen Thomas l\lt'. JOKES of w·ashington {when his name was called). ~~lingham ~!~~~~k ~~~~e Trammell Walsh, Mass. Making the same announcement with reference to my pair that J11fi'iis Kenyon Phipps . Walsh, Mont. I made a moment ago, I withhold my 'lOte. I ask that this an- Fall Keyes Pittman Watson nonncement may stanu for the rest of the day. If at liberty to ~~~W~:~uysen · t!.r~~llette ~~'k.on Wolcott vote on this question, I would vote " yea.'' Gay Lenroot . Shields l\Ir. KELLOGG (when bis name was calleu) · l\laking the The PRESIDING OFFICER. On the motion of the Senator sam·e announcement with reference to my pair as on the pre- from South Dakota the yeas are 36 and tlie nays are 6. The vious roll call, I withhold my vote. Senator from. Washington [1\Ir. JoNEs], the Senator from Min· Mr. MOSES (when his name was called). I haye a general nesota [l\Ir. KELLOGG], the Senator from New Hampshire [1\Ir. pair with th~ junior Senator from Louisiana [Mr. GA.Y]. He MosEs], the Senator from Indiana [l\Ir. WATSON], the Senator being absent, I withhold my 'lOte. from Vermont [Mr. DILLINGHAM]; the Senator from l\Iassachu~ 1\Ir. PHIPPS (when his name was called)· Making the same setts [Mr. LODGE], and the Senator from Colorado [l\Ir. PHIPPS] ~ announcement as before as to my pair and transfer, I vote being present, there is a quorum. "vea." · . So the motion was agreed to; and the Senate, as in Commit· ·1\11~. STERLING (when his name was called). l\Iaking the tee of the ·whole, proceeued to consider the bill {S. 1699) for same announcement as before with reference to my pair and the retirement of employees in the classified civil service, and ~ transfer, I vote "yea." for other purposes, which had been reported from the Com- 1\lr. WATSON (when his name was called). I have a gen~ mittee on Civil Service and Retrenchment with amendments. eral pair with the senior Senator from Delawar.e [Mr.. WoL~ Mr. STERLING. I ask that the bill-may be read. COTT]. I am unable to obtain a transfer of. my parr, and Ill th~ The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. FERN..ll.D in the chair). absence of the Senator from Delaware I mthhold my vote. I The Clerk will read the bill. Mr. WILLIAMS (when his name was called!· l transfer my The bill was reau as follows: pair with the senior Senator from Pennsylvama [Mr. PEl\~OSE] Be it ena.cted etc. That beginning at the expimtion of 90 days next to the senior Senator from Alabama [l\fr. BA!'l"KHE.u>] and vote following the passage and appt·oval of this act, all employees in the "yea." classified civil service of the United States who have on that date, or The roll call was concluded. shall have on any date thereafter, reached the age of 65 years and· rendered at least 13 yeat·s of service, computed as prescribed in section 1\Ir. DILLINGHAM. I ·have a general pair with the senior 3 of this act, shall be eligible for retirement on an annuity as provided• Senator from Maryland [1\lr. SMITH]. In his absence I witll ~ in section 2 hereof: Provi-ded, That mechanics, city and rural lette~ hold my vote. carriers, and post-office clerks shall be eligible for retirement at 62· yeat·s of age, and railway postal clerks at 60 years of age. 1\Ir. WATSON. Although not voting, I desire to be counted The provisions of this act shall include employees of the Library o~ as present for the purpose of making a quorum. CongreEs and the Botanic Gardens, excepting persons appointed by the l\Ir. LODGE (after having voted in the affirmative). I have President and confirmed by the Senate, and may be extended by Execu· tive order, upon recommendation of the Civil Service Commission, to a creneral pair with the senior Senator from Georgia [Mr. include any employee or group of employees in the civil service of the SM~TH]·. He has not voted, and I withdraw my vote. United States not classified at the time of the passage of this act.. 1\Ir. PHIPPS (after having voted in the affirmatiYe). The The President shall have power, in his discretion, to exclude from th~ operation of this act any employee or group of employees in the classi· Senator from Georgia [Mr. HARRIS] with whom the Senator tied civil service whose tenure of office or employment is intermittent oC' from New York [1\fr. . CALDEr.] is paired having entered the of uncertain duration. Chamber, I withdraw my 'lOte. • All regular annual employees of the municipal government of the District of Columbia, appointed directly by the commissioners, includ l\Ir. HARRISON. I desire to announce that the junior Sena~ ing those receiving per diem compensation paid out of general appro· tor from Florida [Mr. TRAMMELL] is absent on account of ill priations, but whose services are continuous, and including public-schoot ness. I ask that the announcement may stand for the day. employees, excepting school officers and teachers, shall be included in the provisions of this act, but mefPbers of the poll.ce and fire depart Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. I transfer my pair with the junior ments shall ue excluded therefrom. Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. KNox] to the junior Senator Postmasters, and such employees of the Lighthouse Service as com~ from Rhode Island [1\fr. GERRY] and vote "yea." within the provisions of section 6 of the act of June !:!0, 1918, entitled "An act to authorize aids to navigation and for other works in thB Mr. HARRIS. I have a pair with the Senator from New Lighthouse Service, and for other purposes," shall not be included in York [Mr. CALDER]. In his absence I withhold my vote. the provisions of this act. Mr. RANSDELL. I have a general pair with the Senator SEc, 2. That for the purpose of determining the amount of annuity which retired employees shall receive, the following classifications ami· from New Hampshire [Mr. KEYEs]. I transfer that pair to the rates shall be established: Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. WALSH] and vote "yea." Class A shall include all employees to whom this act applies who shall - ,. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. BALL, after having voted have served the United States for a total period of 30 years or more .. The annuity to a. retired employee in this class shall equal 60 per cent or in the affirmative). I have a general pair with the senior such employee·s average annual basic salary, pay, or compensation from · Senator from Florida [Mr. FLETCHER]. He is not present and the United States for the '10 years next preceding the date on which be has not voted. I therefore withdraw my vote. or she shall retire: Providecl, That in no case shall an annuity in this class exceed $720 per annum or be less than $360 per annum. 1\Ir. McKELLAR. I have been requested to announce that Class B shall include all employees to whom this act applies who the Senator from Massachusetts [1\Ir. 'V ALSH], the Senator shall have served the United States for a total period of 27 years 01: from Delaware [Mr. WoLcoTT], the Senator. from Rhode Island more, but less than 30 years. The annuity to a retired -employee in [Mr. GERRY], and the Senator from Arkansas [1\Ir. RoBI!'l"SON] this class shall equal 54 per cent of such employee's annual basic salary, pay, or compensation ft·om the United States for the 10 years next pre~ are detained on official business. ceding the date on which he or she shall retire: P1·ovided, That in no 1\Ir. HARRISON. I have been requested to announce that case shall an annuity in this class exceed $648 per annum, or be less 2 the Senator from Virginia [1\Ir. SwA~SoN] and the Senator from th~~a!: a ~i;~~n~ucf~de all employees to wh-om this act applies who Florida [1\Ir. TRAMMELL] 'are detained by illness in their fami- shall have served the United States for a total period of 24 ~ears or lie~ · more but less than 27 years. The annuity to a retired emp1oyee in I have also been requested to announce that the senior Senator thjs class shall equal 48 per cent of such employee's average annual basic salary, pay, or compensation from the United States for the 10 from Florida [Mr. FLETCHER], the senior Senator from South years next preceding the date on which he or she shall retire: Pro Carolina [Mr. Sl'.riTH], and the junior Senator from South Caro~ vi-ded, That in no case shall an annuity in this class exceed $57~ per annum, or be less than $288 per annum. linn [1\tr. DIAL] a.re detained on account of illness. Class D shall include all employees to whom this act applies who shall The roll call resulted-yeas 36, nays 6, us follows : have served the United States for a total period of 21 years or more, YEAS-36. but less than 24 years. The annuity to a retired employee in !his clasH Beckham Harding Nelson Spencer shall equal 42 per cent of such employee's average annual basic salary, Brandegee Henderson New Stanley pay or compensation from the United States for the 10 years next Capper J"ohnson, Calif. Nugent Sterling pre~eding the date on which he or she shall retire: P,rot·ided, That in Chamberlain Jones, N. Mex. Page Sutherland no case shall the annuity in this class exceed $504 per annum, or lie Culberson Knox· Poindexter Townsend less than $252 per annum. . Curtis McCormick Ransdell Underwood Class E shall include ·all employees to whom this act applies who Fernald McCumber Sheppard Wadsworth shall have served the United States for a total of 18 years or more, uut France McKellar Sherman Warren less than 21 years. The annuity to a retired employee in this class IIale McNary ::)moot Williams shall equal 36 per cent of such employee's average annual basic salary, pay, or compensation ~rom the United States for the_ 10 y~ars NAYS-G. next preceding the date on whtch he ol' she shall retire :· Pronded, "'hat Cummins .Johnson, S. Dak. Nbrris Pomerene in no case shall an annuity in this class exceed $432 per annum, or I.Je Harrison King less than $216 per annum. LIX--138 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. FEBRUARY 5; Class F shall include all employees to whom this act applies who certification by the Civil Service Commission, and at the end of the shall have served the United States for a total period of 15- years or two years he or she may, by similar certification, be continued for a.n more, but less than 18 years. The annuity to a retired employee additional term not exceeding two years, and so on : Provid.ed., however,. in this class shall equal 30 per cent of such employee's average annual That at the end of 10 years after this act becomes effective no employee basic salary, pay, or compensation from the United States f~r the 10 shall be continued in the civil service of the United States beyond the years next preceding the date on which he or she shall retue: Pro age of retirement defined in section 1 hereof for more than four years.· vided, That in no case shall an annuity in this class exceed $360 per SEc. 7. That every employee who is or hereafter becomes eligible for annum, or be Je~s than $1 0 per annum. . . retirement because of age as provided in this act, shall, within 6() The term "basic salary, pay, or compensation" wherever used m days after its passage or 30 days before reaching the :retiJ:ement age, or, this act shall be so construed as to exclude from the operation of the at any time thereafter, file with the Commissioner of Pensions, in sucb' act all bonuses, allowances, ove1·time pay, or salary, . pay, or com form as be may prescribe, an application for an .annuity,, supported by pensation given in addition to the base. pay of the pos1tions as fixed a certificate from the beacl of the department, branch, or independent by law or regulation. office of the Gover:pment in which the applicant has been employed, SEc. 3. That for the purpos('s of this act and subject to the provisions stating the age and _period or periods of service of the applicant and of section 10 hereof, the period of service shall be computed from. the salary, J?ay, or compensation received during such periods, as shown by date of original employment, whether a.s a classified or unclassified the offic1al records: Provided, hotoever, That in the case of an employee employee in the civil sen"ice of tb United States, and shall include who is to be continued in the civil service of the United States beyond periods of service at different times and services in one or more depart the retirement age as provided in section 6 hereof, be or sbc may make ments, branches, or independent offices of the Government•. and shall application for retirement at any time within such period of continu also include service performed under authority of the Um~ed States ance in the service ; but nothing contained in this act shall be construed beyond seas, and bonoral>le service in the Army, Navy, Manne Corps, ~o prevent the compulsory retirement of such employee when in the or Coast Guard of the UnHed States : Provided, That in th~ case of Judgment of the head of the department, branch, or independent office an employee who is eligible for and elects to receive a pension unc;Ier in which he or she is employed such retirement would promote the best any law, or compensation under the war-risk insurance act, the per1od interests of the service. of his or her military or naval service shall not be included for the Upon r('ceipt of satisfactory evidence the Commissioner of Pensions purpose of assignment to classes defined in section 2 bere(}f, bu~ p.oth shall. forthwith adjudicate the claim of the applicant, and if title to. ing contained in this act shall be so construed as to affect m any annmty be established, a proper certificate shall be issued to th-e an manner his or her right to a pension, or to compensation ~der the nuitant under the seal of the Department of the Interior. war-risk insurance act, in addition to the annuity herein P!OVIded. Annuities granted under this act for retirement on account of age It is further provided tbat in computing length of serv:1ce for the shall commence from the date of termination of pay for active service. purposes of this act all periods of separation from the serVIce ~hall be on or after the date this act shall take effect. and shall continue during the life of the annuitant. Annuities granted for disability under the excluded, and that in the case of substitutes in the Postal SerVlce only provisions of section 5 hereof shall be subject to the limitations speei.. periods of active employment shall be included. . fied in said section. SEC. 4. That for the purpose of administration, except as. otherwise SEc. 8. That beginning on tho first day of the third month next fol proy-ided herein, the Commissioner of Pensions, under the direction of lowing the passage of this act and monthly thereafter there shall be the Secretary of the Interior, be, and is hereby, authorized and directed deducted and withheld from the basic salary, pay, or compensation ol to perform, or cause to be performed, any and all acts and to make each employee to wi?om this act applies a sum equal to 2~ per cent of such rules and regulations as may be necessary and proper for the such employee's bas1c salary, pay, or compensation. The Secretary of purpose of carrying the provisions of this act into full force and effect. the Treasury shall cause the said deductions to be withheld !rom all An appeal to the Secretary.of the Interior shall lie from the final ~ction specific appropriations for the particular salaries or compensation or order of the Commissioner of Pensions affecting the rights or mter from which the deductions are made and from all allotments out of ests of any person or of the United States under this act, the pr~eedure lump-sum appropriations for payments of such salaries or compensation on appeal to be as prescribed by the Commissioner of Pensions, W1th the for each fiscal year, and said sums shall be transferred on the books of approval of the Secretat·y of the Interior. the Treasury Department to the credit of a special fund t(} be known as SEc. 5. That any employee to whom this act applies who shall have ''the civil-service retirement and disability fund," and said fund ia served for a total period of not less than 15 years, and who, before hereby appropriated for the payment of annuities, refunds, and allow rea<'hing the retirement age as fixed in section 1 hereof, beco~ef! totally ances as provided in this act. disabled for useful and efficient service by reason of disease or mJury not The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to invest from time due to vicious hal>its, intemperance, or willful misconduct on the part to time, in interest-bearing securities of the United State , such por of the employee, shall, upon his or her own application or upon the tions of the " civil-service :retirem~nt and disability fund " he.reby cre request or order of the bead of the dt;partment, branch,_ or independ~nt ated as in .llis judgment may not be immediately required for the pay~ office concerned, be retired on an annmty under the prov1sions. of section ment of annuities. refunds, and allowances as herein provided, and the 2 hereof: Provided, hotvever, That no emJ.llOyee shall be retired under income derived from such investments shall constitute a part of said the provisions of this section until exammed by a medical officer of fund for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of section 11 ot the United States or a duly. qualified physician o_r ~urgeon or b . 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2501 - / in accordance with the lawR, rules, and regulatillmi governing ac<'ount- The PRESIDING OFFICER The Senator did not yi ld ing t hat may be found applicable to- such payments. _ SEc. 13. That it shall be the duty of the bead of each executive de for that purpose. He yielded only for a question. partment and the lJead of each independent establishment of the Govern l\fr. STERLING. I think, Mr. :President, I appreciate tl.te ment not within the jurisdiction of any executive departm<'nt to report Senator's wish to call for a quorum; but 've might have a to the Civil Ser>ice Commi ·sion in such manner as said commission may pres~ribe the name and grade of each employee to whom this act quorum here---- applie:;: in or under .said department or <'stablishment who shall be at 1\Ir. WILLIAMS. I intended to ue absolutely courteous nntl any time in a nonpa.y status, showing the dates such employee wa>l in nice, and asked the Senator to yield. The Senator declined to a nonpay status, and the amount of salary, pay, or compcnsatitm lost bv the employee by reason of such absence. The Civil Service Commis yield except for a question. sion s hall keep a record of appointments, transfers, changes in grad~, l\lr. STERLING. Yes. separations from the service, reinstatements, loss of pay, and sucn l\lr. WILLIAl\IS. Then I asked for a quorum. other information concerning indi>idual service as may be deemed f'S sential to a ~roper determination of rights under this act, and shall 1\Ir. STERLING. Mr. President, I did not decline to yield for furnish the Commissioner of Pensions such reports therefrom as be a question. I do not think the Senator can take me off the floor. shall from time to time request as necessary to the 11l'Oper adjustmi'nt will of any claim hereunder, and shall prepare and keep all needful tables l\lr. WILLIAMS. Then the- Senator perhaps yield? and records required for carrying out the provisions of this ~ct, includ l\1r. STERLING. Not for the purpose of suggesting the ab ing data showing the mortality experience of the employees in the set'Y sence of a quorum. I will yield for a question. ice, and the percentage of withdrawal from such rervil:e, and any other information that may serve as a guide for future valuations and ad l\lr. WILLIAMS. Ob, the Senator yielded merely for a justments of the plan for the retirement of employees under t!Jis act. question? The Commissioner of Pensions shall make a detailed comparative t·e l\lr. STERLING. I decline to yield, 1\lr. Presillent, except port annually showing all receipts and disbursements on account of re funds, allowances, and annuities, together with tile total number of for a question, anu I do that with all deference and respect for persons receiving annuities and the amounts paid them. tile Senator from l\lis issippi. SEc. 14. That none of the moneys mentioned in this act shall be The PRESIDING OFFICER. Tb.e Senator declines to yield. assignable, either in law or equity, or be subject to execution, levy or attachment, garnishment, or other legal P!-"OCess. . . l\lr. WILLIAl\IS. I have no question to ask, 1\Ir. President. I SEC. 15. That for the fiscal year endmg June 30, _19~0. then• 13 wantefl to interject an observation that I wanted the Senate to hereby authorized to be appropriated, from any moneys m tl~c Treas ury consiUer. If the Senator will not yield for that purpose, then I not otherwise appropr·iated, the sum of $100,000 for salar_Ies and for clerical and other services, the purch!lse of books, office eqUipment, :;:ta ask for a quorum. tionery and other supplies, and all other expense~ neces ary in carrying The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from: South Da out the provisions of this act, including traveling expenses anrl ex-· h."'ta will proceeu. pense · of medical and other examinations as provided in section 5 l\1r. STERLING. l\lr. Pre ·ident, aside from the employees hereof. . s The Secretary of the Interior shall submit annually to the ecre!ary "ho are iutere ted, there are the other parties. The first is the of the Treasury estimates of the appropriations necessary to ctmtmue Government itself, which is interested in securing efficiency, this act in full force and etrect...... 'EC. 16. ~·bat all laws and parts of laws wcons1 tent wrth tht · act in teres ted in econom~·-- are hereby repealed. 1\Ir. WILLIAMS. 1\lr. Preshlent, I suggested the ab ence of a 1\lr. STERLING. l\1r. President, in the consideration of this quorum. bill I admit at the beginning a full sense of responsibility. It The PRESIDING OFFICER The Senator from South Da is an important measure, and ~f it is passed it means the estab kota declined to yield. lisl1ment by our Go\ernment for the first time of a civil l\Ir. \VILLIAl\IS. But the Senator had already yielUeu ; and, ser"Vice retirement system, under which the employee in the ha"Ving yielded, of course it is al"ays in order to suggest the classified civil service, if he has served the requisite time pro absence of a quorum. l'ided by the bill-namely, a minimum of 15 years-and has 1\Ir. STERLING. 1\Ir. President-- reached tlle age of retirement provided for in the bill-namely, 1\Ir. TOWNSEND. The Senator did not yield. in most cases 65 years and in other special cases 6~ years and The PitESIDING OFFICER. It is unparliamentary to take GO years, respectively-will have upon retirement a maximum a Senator from the floor while he is proceeding with a speech, annuity, dependent upon length of service and amount of salary, and the Se11ator from South Dakota declined to yield. of $720, and a minimum annuity, dependent likewise, of course, Mr. WILLIAMS. l\lr. President, I have never known a time upon a smaller salary and a less Qeriod of service, of $180. when the suggestion of the absence of a quorum was not recog nized by tile Ohair. 1\Ir. President, I think we all ha"Ve observed the need of a 1\Ir. STERLING. If the Senator from Mississippi will reflect, civil-service retirement system. We can not have visited the I know he will recall to mind many times when Senators ba,...e several great departments of this Government from time to time declined to be taken from the floor on the suggestion of the ab in the performance of our duties as Senators without seeing sence of a quorum. here and there in every department at the various desks at 1\Ir. WILLIAl\IS. But the Senator did not dedine to yield. which clerks are employed the inefficient who were unable to Mr. STERLING. I do decline now. perform full senice, their inefficiency ranging all the way froJ;_n The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator declined to yit'i<.L no efficiency at all to, perhaps, 75 or 80 per cent of efficiency Mr. WILLIAMS. Very well. in the service. Mr. STERLING. So, as I say, 1\lr. President-- The first question, Mr. President, is, \Tho now are interested 1\Ir. WILLIAMS. Now, I ask the Senator if he will yield to in the passage of a civil-service retirement bill and in the an interruption for a moment? establishment of such a system for om· Government? l\Ir. STERLING. No; not for au interruption. I will yield There are three parties who are interested: First, the em to the Senator for a question. ployees themselves. We may divide those into two classes, l\Ir. WILLIAMS. I will not make the point of tlO quorum, but first, the aged, who after long years of service on very moderate I want to make an interruption. salaries, on which they have been unable to accumulate any Mr. STERLING. I will not yield, 1\lr. President, just on tile thillg, feel that they are entitled because of that long service suggestion that the Senator wants to interrupt me. to some recognition from the Government and to have some The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from South Da· pro"Vision made for their declining years, the few remaining kota will proceed. years after they have reached the age of retirement. But the l\fr. STERLING. The Government, by reason of a lack of aged are not the only ones who are interested in a provision of efficiency nn the part of aged employees, of course, is expending, this kind. The younger men and women are interested, too. I -w·ill say now, millions of dollars annually that it should not ex And why·? Because the retention in the service of the aged pend, and would not be required to expend under a proper civil and inefficient denies them their right to advancement and service retirement system. promotion in the service ; and so we may say in a broad way Mr. President, there is the great public besides. It aU ulti that all classes of employees are interested in and, I think, mately comes back to the public, and the interest the public has ha"Ve a right to demand the enactment of an adequate civil in such a system, of course interested primarily in efficient gt)V service retit·ement law. ernment, in the doing of the work of the several departments uf 1\lr. 'VILLIAl\1S. 1\Ir. President-- Government well. It is interestell, of course, in the second place, Tile PRESIDING OFFICER (l\Ir. FERNALD in the chair). in the doing of the work economically, interested in the saving of Does the Senator from South Dakota yield to the Senator from tile nn1lions that may be saved annually under a retirement Mississippi? system. Mr. STERLIKG. I think that I-- So we have those three factors: The employees themselves, 1\Ir. 'VILLIAl\IS. I have listened-- by whom I know we wish to do justice and cart not without 1\Ir. STERLING. Does the Senator from Mississippi desire to some retirement system; the Government itself, whose busi: ask me a question? I will yield to the Senator for a question. ness should be efficiently and economically managed; and the 1\Ir. \VILLlAJ.\IS. Oh, is that all? public itself, the taxpayers, who are affected, of course, by in Mr. STERLING. I think so. efficiency and lack of economy in the lli.SI)ntch and manage Mr. WILLIAMS. Then, 1\fr. President, I ask for a quorum. ment of the Government ·business. Mr. STERLING. I hope the Senator will forego that. This much, Mr. President, is prelimin::u-y. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. FEBRU~Y 5 2502 \ I shall let authority better than myself speak as to the needs, the principles of humanity by which the heads of the depart· and I will quote briefly from those who officially come. in con ments are moved in retaining them in the service. tact daily with the situation. The Committee on Civil Service Secretary Redfield said further : and Retrenchment of the Senate had quite extensive hearings I am not specially concerned as' to the details of any measure,. but d& on this bill, and I want to quote briefly from some of the state earnestly hope it may be possible soon to establish a civil renrement system which will at once justly provide !or those who have ser:ved ments made in those hearings. many years, open the door to more rapid promotion and to larger oppor-. Mr. Galloway, until lately a member qf the Civil Service tunities for younger and more active employees, and make the Govern Commission, quoted in the hearing at which he was a witness ment work more efficient. not only through. the removal of inefrectives but by the nnc,Jnscious but very real self-discipline that comes in re from the annual report of the commission for 1917, and I read sponse to wise and far-seeing treatment of the employee. from page 15 of that hearing : 1\fr. Wilson, Secretary of Labor, said, as will be found on page A retirement system would give stability to the service, create an inducwnent to capable men to continue in it. contribute to improved 38: adminiStrative methods, and make possible a standardization of sal Entirely apart from the humanities and justice involved in sueh aries and other n eeded reforms. The• benefits to the service from an legislation. it would seem to be high time to recognize the :fact that the equitable retirement system would justify a direct contribution from executive departments have a pension roll whether they like it Gr the Public Treasury to create an annuity for superannuated employees not. in the service at the time the system is established. I hope Senators will get the full signiiicance of tho-se words. 'Vhile reading this excerpt, Mr. President, I am led to think Of course, if a mnn is wholly inefficient he is getting a pension of another thing that has a very close connection with it, and to the full amount ot his salary ; if he is 50 per cent inefficient that is the fact that we have now a great reclassification com he is getting a pension, as it were, to the extent of 50 per cent mission at work. I am not sure but what the commission has of his salary, and so on. about completed its work. But note the bearing that a civil 1\Ir. Wilson proceeds: service retirement law will have upon the work of this commis and that it is the most expensive, cumbersome, and ln man-y ways sion. I say this having in view the idea, namely, that the en inhuman sort of a pension .system. What I refer to here is the water logged pay roll, which in all essentials produces a pension system with actment of a retirement law should antedate the report of that out the retirement. In other words. aged and decrepit employees who commission, o1· antedate anyhow any law which :we may desire have been worn out in Government service are retained on the pay ro1l to enact in regard to reclassification in pursuance of the at a salary which is considerably higher, in most c~. than would provide an adequate pension. These people are not discharged, can report of such a commission. n~t and will not be discharged by the heads of departments for humane :Mr. Galloway continued, reading from the report: reasons which we need not go into here. On the other hand, they must A retirement system would give stability to the service, create an be at their desks each day for seven hours in order to receive the salar7 inducement to capable men to continue in It, contribute to improved at which they are listed. This is not only a physical haroship upon administrative methods, and make possible a standardization of them, it is a useless and inhumane one. salaries, etc.- I might quote some other heads of departments or chief clerks, the work in which I understand the Reclassification Commis but I shall not take the time of the Senate now to read all these. sion is particularly interested. This is not Mr. Galloway's I should like, however, to read an extract from the letter of language. It is the language of the Civil Service Commission the Secretary of the Treasury, 1\fr. Glass, now Senator GLAss, itself which I read: on page 65 of the hearings, as follows : In the establishment of improved administrative methods serious The Treasury Department is constantly engaged .in the work of in difficulty has -been found in dealing with superannuated employees. creasing its efficiency and diminishing the relative expense of operation, The commission does not regard superannuation as an outgrowth of but any extensive and successful effort to improve the administrative the merit system, but deals with the subject of retirement in its re operations of this large department is very heavily handicapped by the ports because of its relation to im~roved administrative methodS. absence of a just method of retirement. Superannuation is older than the civil-service act, and any increase The efficiency of the department is retarded for want of a retirement is not a result of the merit system. Enuninations and efficiency ratings law. I believe that the enactment of legislation providing for super- tend to minimize superannuation by exposing incapacity, that other annuated or disabled employees of the civil service in this department wise would be hidden. The civil-service rules have never protected would result in economies and increased e1ficiency in the transaction of - incompetents. The improvement of methods and the proper adjust public business. It would be a measure of benefit to the Government. ment of pay can not be effectively provided for until a retirement sys and of justice to the employees who faithfully have devoted their talents tem is established which will make provision for this class of em and the best years of their lives to the interests of the Government. ployees~ The last paragraph of Secretary Glass's letter is a quotation the class of employees that would come in the superannuated from the armual report of his predecessor, Secretary McAdoo~ class. for the fiscal year, 1918, as follows: •The eommission believes that a contributory plan is the only just In considering this important question the attention of Congt-es is and practicable one for the retirement of employees, and 'earnestly respectfully invited to the possibilities of an expansion of the principles recommends its adoption at an early date. underlying the Bureau of War Risk Insurance. Humanity demands that The plan we propose, l\Ir. President, is a contributory plan. something be done for the civil employees of the Government, n.nd sug gestions of pension systems, while praiseworthy as an eft'ort to render l\fr. Galloway says further, in the course of his testimony, justice and effective as an expedient, would probably not afEord a real on page 17, being questioned by Senator CoLT: solution. It is confidently believed that the solution lies along the lines Senator COLT. But as a matter of principle, Mr. Galloway, as afford of insurance with both the Government and the civil employees con ing the best retirement bill, do you think that it would be better for tributing to a scientific plan that will provide for retirement as well the employee to contribute all? In other words, do you not think as insurance against death. possibly some burden ought to be thrown upon the Government? In that statement I think Secretary Glass embodies the prin Mr. GALLOWAY. Yes; I think that the Government should bear ciples of the bill now before the Senate. p~rt of it. Mr. Paul F. Myers, chief clerk of the Treasury Department, In the testimony of witnesses some very pathetic cases are in his testimony at page 69 of the hearings, said : given, cases of old people, men and women, who have to be car There are a large number of employees in the Treasury Department ried or wheeled in chairs to the office in which the work is done, ! should say, roughly speaking.,. about 1,000 employees-who have reached, the age where they are no tonger rendering first-class service to the. helped to their desks, and who remain doing absolutely nothing Government. Some of them are rendering 90 per cent efficient service. during the hours which they are expected to work, having some of them 50 per cent, some of them 25 per cent, and a few practi no efficiency whatever. There are all grades in the service, cally nothing, and officials of the Government and officials of the Treas ury Department. and, I think, that is true of all departments, feel that. . and in every branch of it, where there are people beyond 65, it is irihumane to drop these people trom the rolls for the reason that and even over 80 years of age, all grades, from no efficiency, us they would be forced to depend upon public charity for support. I said a moment ago, to 75 or 80 per cent of efficiency. So much for the general needs of a civil-service retirement I call attention to a letter from the Secretary of Commerce, system. Mr. Redfield, which was introduced and put into the· RECORD by Can the Government of the United States, with its resources, Mr. E. W. Libby, Chief Clerk of the Department of Commerce. its population, its wealth, afford to institute a civil-service re Mr. Redfield, as will be found on page 34, said : tirement system? We can afford it better than any other nation Failure to be as just in these matters as J?rivate concerns are injures in the world. As I said at the outset, there is no great civilized the Government, eith~r by causing the amb1tious to seek better oppor tunities for service elsewhere or by relaxing the efforts o! its employe€s nation in the world but has its civil-service retirement system. generally through the unconscious drag that comes from hopeless service. I beg the indulgence of the Senate for just a moment while I The result of the present condition is seen in the survival of many call attention to some of the systems found in other countries. old people in the Government work, who struggle on when they should have ceased from their labors, because they needs must. Enactments Germany, for example--and I hope that Senators will note requiring these aged workers to be discharged are substantially re the cost of the civil-service retirement system to the Go'\"ern pealed by the higher law of humanity. They are demoted and main ment of Germany-has had a civil-service retirement law since Ut.ined at reduced pay, thus creating what is in substance a pension , without retirement, without the dignity o:t a recognition by tlie Gov 1873. It was amended in 1881, in 1886, and again in 1907. Per ernment of their worth, and maintainini: the inefficiency which t:·veryone manent disability after 10 years of service entitles to a pension seeks to remove. for the remainder of life; -twenty-sixtieths for retirement for 'Ve ask the question sometimes, why do not heads of depart incapacity during the first 10 years of service; that is, twenty ments and bureaus discharge them? They can not discharge sixtieths of the average annual salary. Let us apply that and. them, and we can not help but commend, instead of condemn, see how much Germany pays in comparison with what the ' • • I I .... ; . - I . 1920. CONGRESS! ON AL. RECO_RD-SENATE~ - been their contribution. to the superannuation fund. Moreo;er, con tribu United States Government would have to pay under the pending tion to the fund gives the contributol;'s a vested interest and the right bill. to participate in control, removing it from the suggestion of c~arity. Taking the basic salary of $1,200, the pension. would be $400 It is now becoming universally recognized that a prop~r pension o.r superannuation fu.nd is not a charity, but a straight :msmess proposi for less than 10 years of service. From the tenth to the thirtieth tion, which pays for itself in higher effi.ciency of service and greater yea.r, inclusive, however, the pension incr~ases. It is. inc~eased economy of administration. each year by one-sixtieth of the annual mcome; Thus, if the I shall add that Australia and New Zealan.d tried both of the systems, and it was found that. the contributory" system was more satisfactory salary were $1,200, one:-sixtieth would be $20, and when the to the civil servants for the same reason stated by Mr. ]'oran. :rur. employee had served the thirtieth year his pension would be 20 Foran volunteers the news that the civil service of Canada is keenly times $20, plus-$400, or $800. Germany then pays $800. where interested in superannuation, and are planning a progressive policy. we, at most, would pay $72~, and the employee under the Ger 1.\fr, KELLOGG. Mr. President-- man system does not contribute one cent. It is a straight pen- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from South sion by the Government. - Dakota yield to the Senator from l\finnesota? l Again, .1\Ir. President, in addition t<>- that, after the thir~eth l\fr. KELLOGG. I do not wish to break into the Senator's year the pension is increased one one-hundred-and-twentieth speech, if he will answer the question which I desire to have, for each year of service, which on a basis of $1,200 a year would answered in some other place; but as I am compelled to attend amount to $10 per annum. The maximum amount which a pen a meeting at 3.30 o'clock I should like to know whether esti sioner may draw is limited to forty-five sixtieths of the em mates have been made- as to what the establishment of this ployee's salary, and thus on a salary of $1,200 the maximum proposed system of retirement will cost the Government each pension would be $900 in Germany as against $720 which the year. The Senator, however, need not stop now to ~nswer that Government of the United States would pay under the system question if he desires- to defer its answer. provided under the pending bill. Which the Government of the l\fr. STERLING. I -think I might as well answer it now, so United States would pay? No; the Government of the United far as I am able.. In the reportmade by the Committee on Civil States would not by any means pay all of that. Depending Service and Retrenchment there will be found incorp-orated--· upon the salru·y of the employee~ his years of service, and upon l\fr. KELLOGG. Does the Senator refer to the report on the his contribution, the Government would pay so much less pending bill? than $720. l\fr. STERLING. Yes. There is found incorporated in the Great Britain has had a. pension system since the beginning_ report an estimate made by Mr. John S. Beach, of the Pension of the nineteenth century. She has for a long time had a pen- BuTeau. Let me say with reference to Mr. Beach, that he is sion law which made provision for the aged employees of the now and has-been fur- some years the statistical accountant of Government. The pension now is so graded as to encourage.. the- Pension Bureau. He was detailed by the Secretary of the retirement at the age of 65 years. Interior recentlY' to aid in the work of the Reclassification Com There is this further difference to· oo noted "between. the pro- mission. Beginning on page 4, the Senator from Minnesota wi:ll r visions of the pending bill and the provisions of the statutes of find a statement of the cost. l\fi·. Beach estimates-the- contribu most other countries that I. have examined. The employee will tion ftom 300,000 employee& to be $8,535,000. Those-will be the not be entitled to a pension under the provisions of the pending contributions, I will say to the Senator, at the rate.ot2! per cent bill unless he has· served a minimum· of-1.5 years. Under the of the annual salary received by each employee. The number of laws of other countries he will be entitled to a pension upon 300,000 employees is· a little below the number-at present in the the completion of a s~rvice of 10 years or more. civil service. I think the number now in the civil service i& l\1r. POMERENE. Mr. President-- perhaps 350,000 or, perhaps,. more than that. Mr. STERLING. I yield to the Senator· from Ohio. Mr. POMERENE; In that number, I take it the- Sena-tor 1\fr. POI\!ERENE. The Senator just stated that in other is including what might be regarded as the extra employees, (lne countries they were entitled to a pension after a service of 10 to the war? years. To what countries did the Senator refer? 1\Ir. STERLING. S-ome of' them are, if· the· Senator from Mr. STERLING. I win. enumerate them as far as I. can.: Ohio will permit me to explain. The Civil Service Commis Great Britain. Germany, Canada, Italy, and, I think, F.rance; sion's report for 1917 shows,. as I remember, the n~ber of em although I will not be sure ·as to France. I have-not the data ployees in the classified service of the civil service as being. before me now, but I tltink France. I think the general rule in 326,000; but that, I take it, was more than normal; it was after all countries where provision is made for retirement allowances. we had entered the war-and a great number of additional em or pensions is that a minimum servic.e of 10 years is required, ployees had entered the ser-vice on that account. I think to take rather than the longer service of 15 years, as. provided. in the 300,000 civil-service employees .would.be to take the number of pending bill. employees for normal times, and that is.the number-- The great consideration is that those countries that can less M.r. HARRISON. Mr; President-.- afford to pay the pensions than can the Government of· the The PRESIDING OFFICER Does the Senator from South United States are paying more and hi.gher maximum pensions Dakota yield to the Senator from Mississippi 7· than are provided in the pending bill, and that, as a rule,. ·with l\fr. STERLING. I yield to the Senator. out contribution upon the part of the employees. Mr; HARRISON. I think this is su<;h an interesting mutter Now, a little further as to the system itself. This is some that we ought t(') have more- than four Republicans and five times called the partially contributory system. 1 think that is a Democrats in the Chamber, and I suggest ·the absence of a misnomer really. It ought to be called the conhibutory system. quorum. That better defines the system whereunder the employee con The PRESIDING OFFICER. Will the Senator from So-uth tributes a. part ann the Government contributes a part. Call it Dakota yield to the Senator n·om Mississippi? a contributory system. Where the employee contributes all that Mr. HARRISON. The Senator from South Dakota did yield. goes to make up his pension or pays all that goes to make up his Mr. STERLING. I yielded, and, inadvertently, did not stop pension, it can hardly be called a contributory plan. Contribu to inquire whether or not the Senator from Mississippi wished tion would seem on its face to imply different parties who were to ask a question. I will not interpose an objection. making contribnti'>ns to the one fund. Mr. HARRISON. Mr. President, the Senator from South Canada has. had quite an involved pension or retirement sys Dakota yielded, and r suggested the absence of a quorum. · tem. There have been many. changes in the laws of Canada The· PRESIDING OFFICER. The Secretary will call the within comparatively few years; but recently Canada has had roll. under consideration the-matter of a revision of her retirement The roll was called, and the following. Senators- answered to laws. I am not sure but that the revision has- been m.ade by their names : · late enactment. Calder Johnso~ S.Dak. Nugent Spencer From an article found in the Railway Post Office, under the Capper Jones, N.Mex. Overman Sterling: head "Canadian civil service and retirement,, I quote the fol Chamberlain Jones, Wash. Page Sutherland lowing: Curtis Kellogg . Phelan 'l'homas There are two methods of creating a pensio.n fund-the contribuTory Dillingham.. Kirby . Phipps Wadsworth Fernald Lodge Pomerene Wa rren and the noncontributory. · Gerry McKellar Ransdell Watson Senators will note here in what sense the word" contributory,. Glass McNary Robinson: is used. Ha.uison Nelson Sheppard Henderson New Smoot The contributory is that in which the participants contribute a per centage of the salary and the Government guarantee& the- difference. The PRE&IDING OFFICER. Thirty-se>en Senators have Then there is the noncontributory, in which the Government provides the entire amount. So far as the expressed feeling of the service in answered to their names. There is not a quorum present. The Otta wa is concerned, it is ·practically unanimous i.n favor of the ('On Secretary will call the names of the absent Senators. tributory system. I may add that the actual experience of the British The names of the absent. Senators were called, and Mr. 1\Ic civil service, where both systems have been in force, has been that those who arc under the noncontributory system are also under a lower CuirnER, l\Ir. REED, and M:r. 'l'OWN.SEND answered to their salary scale, which more than deducted the amount of what would have names. '2504 GONGRESSIONAI1 RECORD-SEN1-\_TE. FEBUUARY 5, 1\Ir. HARRIS entered the Chamber and answered to his name. ment of these aged employees. I will refer a Httle later, if the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Forty-one Senators have an Senator will permit me, to a statement, which I think is a mod swered to their names. There is not a quorum present. erate statement, which shows that not more than 25 per cent Mr. STERLING. I move that the Sergeant at Arms be of replacements will be required for those that retire. I think directed to request the presence of the absent Senators. that is demonstrated with reference, anyhow, to the employees The motion was agreed to. in the District of Columbia. · The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sergeant at Arms will Mr. POl\:!ERENE. l\Ir. President, I realize that neither the carry out the orcler of the Senate. Senator from South Dakota nor myself can get any exact figures Mr. B.aLL, Mr. S~IITH of Georgia, Mr. HALE, :Mr. ASHURST, upon that subject. Assuming that these employees are simply :Mr. SHER~IAN" , Mr. GRONNA, 1\-Ir. CUMMINS, Mr. McCoRMICK, and 50 per cent inefficient, then, of course, it would take one-half as J\lr. FRANCE entered the Chamber and answered to their names. many new employees. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Fifty Senators have answered Mr. S'l'ERLING. Yes. to their names. A quorum is present. Mr. POMERENE. If they were only 25 per cent efficient, then Mr. STERLING. Mr. President, I was proceeding to answer, it is quite true that the Senator's suggestion would be correct, as best I could, the question of the Senator from Minnesota of course. I think the other fact can be taken into considera [Mr. KELLooo ] \Then the absence of a quorum was suggested. tion, that it is to be assumed that the retirement of these elderly I wa s calling attention to. the statement made by Mr. John S. clerks will to some extent improve the efficiency of the system. Beach, and found in the report of the Senate committee on Mr. SMOOT. In some cases. this bill. Mr. ·POMERENE. In some cases; yes. 'l'his report is based on an average annual salary for em Mr. STERLING. But I think I shall be able to show to t11e ployees of $1,138. This was, in 1916, about the average annual Senator that, taking all replacements into consideration, there . alary. I have seen other statements making it about $1,132, will yet, because of the retirement of these aged employees ·upon l>ut it probably ranged from $1,132 to $1,140 as the average their annuities, be a big saving to the Government. We might . alary of all the 300,000 employees of the Government. The as well discuss that matter a little further right here, since the report is based further on the theory that the average annuity Senator bas called attention to it. will amount to $610, the maximum under the bill. being $720 Mr. POMERENE. Will the Senator pardon me if I ask him and the minimum, the very lowest, $180. another question, so that be can have it in mind in making his It is based on the further supposition that there will be retire answer? ments in tlle classified civil service of 6,400 persons. So take The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from South the contributions of 300,000 employees getting an average sal Dakota further yield to the Senator from Ohio? ary of $1,138, and you have as a result of those contributions l\fr. STERLING. Certainly. $8,535,000, and annuities for 6,400 annuitants jlt $610, which Mr. POMERENE. In any event, whether it takes 25 per cent will amount to $3,904,000. Then Mr. Beach takes into consid or 50 per cent or 10 per cent of new clerks to do the work of eration another element, namely, that under the provisions of these other clerks, whatever they are paid must be taken into this bill employees Will be separated from the service before consideration in determining the cost to the Government. they reach the retirement age, and that on their retirement Mr. STERLING. · l agree with the Senator in that regard. ' there will be refunded to them the amount they had paid up Now, I read from another statement by Mr. John S. Bearb, to the date of retirement, together with compound interest at lately furnished to the Commission on Reclassification of the 4 per cent; so he estimates for the first year a refund of Civil Service in the District of Columbia. I think l\Ir. Beach is $274,500, making all told in annuities paid and in refunds paid very conservative and careful in these statements. Itefening $4,178,500, leaving a surplus or balance over and above all to the number in the Government employ here, he says: that has been expended by the Government of $4,356,500. ·So, By July 1, 1916, the number of employees in the permanent c tablisb Mr. President, for the first year of the operation of this act, ments in the District of Columbia bad increased to 33,511, which num ber also did not include the employees in the navy yard. A few other according to the estimate of Mr. Beach, the Government will employees were likewise excluded from the total number r eporteu. l t not be required to expend one cent. No appropriation will be is safe to assume that the ratio of those 65 years of age and over was Tequired save the appropriation to put the act into operation maintained up until that time; if so, then the number 65 years of age and over on July 1, 1916, would have been 2,446. and which is asked for in the bill. From Jul:y 1, 1916, until the signing of the armistice on November 11, Mr. POMERENE. Mr. President-- 1918, the c1vil employees increased in numbers by leaps and bounus · The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from South since the signing <>f the armistice there bas been a material reduction t::i force, and it is estimated that when the service becomes reasonably Dakota yield to the Senator from Ohio? stabilized, in the course of four or five years, the number in the pel' ma· Mr. STERLING. I yield. nent service in the District of Columbia will approximate about 60 000 1\!r. PO~fERENE. I want to ask the Senator several ques ·employees. . tions bearing upon the proposition that he is now discussing. It is well to remember, 1\Ir. President, that according to our This $8,535,000 will be contributions from the employees, and best estimates that will be perhaps about one-fifth, or a little the bill contemplates, of course, that separate accounts shall be less than one-fifth, of the total number of employees in the ci\il kept with each of these employees; so that, as a matter of service throughout the United States. fact, that is a trust fund which must be refunded to these em He says further : ployees in the event of their death or in the event that they It is a well-known fact that the employees who have come into the do not receive a.nnuities equal to the amount of their contribu service during recent years are, for the most part, young persons, and it is reasonable to as'3ume that those who may be retained will likewise t\ons plus the accruals of interest thereon. Am I right about be young and consequently will not be eligible for retirement for years that? to come. Reasoning along this line, we must arrive at the conclusion Mr. STERLING. In theory I may s~y that the Senator is that the actual number of employees in the seL·vice at the present time who are 65 years of age and over does not greatly exceed the number ri~ht about it, I think. at the outbreak of the war. 1\fr. POl\:!ERENE. But the Government is liable for this For the present let us assume that there aL·e 3,000 employees in fund? the civil service in the District of Columbia who are 65 years of age and over, and who are consequently eligible for retirement under the Mr. STERLING. I understand so. provisions of the Sterling·Lehlbach bill. The scale of annuities pro Mr. POMERE:r..'E. Again, according to this statement, there vided in this bill ranges from a maximum of $720 to a minimum of $180 are 6,400 annuitants. The Senator, in the earlier part of his per annum. It has been carefully estimated that the average annuity at first will be about $610 per annum, and that this average will grad address, made the statement, with which I am in ~ccord, that ually increase until it reaches a maximum of $660. these superannuates are some of them 25 per cent efficient, T~ing the lowest average as a basis for cplculation, and assuming some 50 per cent efficient, some 80 per cent efficient, and so that all who are eligible will retire at once, we find that the expenditure on account of annuities during the first yeu would equal $1,830,000 forth. Now, I think it is to be assumed that the service which ($610 X 3,000=$1,830,000). is rendered by the 6,400 annuitants will have to be rendered by other· derks-in other words, new clerks-and they will have to It is simply $610, the average annuity, multiplied by the num be paid; and, assuming for the sake of the argument that they ber who will retire from the service, 3,000. He continues : are 50 per cent efficient, you would perhaps have to have one In 1916 the average salary for all employees in what is called the retirement group was $1,138 ; it is probable that the average in the Dis half ns many clerl.:s as there a1:_e superannuates, and they must trict of Columbia was somewhat higher. We will assume that the be paid. So it eem to me that when we are casting up the averag-e now of those eligible fm· retirement in the DlstL·ict of Columbia account as to what this system is going to cost, we must take is $1,260. _ into consideration that fact as well. I would like to have the attention of the Senator from Ohio Mr. S'l'ERLING. I understand the Senator, and I have that [Mr. PoMERENE] to this, because it is pertinent to the inquiry in mind. I do not know that that factor is taken into account he made. He says : in this ~tatement of 1\Ir. Beach's; but, in the first place, Mr. We will assume that the average now of those· eligible for retiL·emcnt President,_ I think the Senator from Ohio overestimates the num in the District of Columbia is $1,260. ber of J'epla cements that will be required because of the retire- The average salary no\v, as salaries go now. 1920. CONGRESSIONAL REOORD-8ENATE. 2505 .1\Ir. POl\IERE~'E. l\fr. President, I do not quite understmd allows for refunds to 20,000 employ-ees separated from the serv what the Senator means when he speaks of those in the District ice, making a total of · $1,372~500. of Columbia. Does he mean .an employees, both of .the General The annuities from 10,400 .annuitants, at $610 each, will in Government and of the District? the fifth year amount to $6,344,000, a total of $7,71611500. Mr. STERLING. Oh, no; those in ~be classified civil service But, l\fr. President, there was paid in in contributions that in the District of Columbia. year $8,535,000, so with the surplus left over from the preced ll!r. POMERENE, That is, connected with the Gener·al Gov ing year, amounting to $12,1.1.9,.000, we have all told ·$20:654,000. ernment? Deducting the total expenditures ·Of $7;716,500 from that, we 1\lr. STERLli'\rG. The General Government. M.r. Beach con would have a surplus i..n the fifth ·year, if this bill should .go tinues: into effect, of $12,937,500. Without taking up in detail all On this basis the aggregate salaries of the 3,000 employees 65 yeru:s these years, le.t me jus.t go 'to the tenth year, rthe last year in service employees of tlie Canadian Government, even if there is is 50 per cent efficient, there will be a loss on account of that any class of employees to which it does apply. one employee in 10 years of $3,932.40 ; if he is 25 per ·cent Mr. POl\iERENE. It is true, is.it not, that in France the efficient only, there will be a loss to the Government during deduction is 5 per cent? the 10 years from the services of that one man of $7,534.23; 1\Ir. STERLING. There is some deduction in France, as I if he is not efficient at all, the loss on account of retaining that hnve disco\ered. I will refer to that a little later. man in the service _will be $11,136.06. We get here, I think, a Mr. POMERENE. I think the statement of one of the wit reasonably graphic description of the losses to the Government nesses whom the Senator bad before his committee was to the -under the present system. These figures are arrived at by effect that it was a deduction of 5 per cent. _ taking the pay that he would receive and putting it at com 111r. STERLING. Mr. President, we are asked to think of pound interest at 4 per cent for the 10 years and by taking this in relation to the cost to the Government, the immediate also the contributions that he would make during that time, outlay" to the Government in dollars and cents. We do not which in 10 years at $30 a year would amount to $300. The think and I might say that the average citizen, perhaps, would sum of the annual contributions at compound interest deducted not think of tile saving to the Government in increased effi from the amount paid by the Government in salaries with com ciency on the part of the employees and increased economy in pound interest leaves a net loss to the Government on account the Government service.· of that one wholly inefficient employee of $11,136.06 for the I hold in my hand a letter from 1\lr. McCoy, and I wish to 10 years ; and so on in other cases in proportion to the uegree quote just briefly from the letter. He has had under examina of inefficiency. tion the pending bill, and has stated that according to his 1\-Ir. President, in conclusion, I must say that I have full faith estimate while the plan will eventually cost the Government and confidence in this bill and in the principles upon which the · some $9,000,000 a year-not now, but eventually-it is very bill is based. I think it but just and equitable that the Govern evident that tile efficiency of the service will be increased at ment should contribute a proportion of the sum that goes to least 5 per cent, which is equivalent to more than $18,000,000 make the annuity which the employee shall receive for life after a year. he has retired from the service. Take the salaries as they have It is not difficult to understand why the efficiency should be been, and even as they are now, and it is a hardship to require increased at least 5 per cent. I think Mr. McCoy is altogether the employees to contribute out of their salary all that goes to too modest in that e~imate of 5 per cent increased efficiency. make up an annuity. The Government will save its millions a But if you take 300,000 employees, drawing $1,200 a year, and year under the plan proposed, and in contributing a part-a multiply the 300,000 by the $1,200, and then :find 5 per cent of little more than half-{)f that which goes to make tlP the an the product, you will have the $18,000,000 a year as the saving nuity it is but doing pure and simple justice to the employees to the Government on account of the increased efficiency under nnd to those who shall have retired from the service. the operation of the provisions of the pending bill. This bill is the result of years of study and consideration on 1\lr. P0l\1ERENE. May I ask a further question? If my the part of the civil-service employees. A committee compo~ed questions are disturbing the Senator or he cares to go on to of 30 men have been sitting in Washington. They haYe had something else, I hope be will be kind enough to say so, and I this matter under consideration for two and a half years last "·ill desist. past; they represent every hranch of the civil service, wherever l\fr. STERLING. Kot at all. If I can answer the Senator's situated in the United States, and they are united to a man in questions, I am glad to do so. The Senator may ask questions favor of this bill. There w.ere those originally who stood for that I can not answer, but he will not interrupt me at all by the straight pension plan and for years objected to any plan asking questions. wholly or partially contributory; but at last they said: "For Mr. POMERENE. The question I desire to ask is this. The the sake of this cause, for the sake of the civil service, for the Senator has just stated that Mr. McCoy suggested that the cost sake of our fellow employees, we make these concessions abd to the Government after a while would be $9,000,000 a year. I agree that, whatever our salaries may be, we will contribute am simply giving the round numbers, but that is his statement. 2! per cent annually for the purpose of raising this f-und upou I find at the conclusion of the report 'which was filed by the which the aged men and women in our service may retire." distinguished chairman of the committee that the total disburse As I close I wish to present here these petitions. Here is one ments annually will be $22,670,000, and that the Government's with 2,086 signatures. I send it to the desk and ask the Secre proportion is 62.3 per cent and the employees' contribution 37.7 tary to read the petition itself. Some other petitions I lJ:we per cent. to which I think some thousands of names have been ·igned, Assuming that the figures ·in the report which the committee but the petition itself in each instance is the same. have filed through their chairman are correct, then the total dis The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the Secre bursements annually or cost, as I understand it, to be paid by tary will read as requested. the Government would be 62.3 per cent of $22,670,000, or approxi The Assistant SeCl·etary read as follows: mately $15,000,000. I have not calculated it in my own head, To the Hon. THOMAS STERLING, but those are figures which would seem to indicate a discrepancy United States Senate, Washi11gton, D. a. , between these two experts of probably 50 per cent. MY DEAR SENATOR: Legislation to retire the civil-service employees or 1\Ir. STERLING. I do not think that Mr. Beach meant by the United States Government is now pending before Congress. The bill is commonly known as the Lehlbach-Sterling bill. Its official title in the $22,670,000 the disbursements of the Government at the end the Senate is S. 1699, and in the House H. R. 3149. The United 'tates of 10 years or during the tenth year. Mr. Beach also figures Government is far behind other countries in caring for its superannuated upon the theoi'Y that there are contributions. These are dis employees. Private business in many instances has inaugurated retire ment measures. Legislation now pending seems to be a wise solution bursements by the Government, and the disbursements include of the problem of superannuation which has become an expensive burden the contributions that have been made by the employees. in the Government service. Good business judgment favors the enact Mr. POMEREl'n). I so understood. I do not think the Senator ment of the Lehlbach-Sterllng bill. The employees are showing a will ingness to help the Government in this matter by consenting to con bas gra ped my statement. The report indicates that the total tribute 2~ per cent of their salaries. The provisions of the bill as to disbursements annually are $22,670,000. The last line gives the age and years of service are founded upon actuarial conclusions that Government's conb·ibution as 62.3 per cent. The next to the come from years of experience. We, the undersigned <:itizens of ---, hereby urgently requPst your last line in the report gives the employees' contribution as 37.7 favorable consideration of this legislation, and respectfully ask that you per ceut. I take it that those figures refer to the percentage of use your efforts to secure its passage at the earliest possible date. the total disbursements annually of $22,670,000. 1\lr. STERLING. No; I hardly think they bear that con Mr. STERLING. Mr. President, I ask to have incorporated in the RECORD following my remarks the table, omitting the struction, or at least were not meant to bear that construction. pencil marks which I myself have made, prepared by 1\lr. McCoy, I ·was quoting from 1\Ir. McCoy in regard to the saving to the showing the effect of retirement at 75 years of age as com Go>ernment on account of increased efficiency and that if we pared with retirement at 65 years of age, and also for the REconn saved 5 per cent it would amount to .$18,000,000 a year, the the letter from which I quoted a while ago, written by Mr. cost ultimately to the Government being $9,000,000, but the Beach to Dr. Mosher, of the Reclassification Commission. saving being $18,000,000 a year~ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so I ha\e here another statement from Mr. McCoy. It is a table showing the effect of retirement at 75 years of age as ordered. compared with retirement at 65 years of age. The matter referred to is us follows: He gives the cost to the Government of retiring at 75 years TREASURY DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, of age instead of 65 years of age. He takes, for instance, an Washington, Januat·y so, 1920. employee 100 per cent efficient between 65 and 75 years of age Senator THOMAS STERLING, and shows that in such a case there will be a saving to the United States Oa:-itoZ, Washington, D. a. Government, as of course there will be; but in the case of an DEAR SENATOR: In compliance with your request of to-day as to the cost to the Government of delaying retirements 10 years, I have worked employee 75 per cent efficient there will be a loss on account out the attached table. This shows that in case of 100 per cent effi of the continued enices of such an employee of $330.57 ;· if he ciency tbe Q()vernment would gain largely by such delay, but when P.ffi· 1920. CONGRESSION AI1 RECORD-SENATE. 2507 ciency falls below about 80 per cent, there would be a gain to the Gov- " For the present let us assume that there are 3,000 employees c.rmnent through early retirement. · I have worked this out on the basis of a single employee with a $1.200 in the civil service in the District of Columbia who are 65 years salary. The total gain or loss would be this multiplied by the number of age and over, and who are consequently eligible for retire the retirement of whom is delayed. ment unuer the provisions of the Sterling-Lehlbach bill. The Respectfully, Jos. S. McCoY, Government Actuat·y. scale of annuities provided in this bill ranges from a maximum . . Table· showing the effect of t·etirement at 15 years of age, as compared of $720 to a minimum of $180 per annum. It has been care with retirement at 65 years of age. fully estilnated that the average annuity at first will be about $610 per annum and that this average will gradually increase Length of servica. until it. reaches a maximum of $660. "Taking the lowest average as a basis for calculation, and assuming that all who are eligible will retire at once, we find - 30 yEnrS. 35 years. 40 years. 44 years. that the expenditure on account of annuities during the first year would equal $1,830,000 ( $610 X 3,000=$1,830,000). Value of contribution, salary of "In 1916 the average salary for all employees in what is $1,200: called the retirement group was $1,138; it is probable that the $1,682.55 $2,209.57 $2,850.77 $3,462.38 1~~g ~::~: :::::::::::::::::: 2,850. 77 3,630. 89 4,579.99 5,485.35 average in the District of Columbia was somewhat higher. ·we rresent worth of annuity for life ~ill assume that the average now of those eligible for retire of $720: ment in the District of Columbia is $1,200. On this basis the 5, 641.57 5, 641.57 5,641.57 5,641. 57 ~~ ~g~:a~::::::::::::::::::: 3,538.53 3, 538.53 3,538.53 3,538. 53 aggregate salaries of the 3,000 employees 65 years of age and Government's share of cost of an- over would amount to $3,780,000 ($1,260X3,000=$3,780,000). nuity: Should there be no replacement of the retired employees, there 3,959. 02 3,432. 00 2, 790.80 2,179.19 ~~ - ~~ ~::~~: :::::::::::::::::: 687.76 1-92.36 1-1,041.46 1 -1,94.6.82 would be a clear saving to the Government of $1,950,000 during faving to Government (100 per the first year, which amount represents the difference between cent efficiency) ...... , 3,271. 26 3,432.00 2, 790.80 2,179.19 the aggregate compensation and the aggregate annuities for Ealary·Ioss to Go\ern:ment due to - inefficiency: . 3,000 employees. 75 per cent efficiency ...... 3, 001.83 3,601.83 3,601. 83 3,601.83 " On the question of probable replacement or filling of ·mcan 50 per cent efficiency ...... 7,203. 66 7,203. 66 7,203.66 7,203.66 cies caused by retirement of superannuated employees there is 25 per cent efficiency ....· ...... 10,805.49 10,805.49 10,805.49 10,805.49 No efficiency ...... 14,407.32 14,407.32 14,407.32 14,407.32 no reliable data. Any statement on this subject must therefore Cost to Government of retiring at be purely speculative. The ~cting Commissioner of Pensions, 75 instead of 65 years of age: at a hearing before the House Committee on Reform in the 100 per cent efficiency ...... 23,271.26 23,432.00 ~2. 790.80 :2,179.19 75 per cent efficiency ...... 330.57 169.83 811.03 1,422. 64 Civil Service held on June 19, 1919, stated in substance that 50 per cent efficiency ...... 3,932. 40 3, 771.66 4,412.86 5,024.47 not more than one-third of the vacancies caused by retirement 25 per cent efficiency ...... 7,534. 23 7,373. 49 8,014.69 8,626.30 No efficiency ...... ll,136.06 10,975.32 11,616.52 12,228.13 of superannuates in the Bureau of Pensions need be filled. Representative LEHLB.A.pH, chairman of this committee, made 1.A.mount of contrilJution greater than value of annuity, 2 Saving. the statement in a recent public address that in his opinion the replacements woulu not exceed 20 per cent of the number re " JA.NUA.TIY 20, 1920. tired. A conservative estimate indicatP,s that perhaps there "To: Dr. W. E. l\losher. would be a 25 per cent replacement, and in this event the " From : John S. Beach. number of new entrants would be 750. " Subject: Retirement of superaunuated and disabled Govern "Allowing that the new entrants will receh:-e the same a\erage ment employees in the District of Columbia. salary as that paid the retired employees, then the expenditure " In response to your request for a statement as to the effect of on this account will amount to $945,000, still leaving a net the passage of the Sterling-Lehlbach bill upon the executive civil saving to th~ Government during the first year amounth1g to service in the District of Columbia, together with an estimate of $1,462,500. the savings to the Government immediately following the enact "Another factor which mu t be taken into consideration when ment of such law, I beg leave to submit the following: estimating the effect upon the service following the enactment "It must be evident that because of the abnormal conditions of a retirement law is the question as to the number of em which have existed in the civil service since the declaration of ployees who are eligible for retirement but will 1·emain h1 the war with Germany on April 6, 1917, it will be exceedingly diffi service beyond retirement age. It will be recalled that the cult to estimate the effect and cost of a retirement system as Sterling-Lehlbach bill contains a provision for retention in the applied to present conditions. \Ve must therefore take condi service of efficient employees for limited periods beyond the tions as they existed prior to the war as a basis on which to for retirement age. (See sec. 6, S. 1699 and H. R. 3149, present mulate such estimates. Congress.) Such provision is generally indorsed by all present " Census bulletin 94, published in 1908, shows that there were day students of the retirement question. 2G,351 employees in the executive civil service in the District of " On this phase of the question we are confronted not onlv Columbia on July 1, 1907; this number did not include mechanics with absolute lack 0~ data, but also with so many possible con and laborers in the navy yard. Of the 25,351 employees in the tingencies arising out of variable conditions surrounding the service at that time 1,852, or 7.3 per cent, were 65 years of age service and the individual employee as to render even an ap or over. proximation almost impossible. Testip10ny presented before the "By July 1, 1916, the number of employees in the permanent committees in Congress indicates that there are man!' employees establishments in the District of Columbia had increased to in the Government service 65 years of age and over who are 33,511, which number also did not include the employees in the · still efficient and who should be retained in the service; yet navy yard. A few other employees were likewise excluded from few have estimated the percentage of those eligible for retire the total number reported. It is safe to assume that the ratio of ment who will still be retained beyond the retirement age. The those 65 years of age and over was maintained up until that Acting Commissioner of Pensions estimated that: between 50 and time ; if so, then the number 65 years of age and over on July 1, 60 per cent of those in the Bureau of Pensions eligible for re 1916, would have been 2,446. tirement would either elect or be compelled to retire. This is "From July 1, 1916, until the signing of the armistice on No perhaps a fair index as to what would happen in the service as vember 11, 1918, the civil employees increased in numbers b:v a whole. leaps and bounds; since the signing of the armistice there has "Another unknown quantity is the number of employees who been a material reduction in force, and it is estimated that when may retire on account of disability before reaching the retirt the service becomes reasonably stabilized, in the course of four ment age. (See section 5 of the Sterling-Lehlbach bill.) It is or five years, the number in the permanent service in the Dis believed that the number retiring on this account will be trict of Colu-mbia will approximate about 60,000 employees. negligible and consequently will have but slight effect upon the "It is a well-known fact that the employees who have come aggregate cost of the system at the outset. Of course, there will into the service during recent years are for the most part young be an increasing C\)St on this account year by year until a maxi persons, and it is reasonable to assume t11at those who may be mum is reached. retained will likewise be young and consequently will not be ..A concrete example of the effect of the enactment of a reiire eligible for retirement for years to come. Reasoning along this ment law is afforded by using certain statistics compiled as of line, we must arrive at the conclusion that the actual number of J'une 1, 1919, concerning employee.s in the Bureau· of Pensions employees in the service at thE> present time who are 65 years who were 65 years of age and over on thatuate, as follows: of age and over does not greatly exceed the number at the out Number 65 years of age and over______295 Estimated number who would retire------loO break of the war. .Average salary ------'------1, 353. G6 u On this point, however, we will have conclusive data ·when Aggre.gate salaries · (150) ------$203, 0-Hl. 00 .Aggregate annuities (150} ------$91, 500. 00 our punch cards have been tabulated for age distribution; until Amount for Iiew appointees (50)------=------$63, 000. 00 that time we must "Tt is generaily b~liev-ed, however, that under present condi SECO "D D"EFICIENCY APPRO:fltiATION BILL. tions i:n the Pension Bnre::ru there would be few, if any, replace The SPE.A.K:ER. When the House adjourned last night the ments. To summarize the -foregoing we shall probably arrive at j)revious question was ordered on the deficiency bill, H. R. 12046. the followicg conclusions : The gentleman from Arkansas [Mr. Wrnao] demanded the read " That there are 3,000 employees in the executive civil service ing of the engrossed bill. Does the gentleman still desire the in the Distrkt of Columbia 65 years of age and over; that of reading of the engrossed bill? this number about 60 per cent, or 1.,800, will elect or will be 1\Ir. WINGO. I do, with the greatest of insistence. compelled to retire following the enactment of a retirement law The SPEAKER. The Clerk will read the engrossed bill. such as contemplated hy the Sterli:ng-Lehlbach bill; that there The engrossed !}ill was read. will be a replacement equaling 25 per cent of the number re The SPElAKER. The question is on the passage of the bill. tired, and that the immediate saving to the Government will be Mr. WINGO. Mr. Speaker, I make the point of order that about $877,500. -·there is no quorum present. _ " It is not deemed necessary at this time to estimate the ulti The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Arkansas ma"kes the mate cost of a retirement system beyond making the general 'POint of order that there is no quorum present. Evidently there statement that as contemplated by the prO"visions of the Ster ·is no quorum present. • ling-Lehlbach bill the contributions by the employees of 2! per Mr. MONDELL. Mr. Speaker, I move a call of the House. cent of their salaries will provide a fund sufficient to pay all A call of the House was ordered. annuities during the first 8 or 10 years. Aside from this ques The SPEAKER. The Doorkeeper will close the doors, the tion, however, we should take into consideration the actual and Sergeant at Arms will notify absentees, and the Clerk will call immediate saving to the Government as herein outlined. That the roll. there will be a real saving both in money value and in an in The Clerk called the roll, when the following Members failed · creased efficiency is beyond dispute. This saving will be mani to answer to their names: fested by replacing old worn-out employees by a lesser number Ayres Dunbar Knutson Sanford of young, energetic employees, an5} also by increasing the output Bacharach Echols Kreider Saunders, Va. Bland, Mo. Ellsworth Linthicum Scott of those who remain in the service. Bland, Va. Elston Luhring Scully "And, finally, it must be emphasized that until such time as Booher Ferris McArthur Sears tbe information on the questionnaire in respect to age periods is J3owers Focht McKiniry Sells Browne ,Ganly Mann, S. C. Sims tabulated we must accept the conclusions herein reached as esti Burke Ga:rrett Moon Sinclair mates only. At the same time it is respectfully submitted that Campbell, Kans. Goldfogle Moores, Ind. Sinnott these estimates have been based upon certain reliable data Campbell, Pa. Goodall Morgan Smith, N.Y. Caraway Gould Nichols, Mich. Snyder collected some years ago, and upon the testimony and experience Carew Graham, Pa. Nolan Steele of those who have made a more recent study of the retirement Casey Hamill Ogden Stoll question, present conditions in the service, and the effect of tb:.e Clark, ·Fla. Hamilton Parker Sullivan Cleary Hastings Pen Taylor, Tenn. passage of a retirement law upon the service." Copley Hawley Porter Timberlake Mr. STERLING. I think, Mr. President, that is all I have Costello Hill Rainey, Ala. Towner ' Cullen Boughton Rainey~ H. T. Voigt to say at the present time. Curry, Calil. Howard Riordan Ward 1\fr. POMERENE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield to me? Dempsey Johnston, N.Y. Robinson, N.C. Whaley l\fr. STERLING. I yield to the Senator. Dewalt Jones, Pa. Romjue Yates Donovan Kennedy, Iowa Rowan Mr. POMERENE. I desire to give notice of a substitute Dooling Kinkaid Sanders, La. which I will present at the proper time. I understand, of course, that the committee will J)erfect its amendments. The amend The SPEAKER. On this vote 338 Members have answered to ment I propose is in the nature of a substitute. I ask that it may their names. A quorum is present. be printed and lie on the table. Mr. MONDELL. Mr. Speaker, I move to dispense with fur- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so or- ther proceedings under the call. · dered. • The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Wyoming moves to dis- Mr. STERLING. I move that the Senate adjourn. pense with further proceedings under the call. The motion was agreed to ; and (at 4 o'clock and 25 minutes 'J'he motion was agreed to. p. m.) the Senate adjourned until to-morrow, Friday, February The SPEAKER. The question is on the passage of the bill. Mr. TINKHAM. Mr. Speaker, I move to recommit the bill 6, ~920, at 12 o'clock meridian. with certain :instructions, which I ask the Clerk to report, and upon that motion I demand the yeas and nays. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. M:r:. BLANTON. Mr. Speaker, I ask to be recognized to make a motion to recommit. THURSDAY, February 5, 19~0. The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Massachusetts moves to recommit the bill with instructions. Is the gentleman opposed The House met at 12 o'clock noon. to the bill? . The Chaplain, Rev. Henry N. Couden1 D D., o:fiered the fol ldr. TINKHAM. In its present form I am. lowing prayer : ~Ir. BLANTON. I am unequivocally opposed to it, without Let Thy spirit, 0 Lord ·God, our Heavenly Father, possess our any qualifications. ' souls, to open our spiritual eyes -to tne eternal -values, our spirit The SPEAKER. The gentleman 1lrom Massachusetts says he ~ual ears to the insistent calls to duty, i:hat with clear vision and is opposed to the bill in its present form. The Chair thinks that . .high resolves we may move forward1 with firm and steadfast is unequi-vocal. •'steps, to greater achievements for ourselves as individuals and Mr. BLANTON. Mr. Speaker-- 'to the betterment of State and Nation. To the glory and honor The SPEAKER. For what purpose does the gentleman rise? of Thy holy name, in Christ Jesus our Lord. Amen. Mr. BLANTON. May I ask whether or not the gentleman from Massachusetts qualifies? THE JOURNAL. The SPEAKER. He does. For what purpose does the gen- . The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read. tleman from Texas rise? The SPEAKER. The question is on the approval of the 1 Mr. BLANTON. If he had not qualified, .I was going to o:fier .Journal. a motion to reco-mmit. lVlr. 1\LWN of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, I understood the Clerk, The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Massachusetts, a mem in the reading of the Journal, to say that the amendment to the ber of the committee, offers a motion to recommit, which the •deficiency bill, on which a separate vote was asked, was dis- Cl~rk will report. 1 agreed to. That is not correct. The amendment was agreed to. The Clerk read as follows: The SPEAKER. The Chair is informed by the Journal Clerk Mr. TINKHAM moves to recommit the bill to the Committee on Appro . that it was agreed to. Is there objection to the approval of the priations, with instructions to that committee to report the same back 'Journal? · to the House forthwith, with the following ame-ndment: "Mainten~ce, Bnreau of Yards and Docks: For general maintenance of ya.rds and There was no objection. docks including the same objects specified und~>r this bead in the naval LEAVE TO EXTEND BEMA.BKS. appropriation act for the fiscal year 1920, $1,000,000." Mr. LUFKIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ex Mr. TINKHAl\f. On that motion, l.Ir. Speaker, I ask for tend my remarks on the pending deficiency bill. the _yeas and nays. The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Massachus~tts .asks Mr. BLANTON. Mr. Speaker, 1 make a point of order- unanimous consent to E>xtend his remarks on the deficiency bill Mr. GOOD. I move the previous question. Is there ·objection? Mr. BLANTON. I make the point of order-- · -There was no objection. The SPEAKER. The gentlem:ln will state his point of order. 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 2509 l\fr. BLANTON. I make the point of order that the amend Mr. RUBEY. I think that is the wise thing to do, in 'iew of ment offered by the gentleman from Massachusetts is not the importance of the bill that is before us and the interest that germane to the purpose of the bill and that it is not a deficiency. the Members of the House take in this .bill. The SPEAKER. The Chair overrules the point of order. 1\lr. HAUGEN. I suggest that we might consume one hour The gentleman from Iowa [Mr. Goon] moves the previous to-morrow in general debate. question on the motion to recommit. Mr. CANDLER. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? The previous question was ordered. l\fr. HAUGEN. Yes. The SPEAKER. The question is on the motion to recommit. Mr. CAl""DLER. I would suggest to the gentleman in this Mr. TINKHAM. Mr. Speaker, on that I demand the yeas connection that if he will give more time to general debate it and nays. would facilitate the consideration of tlie bill under the five The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Massachusetts de minute rule. There are gentlemen on our side who desire to mands the yeas and nays. Those in favor of ordering the yeas discuss certain specific items in the bill in which they are inter and nays will rise and stand until counted. [After counting.] ested, and if they have the opportunity to discuss them under Fifty-five Members have risen, not a sufficient number, and the general debate they would have a better chance to express yeas and nays are refused. The question is on the motion to their views and will eliminate further discussion under the five recommit. minute rule. We will get along faster in that way. In view The question was taken. of the importance of the bill and that all of the country from l\fr. TINKHAM. I demand tellers on the question of order north to south and east to west is interested in the bill more ing the yeas and nays. than in any other bill, perhaps, that will come before the House, The SPEAKER. It is too late. The gentleman can ask I think full debate ought to be allowed. tellers on the vote. Mr. HAUGEN. As the gentleman knows, general debate is Mr. TINKHAM:. Mr. Speaker, I make the point of order that not generally confined to the bill. The debate on the bill will there is no quorum present. be under the five-minute rule. I want to be as liberal as pos The SPEAKER. The. gentleman from Massachusetts makes sible, but the policy seems to be that not more than one day . the point of order that there is no quorum present. The Chair should be devoted to general debate on any one bill. will count. [After counting.] The Chair has counted now Mr. LEE of Georgia. I agree with the gentleman on that 216 1\Iembers anq there are still many more to be counted. A proposition, but we will have less than a day. quorum is present. The noes have it. Mr. HAUGEN. I think we will expedite matters by simply So the motion to recommit was rejected. agreeing to consume the whole day with general debate and The SPEAKER. The question is on the passage of the bill. one hour to-morrow, and if we could go to 9 o'clock to-night we The question was taken, and the bill was passed. will have eight hours to-day and one hour to-morrow; and I On motion of Mr. Goon, a motion to reconsider the vote by believe that Members will be willing to stay this evening, so which the bill was passed was laid on the table. that all will be accommodate(]. · AGRICULTURAL APPROPRIATIO~ BILL. Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. l\lr. Speaker, I want to suggest to Mr. McLAUGHLIN of Michigan. Mr. Speaker, I move that the chairman of the committee that under the peculiar circum the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole stances which obtain in the Nation this bill is of more interest House on the state of the Union for the consideration of the bill to the average 1\lember of the House than any bill that will (H. R. 12272) making appropriations for the Department of come before it for some time. The difficulty is that with the Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921. Pending restriction which the gentleman desires general debate will be that I would like to see if we can not agree on the other side consumed almost. exclu ively by the members of thP. committee in regard to the length of general debate. on the two sides of the House. Those of us who are not fortu Mr. LEE of Georgia. We have requests on this side for about nate enough to be members of this great committee feel that five hours. time ought to be given to us in order that some suggestions Mr. McLAUGHLIN of Michigan. It seems to me that that which we think might be made for the benefit of the House and would require too much time. We would like to get through the country could be made in gel}eral debate, in a connected with the general debate to-day. sort of way, instead of limiting us to the shot-to-pieces method Mr. LEE of Georgia. I want to agree on a certain number of observed under the five-minute rule. hours of debate. 1\Ir. HAUGEN. Under the general practice the merits of the 1\fr. HAUGEN. Does the gentleman think he needs five hours? bill are not generally discussed in general debate. Mr. LEE of Georgia. Yes. l\Ir. SUMNERS of Texas. There ought to be some agree Mr. HAUGEN. I think we ought to conclude the general de ment, some understanding, that this general debate shall be bate to-day. The sentiment seems to be that debate should close limited to the bill. to-day. If it is agreeable, the hours for general debate might be Mr. HAUGEN. Oh, I do not think so, because that would . agreed to, and if necessary we can run that much later this be a departure from the rules of the House. In yielding time evening. I never ask a Member what he is going to discuss. That is the Mr. LEE of Georgia. The gentleman will remember that we practice generally observed. discussed this matter yesterday, and we thought then that de Mr. SUMNERS of Texas. 'Veil, I do not insist on it; I bate would begin at 12 o'clock. We have now lost over ~n hour, offered the suggestion and the gentleman seems not to agree ~da~;h~~!n\: should be extended to give us eight hours of debate, to it. Mr. HAUGEN. In discussing the merits and demerits of Mr. HAUGEN. If it is to. be consumed to-day, very well. the bill, may we not discuss them under the five-minute rute? Four hours to a side. 1\fr. LEE of Georgia. I shall insist •on having four hours Mr. LEE of Georgia. Four hours to a side would be agreeable, for general debate on this side. but I hardly think it is fair to limit it to the day, because about Mr. HAUGEN. ' It is impossible to give it. 5.30 o'clock we will adjourn. Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right to object, Mr. HAUGEN. The general sentiment seems to be that we I would like to ask the gentleman from Iowa what urgent rea should not go beyond to-day. Eight hours would bring us up to son is there that general debate on this bill should be disposed 9 o'clock. of by 1 o'clock to-morrow as suggested by the gentleman? Is 1\lr. LEE of Georgia. That was the understanding yesterday, there some prearranged program? but the gentleman thought that he would begin general debate Mr. HAUGEN. I understand the policy is not to grant more nt 12 o'clock. than one day's general debate on any appropriation bill. I ~1r. HAUGEN. I suggest, then, that the general debate close think as much time should be given to this bill as any other at 1 o'clock to-morrow. That will give us the full day. bill, and I believe the Members of the House are as much in Mr. RUBEY. 1\Ir. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? terested in it as any other bill, if not more so. I agree to a Mr. HAUGEN. Yes. full day and have suggested that limitation of time. Mr. RUBEY. This is a very important measure and the gen Mr. BA-NKHEAD. If the gentleman will agree with me, in tleman knows that we will probably take up the hour to-morrow view of the present situation this is probably the most important in calling the roll. bill Congress is going to have to pass. l\1r. HAUGEN. It would be agreeable to me to meet at 11 l\lr. HAUGEN. And in view of its importance I am sure o'clock to-morrow. Members will stay here this evening and give e_verybody an 1\lr. RUBEY. We might just as well give a little time for opportunity to be heard. I will stay here until 9 or 10 o'clock general debate. Let us have four hours on a side, and we wilf or whatever hour is suggested. close the general debate to-morrow afternoon. Mr. BANKHEAD. The ranking member of the committee 1\Ir. HAUGEN. There is no objection to that. on this side on this bill has suggested to the -chairman that he 2510 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD·-· ROUSE_. FEBRUARY 5·r ' will absolutely require four hours on his side to take care of The CHAIRMAN. How much time does. the gentleman the requests for legitimate debate. yield? Mr. HAUGEN. Under the plan suggested he may have· four Mr. HAUGEN. As much time as· he may· need. hours or more. It is only a question. of remaining here this Mr. McLAUGHLIN of Nebraska. Mr. Chairman and gentle evening. men of the commit-fee, r appreciate the courtesy of tbe chair-· 1\Ir. BANKHEAD. I merely suggest that we might make man of the Committee on Agriculture in allowing me such time more headway if we make that agreement. as I may desire, and I wish first of all to asSUI·e you that I am 1\Ir. HAUGEN. If the gentleman suggests six hours, if that not going to abuse that courtesy. It seems to me that it be is more agreeable than as suggested, one hour tq-morrow- hooves us to expedite business here under all the circumstances lUr. LEE of Georgia. Eight hours, and that was my sugges 1n which we find ourselves as rapidly as we can and do so· effi tion to the gentleman heretofore. ciently, so I shall only take a few minutes· of your· time,_ I Mr. HAUGEN. Six hours? believe we appreciate the imperative importance of economy at Mr-. LEE of Georgia. And I agreed to it; and I can not get this crucial time, and while it will not be po sible for this com along with less than fom· hours on this side. mittee to show as large a percentage of reductions as will ba Mr. HAUGEN. And r agreed to give all day to-day and one shown by committees whose appropriations necessarily were hour to-morrow: greatly enlarged because of war conditions, yet at the same time The SPEJAKER. Will the gentleman state his request? I believe our committee has done its work well, and that we ~lr. RUBEY. Make it eight hours and let us go ahead. have reduced at every point where reductions were possible, 1\Ir. HAUGEN. l\Iy suggestion was that we take one day with one exception, to which I hope to call :rom· attention a for general debate. little later. The bill carries $30,340,034, which is $3,359,727 1\Ir. BLANTON. 1\Ir. Speaker, I ask for the regular order. below last year, $7,132,823 below the estimates of the depart 1\Ir. HAUGEN. We can set the time by staying this evening. ment, and•$ll,558,204 below the estimates of the bureaus. Per Mr. LEE of Georgia. But the committee will not stay, and sonally I had hoped that we might show a greatev reduction the gentleman knows it. this year than we have been able to do. Owing to the straitened The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Texas demands the condition of the Federar Treasury and the overtax-burdened regular order, which stops further debate. Will the gentleman condition of the country, it is certainly necessary that we reduce from Iowa state his unanimous-consent request? . at every place where- reduction is· possible. But we should not 1\fr. HAUGEN. r ask unanimous consent that the day be forget the fact that this is an agricultural Nation and that consumed in general debate and one hour to-morrow, to close agriculture is our chief business. The whole prospelity and at 1 o'clock to-morrow. activity of the Nation rests upon agriculture as a foundation. Mr. RUBEY. I object. Agriculture represents the very life and support of. this Nation Mr. HAUGEN. I renew my request, and I ask unanimous itself. The appropriations that are made for this- department consent that general debate be-well, put it at six hours. are quite permanent in their character- and scope, because the Mr. RUBEY. If the gentleman· will make it seven hours, we gre_at work of production: goes· on year: after year and can not might agree. stand. retrenchment anywhere along the line. The committees Mr. HAUGEN. Well, seven hours. whose appropriations :were multiplied manyfold of necessity, The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Iowa asks unanimous during the. war can, o:L course, now, as we find ourselves gra will be plenty of opportunity, .I am sure, for others to discuss pianos to the people. I had a-letter from a man in my district the ·question in their own time. Therefore 'the ·gentleman will not long ago who ·said he did not care for any ·Of these seeds; please pardon ·me. i ·must decline to yield. they would :not grow fiD.yhow; but ·he had noticed in the public It is quite probable that the original purpose of 'this provi- press a good many statements about the sheep and goats that . sion had for its object real good. But ·whatever good may were being grazed on the White House lawn, and he -suggested have -been intended and whatever good !lll1lY have been accom that we _provide some way to frank out lambs and kids to the plished in times past by .this ·provision, 'in my judgment, does people, because they were .more -valuable. Another ·man w1·ote not obtain to any great degree at this time. ·Originally thi~ me that 'he did not· ca.re -to receive ·any seeds because ·they --would provision was for the growth and encouragement and dis not grow, bnt suggesting that if ·I would frank him ra :Ford 'Cur tribution of strange ·and uncommon and -valllil.ble seeds, ·and the or a tractor he would rbe glad to use it. impression went out .to the country, whether directly or indi hlr. BLANTON. l\I.r. Chairman, -will the ·gentleman -yield? rectly, to that •effect, and for a number of -years -people had 'Mr. l\IcLAUGHLIN of Nebraska. Yes. the impression that :they were :reeeiving seeds of an uncommon 1\Ir. BLANTON. That request, _I am sure, sdid •not come :from value. -It is a 'fact now, as shown 1in •the J)rovisions of this Texas, because we Texas ·men -ar.e able to raise our .own kids bill, that ·these seeds ·are ·purchased in the open market and down ·the1·e. [Laughter.] from parties who will give the best ·priee. In -· other words, .:Mr. l\fcLAUGHLIN of Nebraska. Now, 1\.Ir. ·ohairman, •I be bids ·are submitted, and those who furnish the lowest rbids ge.t lieve, in view of .the fact ·· that these seeds are 2512 CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD-HOUSE. FEBRUARY 5, agriculttlre. And in that law we wr{)te a recognition Of the Mr. YOUNG of Texas. I yield to the gentleman from Illinois. . fact that farmers' paper had a right to enter the banking 1\Ir. CAJ\TNON. I am very much interested in what tile gentle- circles. and we provided for the rediscount prlvilege of prime man is saying. . He refers to t11e Federal-reserve act? agricultural paper. [Applause.] 1\Ir. YOUNG of Texas. ~ Yes. Now, my friends, I am talk-ing in all seliousness, especially 1\Ir. CANNON. And also to the farm-loan act? to the gentlemen here who represent the agricultural sections Mr. YOUNG of Texas. 'Vhich I will discuss a little later. of this Nation, from whatever section you may come. Ah, if 1\Ir. CANNON. I have been busy about other things, and I you :!Viii read the CoNGRESSIONAL RECORD you ""ill find that will be glall if the gentleman dming his speech will call atten surreptitiously the fight is on so to amend the Federal-reserve tion to what the law is now and to the proposed changes and the net as to destroy that feature of it that recognizes agriculture. effect thereof. I ask this in perfect good faith for information. I sound this note of warning to the American Congress and to 1\Ir. YOUNG of Texas. I am sure of that. The gentleman tl;le American people. Read, if you please, the speech of the represents a great producing section, as well as myself. But as gentleman from Massachusetts [l\Ir. LucE] a few days since, I ha...-e stated, gentlemen from Chicago, mayors of great cities and you will not have to go any further to prove the statement in New Jersey and other congested centers, have constantly ap that I have made that that fight is with us. And what does peared before the Committee on Agriculture and caned our at- · it mean if that fight should be won? l\Iy friends from tile tention to the high cost of living in those centers and asked us, wheat belt, from the cotton belt, from the cattle belt, it means among other things, to -draft an embargo law prohibiting the that financial power will again be centered in the East, in shipment of these supplies to any other nation on earth, and all 'Vall Street, if you please. Grow your cattle if you will; grow sorts of other wild ideas and fancies that they ask us to write your wheat if you will; grow your cotton if you will; but if into law so that the people in these large centers may live more you strike out of the Federal-bank act that provision which cheaply. As far ·as I am concerned, I will not favor one of them. enables those products to be financed in the Federal-reserve You are only now seeing in these centers what you will see more banks under the rediscount privilege, you will have again the emphatically in the near future, when liYing conditions in the conditions that prevailed before the Federal reserve-bank act great industrial centers of the Nation and such and when such w·as passed, and Wall Street will name the pr·ice that you will extra...-agant wages are paid to those who labor there that they get for your cattle, for your wheat, for your cotton. Are you withdraw from the farm and are leavtng it by multiplied hun "illing for them to do it? - dreds of thousands and are becoming consumers in your large I sound that note of alarm. They ha...-e done it all these centers. years. I h"llow the conditions in my own country, a great cattle Why is it? Ah, they haye worked not 8 hours a day but country. The State of Texas is the breeding ground for the 12 hours a day. They have produced year in and year out. feeding pens of the balance of the United States. There are They are tired of this labor when they can go to a congested 8,000,000 head of cattle in that State. It is also a great pro center and draw greater compensation, work shorter hours, ducer of cotton. It grows one-third of the entire cotton crop of enjoy the picture shows and the bright lights of the city. Week the South. I have seen men, women, and children as they by week and month by month and year by y-ear you are drawing toileu from one end of the year to the other, producing this them from the farm. Yet you come with a remedy proposing great crop, that went out to bless humanity and clothe tb.e an embargo on the farmers' products ancl price fixing on his world. I ha...-e seen them bring in their cotton in the fal1, ha-ving products and all kinds of wild schemes, overlooking the fact made it on a credit. The market bad gone to the bad. They that the farmer has been the one man who has sla...-ed and were not offered enough to pay the cost of production, to say worked and has met the obligations that have come to him as a nothing of the reasonable profit and the living wage to which citizen. . Now you add to his burden and you are depopulating they were entitled. They would go to their bankers, to whom the farms of the Nation, and after a while-and that time is not ther owed these obligations for the :rear's supplies, or to their so far distant-it will be a question of meat and bread for the merchants, and say, "The cotton market is so disastrous that if people in these consuming centers. Add not to tile burdens of I sell the crop that my wife and children have helped me to the farmer. Detract not from his banking laws giYing him a make I can not pay my obligations. "'on't you extend my field of credit. If the congested centers are wise, instead of credit? Let me hold it a while longer." That '\Vas the universal trying to do something to add to the burden of the farmer, they cry. The banker would say, "I can not do it." The merchant will look deeper and will say, "Let us make life on the farm would say, "I can not -do it." And why? Not that the banker more attracti...-e, in orller that the people may find their way was not interested in his people, not that the merchant was not back to the soil." [Applause.] interested in his customers, but these bankers and merchants Another proposition : All through the history of our Govern~ were borrowing institutions, and the banks had reuiscounted ment Congress had never seen its duty and never had pro...-idell their paper in New Yorl\: with their correspondents there at a a system of finance by which our people could become farm fixed charge of 6:! per' cent rediscount rate, and then 20 per cent O\Yners. What is the result? In my State and elsewhere the kept within the vaults of the correspondent and never reaching tenant clas is growing so rapidly that it is a great problem with the producti...-e territory. New York had said to us, "You must our people who is to till the soiL It remained for us in the take up this rediscotmt paper." They said that to the cattlemen, same Congress in whlch we pas ed the F.ederal reserve-bank they said it to your wheat men, they said it to the cotton farmer. act also to look to agriculture and say to the farmers of this They held your obligations, and your banker was forced to Nation, "\Ve want you to become farm owners. 'Ve want to respond and to dri...-e the farmers' products onto the market release you from the hands of the usurer. We want to provide cotton, ,,·heat, cattle, and everything that is produced on the a system which will give yoJ. time and a reasonable rate of farm. 'Vhy did the 1\ew Yorkers do this-this Wall Street interest, so that the young men of the country may have hope financial crowd? They stood hand in glo...-e with the great of owning their own roof and of tilling their own soiL" With manufacturing interests of the country and forced these raw that understanding we passed the Federal farm-loan act. Time ,, products out of the hands of the men who made them, at sacri after time on this floor that law bas been assaulted, especially fice prices. These products went through the manufacturing by the gentleman from Pennsylvania [1\Ir. McFADDEN] and the institutions, and the consumer of the manufactured goods llid gentleman from Michigan [1\Ir. FoRDNEY]. It has received not know that the blood that went into the production of the assaults at the other end of the Capitol. It may be tilat amend ra'\v material was not getting fair pay for the service it ren ments are necessary, inasmuch as it carries two systems-one dered to humanity. When the bill is offered, are you going to the far!l\ers' end, I must call it, and the other a joint-stock end. repeal that section of our financial law that does take care of There seems to be a conflict in the actual operations of these agriculture and enables our farmers to obtain credit and to two institutions, and some amendment is necessary probably to know that tlle work they do is recognized by our Government keep the joint-stock end of the institution from destroying tile and that they have a financial system that will care for their farmers' end of the institution. needs? · I want to warn you now, ho\vever, that whatever amenument Oh, my friends from the congested centers, you may think may be drafted, it ought to be drawn by tile friends of the as I speak thus that I am speaking selfishly, representing a great law, to see to it that the law is perfected an() that credit agricultural district as I do; but I want to say to you that it is may be extended, so that our people can own their farm . How a broader question tilan tilat which relates to the farmers them was it under the old system? I believe I live in the richest selws. Why, you cry. out at the high cost of living in the county in tile world, not excepting the black land in the district cities. Tilere are gentlemen coming before our committees every of the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. CAN NO ] . I moved to day ad...-ocating all kinds of legislation that will enable them to that county 27 years ago. The soil there is black and waxy, buy the farmers' products at a price that will be satisfactory to it is M unlimited depth, and there is no wear out to it. Yet these consumers in the congested centers. when I cast my lot with the people of that county I found l\1r. CANNON. Will the gentleman yielu? that from year to year as I visited the court-house doors, ad- 1920. ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 25i3 ditional bulletin boards bad to be erected from year to year is the question of distribution from the farm to the consumer. on which to post notices of trustees' sales against men who hacl The farmer is not getting rich, is he? - bought these farm lands to make a home for themselves and If he was, the farms would not be depopulated year aft-er their children. Why was it? They were energetic men, they year, as the figures show they are. So the farmer is not getting were goou farmers, they were industrious, they had good busi rich, because if he was getting rich he would stay on the farm. ness eapacity, but they had gone up against the game that no A man stays by the thing that is making him rich. The con man could win. The hand of the usurer had them by the throat, sumers in the congested centers aTe crying out because they and the rate of interest they had to pay ranged from 12 to 15 can not live because prices are too high. Are tney paying too per cent per annum, and the length of the loan was only about much for what they eat? The farmer we know is not getting fh·e years. Let a crop failure come, let sickness come, and the _too much. If they are paying too much for what they eat, farmer failed, and the tt·ustees' notices appeared. They were where does the trouble lie? Take the milk situation. The good men, they went out broken in spirit, they were cast down, farmer gets 8 cents a quart and the consumer pays from 24 to 28 they were paying into the hands of the usurer, and that usul'ious cents a quart. Does the farmer get too much? No. If he was bunch woulU like to get back in control and destt·oy the Federal getting too much, there would be more people going into the farm-loan act and foree us back to the old conditions. Now, dairy business, would there not? what haYc you? You have a system with a low rate of intet-est The farmer in the wheat industry before the W"ar got about and a reasonable rate. You ha~-e a period of years, and if your 60, 70, or 8Q cents, did he not? Was he getting too much? He crop failure: comes or sickness comes, then the man who has quit the wheat business and went to something else. He was a purehased the land knows that within the period of 30 or 40 sensible man, and when he found he was losing money he went years he is going to be ~ble to make gooG. They are buying to something else. Of course wheat is higher now, as every homes in my country nnu they are buying homes in the whole thing else, but he was not getting too much. The consumer Nation, and let me again sound a note of warning. You ought says he is paying too much. Where is your trouble? It Ls the to encourage men to buy farms and keep them out of the intervening agencies. How many men handle milk from the congested centers, but if you cripple this law you are going to producer on the farm to the consumer in the city? How many drive them awny again. This is what I am appealing for, and men handle wheat from the farm to the consumer in the city'? I ani not talking as a Democrat or a:s a Republican, but I am How many men handle cotton between the producet: on the L'U'm speaking as a true, loyal citizen who is to retire from Congress and the eonsumer in the city? at the end of the present session and go back to private life, Mr. :1\IADDEN. 'Vill the gentlelllil.n yield for a question? but I am telling what I h11ow about the facts and history of Mr. YOUNG of Te:s:as. How many men handle cattle from the - this great industry. I sound this warning to you who will be producer on the farm to the consumer of the eity? here after I am gone. Mt. MADDEN. Does the gentleman think the individual pro I get sick and tired of the propaganda tbat reaches my desk ducer could place his commodity any more economically in the fl:om day to day, and I dare say that other :Uembers of Con hands of the ultimate consumer if he undertook to make the gress- have the same sort of thing to eontend with. Already distribution than i.t is done now? That is the· question here. we have some sections of this country where the sentiment Mr. YOUNG of Texas. I do not think that the· individual would overturn our Government. pr ' 2514 CONGRESSION1\.L RECORD-HOUSE. FEBRU.. much interest here. We have a-diversified Nation. It is a great shown this conge ted-section that it is a great problem for them pitr we bad a Civil Wat·, and it divided our people, and it took to get their people back there. And instead of bragging about 50 years or more to get over the bad feeling that existed between cutting dowu appropriations for agric-ulture, I am willing the different sections. But tllis is the greatest Nation on earth. wherever it can be pointed out to me and wherever I can give a Take the State of my friend from Kansas [l\lr. TINCHER], a dollar that \Vill aid in bringing agriculture back to its life to great ·wheat-producing State. He feeds my people, although we do so. Yet I am in favor of cutting down the expenses of this are coming right along ori ills heels and are · producing wheat Government. l\Iy people are. I want to get on a business basiS. now·. When I need an automobile way down in Texas I have to I am against the propaganda for military training and uni~ · go to the State of my friend from Michigan [Mr. l\IcLAUGHL~N} versal service that seeks to take multiplied hundreds of inillions to buy my automobile, and when I need o·n my farm in the of dollars out of the pockets of our people in order to create a springtime to buy n"w turning plows and new cultivators and warlike nation out of us. God knows we do not need it! We new wagons, I have to look to the State of Uncle Joe to fur fought the greatest warlike nation on earth with boys that we nish ·the manufactured articles. When my COl,lllty goes to build took off the farms and from the blackstnitbs' shops and the stores ing bridges and needs the steel and structural iron, we have to go and they defeated the choice troops of the Kaiser. . ' to the great State of Pennsyl\ania to buy ~hose products, and . I want. to sp~nd money t? develop the resources of my country, when we want citrps fruits and dried raisins we have to go whether m agriculture or IJl manufacture or in whatever it may and look to California, and when we need woolen clothes we be, but I do not want to dissipate it in maliing t rained soldiers ha\e to go West and look to the sheep producers. On the other out of American boys. I do not want any more war, but when hand, yon gentlemen in those sections I haYe mentioned, when we have a just war the American boy. will rise up and win it your people need the overalls that the working men wear, the as they did this war and as they have every other war in which cheap clothing for your people, you have got to look to the broad they ever fought. [Applause.] · fields of Texas and the South, which produce this cheap clothing l\Ir. BANKHEAD. I notice here in the recapitulation put in material. the RECORD yesterday by the gentleman from Missouri [Mr. It is a great Nation with diversified interests, the greatest RUBEY] for this Bureau of Markets the gentleman is discussing Nation on earth, the greatest manufacturing Nation on earth. on the floor, and which is a very important feature of this bill, We are now exporters, and the world looks to us to be fed, to be that the committee reported a bill which decreased the ·esti clothed, and 1:o be financed. 'Vhat a field is up to you Members mates for this Bureau of Markets in the sum of $544,000. Can of Congress and citizens of a great Nation; what a great oppor the gentleman tell us what argument was made before the com tunity is afforded to work together as one people and one Nation mittee for that enormous reduction of the estimates for that to make the best of the opportunities we now have. [Applause.] bureau? Can you hurt the cotton industry in the So"Uth without affect Mr. YOUNG of Texas. If I would try to sum up the argn ing the iron industry in Pennsylvania? Ob, no. Can the iron ment, I presume it would be the same one that bas been made industry in Pennsylvania suffer loss without its affecting Texas? .before the committee before, to the effect tllat we have got to he Oh, no. Can the citrus-fruit crop fail in California without economical and cut down the expenses of the GoYernment. our being forced to do without it in Texas? Oh, no. Can we That is about all there is to it. wear woo~en clothes if a calamity should happen to the sheep growers of the country? Oh, no. We all contribute, and nature Now, gentlemen, as I stated, I do not think you ought to · has fixed it that we shall contribute, to the sum total of the cut out an important item when we see, as I have tried ruy whole: And I am sick and tired in bearing now and then men best to point out, the condition into which agriculture is getting.· on this floor raising criticism of tills item or that item of ap And I speak it from personal knowledge, and these gentlemen propriation because it happens to go to that section or this who sit before me know what I am saying is the truth from section or to this industry- or that industry. We ought to take _personal knowledge. I am surprised that these gentlemen from a broader view, as one great Nation and one great whole, of congested centers ate so provincial in their thought. They do what is necessary to make it greater, and we, as Congress, are not know anything about the great subject of agriculture. going to do it. If you destroy a cotton producer in the South, They do not know anything about their dependence on these you destroy his purchasing power, and he can not buy the things people out in the far West, in the l\Iiddle West, and in the Soutb. he would like to have. He uses his old plows; he does not buy I do not believe we ought to commence knifing here if we can an automobile; and he quits riding in his buggy. And so it is add something to it that will aid agriculture and get people with any inaustry. If you destroy an agricultural product, the back onto the farms. I want to get these clerks out of these producers are not purchasers any more from the manufacturing departments down here-these war clerks-just as fast as W-} sections of the country. We ought to have a broad vision, to the can. When they finish up the work they ought to go home. effect that agriculture shall be prosperous and draw people [Applause.] It is best for them aud best for this Government. back to the farm. Let the manufacturing sections of the coun I want to cut down the useless boards that grew up during the try be prosperous and reach out after the world's trade. So far war, and some of which are still alive. Just as quick as they as I am concerned, I have never 'cast a vote, in the 10 years I can wind up the \Var business, my people expect them to go ha\e been in Congress but that is in line with what I am stating home, and, as far as my vote is concerned, if I can find any now. And whenever in my committee there has been an appro appropriation to cut out that will send them home, I want to· do it. ~want to get this Government back on a peace basis just priation to relieve som~ State of some pest, all I wanted to know was that it was an agricultural problem, a national problem, and as quick as I can, and I do not want these gentlemen getting I haye voted to give every dollar that has been necessary to up here and suggesting these wild theories about the high cost meet such problems as they arose from day to day. And I hope of living, that some price fixer can come down on the farm and that that will be the spirit that will dominate our people in this take the cotton and other products. of the farm and fix the Congress in dealing with this bill and the othet· bills that may price on them. I do not want the price fixed on the wheat of. follow. [Applause.] my friend from Kansas. It bas been a fruitful source of annoy~ Now, what do we do? Here is an Agricultural appropriation ance. Gentlemen who - were here when we passed the food bill carrying about $30,000,000, and some boast has been made control bill know that for an hour and a quarter I stood on tb that we have cut it down a million or so. Agriculture? Agri floor and tried to keep our Nation from embarking on that culture1 · Only yesterday we had a rider to an appropriation proposition. It is a false economy. I do not want any legis bill asking for some $9,000,000 for some wharves and .clocks· or lation that will interfere with the great law of supply and something. While this bill carries about $30,000,000 plus under demand, whether it affects agriculture or whatever it affects. the title of an Agricultural appropriation bill, there are many If I were a manufacturer, I would do like they do. I would things in it that do not relate to agriculture. You have millions keep my books. I would know my markets. I would buy my ·of dollars appropriated for the Forest Service. That is riot raw material. I would map out my program, and I would gQ agriculture. It is simply put in by the ·wisdom of the people and tell the other fellow what he had-to pay me for my manu who drew that law under the administration of the Secretary factured products. of Agriculture. We ha\e other millions of dollars in this bill That is what they do, do they not? That is busine s, is it not? for meat inspection and for the pure food and drug act. · That ~l'hey call that a good business system, and it is. But I am a is not agriculture. That is for the health of the people. And farmer. I bet 12 .months' work against the cotton crop. or the yet those are given in the sum total and are charged up to agri corn crop or the wheat cr9p or the out crop or the barley CTOP 'culture. I · dare say if you go through these figures and take tlmt I produce or the cattle crop or the bog crop. I bet that 12 items appropriated to agriculture· you will find less than months' work, working 12 hours or more per day. I am betting $20,000,000 going directly to agriculture. · Is that a record to be against the season. I do not know whether I am going to have. proud of? I am not 11roud of it, my friends. . a flood or not. I do not know whether I am going to have a I have sho,Yn you the defects on the farm, the trouble there, drought or not. If God spares me from flood and drought, thr and I have sho,Yn you that we need encouragement. I have deviliSh boll weevil is· right at my heel, and also every otl.,. 1920. CONGRESSION1\._L RECORD-HOUSE. 2515 insect known to agriculture. I bet on that, but I get by, and I health of your children and your children's children-are you make a good, bad, or indifferent crop. willing that the whole supply of the Nation, on which you and Now, I li1e 5 miles in the country, and I drive into town with I must depend in order to exist and in order that our children 5 bales of cotton. ~.<\ill I like the manufacturer who produces may exist and be healthy and in order that our children's chil farming utensils or clothing or who manufactures food supplies, dren may e~st-are you willing for our Government to sit idly and can name the price I am go,ing to demand, being able to con by and let any combination of five take charge of the whole food trol my output or price it, knowing the expense incurred as a and meat supply of the Nation, with a power that can destroy bookkeeping proposition? Oh, no. not only individuals but nations? I am telling you the history of agriculture now. I drive into Now, some years ago down in my part of the country we found my little town with these 5 bales of cotton. The local merchant a way to make use of cotton seed. Formerly, in my boyhood comes out. Does lle ask me what I will take for that cotton? No. days, cotton seed was burned in the furnace of the steam engine. Does he ask me what I will take for the box of eggs that I have 'Ve did not know what it \Yas; but later we found that we could put on top of that load of cotton? Does he ask me what I will take the hulls off of these seeds, and we could get the linters take for the few dozens of chickens that I have piled up on top from w4ich they make our smokeless powder, and we could get of that load of cotton? No. He does not do that. I can not the kernel out of that seed and grind it and crush it, and it say to him that I want 20 cents or 30 cents or 40 cents per pound made a splendid food oil that now goes into the commerce of for this cotton; that I want 75 cents a dozen for these eggs; or the Nation. Then they take the cottonseed cake and grind it into tllat I want 75 cents apiece for these chickens. I can not men meal, and it goes back as a feed supply to your stock, and gives tion any price that I can demand for these things which it has you the fat cattle, when combined with the hulls that you have taken me 12 months to produce. taken from it. That was all waste stuff in my boyhood days. Do you think the farmer bas not got a problem? Do you men Now it is practically one-fourth of the value of this cotton crop. from the congested centers think so? Could you survive on that These packers are smart. You know they make all kinds of kind of a business operation? Then when you get into the substitutes for butter and lard, and vegetable oil is a good sub market with a great commodity like )'heat or cattle or cotton stitute. It is all right. I haye no objection to using it. I use you have the bull and the bear to contend with. The cotton it frequently. It is healthful and has good food value. But people have all Europe to contend with, combining with the bear what did they do? They slipped down the Atlantic coast and element in this country, to fight down and impoverish the men, began to buy up, one by one, the oil mills in tile cotton belt; women, and children who produce that great crop. And so it is and the oil mills own the gins, and the gins charge the farmer with our wheat, and so it is with your cattle. for ginning his cotton. The packers have extended their power Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. Mr. Chairman, will the gentle to that industry, primarily to take over the oils that come from mun yield? our cotton seert, and, secondarily, to force me as a cotton pro l\lr. YOUNG of Texas. No; I regret I can not. I want to get ducer who must have my cotton ginned, when they have driven through. Take cattle. My friend from Kansas [Mr. WHITE] the private ginner out of existence, to pay the price that they knows something about that matter. I have seen men spend demand for tl1e simple ginning of my cotton. Primarily they tllree years in growing a herd of cattle for market, and I have want the oil out of the seed, because it enters into competition seen those cattle going out of my town; I have seen them send with the animal fat that is produced by their industry. solid trainloads to Kansas City and St. Louis and Chicago. It They have taken over the peanut industry in the same way. is a funny thing that these same packers that operate in Kansas Are we going to sit idly by? What are you going to do? Are City and Chicago all operate also at Fort Worth. I live 60 miles you going to let them use that power &.s they do use it, as they 'from For:t Wortll, and we are forced to ship our cattle from have driven other men out of existence, and let them drive the away down there to St. Louis and Chicago and Kansas City in peanut grower from the farm and drive the cotton producer order to get a fair price, with the same packers established down from the farm? They will do it if they can. They are selfish, at Fort 'Vorth. money-making fellows. That is the power, and that is the way What do you do? You unload them when you get to St. Louis they are going to use it. It is up to this Congress to say, or Kansas City. You get up on the fence. You sit there. You "Thus far shalt thou go and no further," and I am ready to see a commission merchant come along, and you see-prospective cast a Yote to put that limitation on them at this moment. buyers come along, just a few of them. Have I, as a cattle Ah, they say they can do it so much more efficiently. Df shipper, any word to say as to what I shall get for those cattle, course they can. What are all these people going to do when nfter I have spent thousands of dollars in growing and fatten they are driven out of business? You have got your efficiency, ing them? Ought I not to have something to say about what but you have got a great bank account to the credit of that effi· lliey will bring, after having devoted to their production my ciency, too. I should like to see our PE;Ople encouraged to go judgment, my money, and my time, preparing these animals for back to these farms and produce whatever their section of the tlle consumption of the people of the world? No. I sit there on country may and will produce; and be assured that this Govern that fence and see my cattle struck off at any price these packers ment as a government will use every power that it has to see see fit to give. They have bankrupted thousands of the cattle to it that no one man or one set of men shall consolidate the men in my country and have driven them into other business. market of any product so that there is not open competition [_\pplause.] for the stuff that is produced. [Applause.] Tlle ·e are some of the questions confronting agriculture, and 1\Ir. COOPER. Will the gentleman yield there? I ·peak as a man who knows the facts and who comes from the Mr. YOUNG of Texas. I will. ~ection that has been hit by such a marketing system as that. 1\Ir. COOPER. Some time ago the Committee on Interstate Oh, you do not get any cheap meat after they get cheap cattle and Foreign Commerce held hearings on the packing-house ques from us, do you? I will tell you another thing about these tion, and those hearings were brought about by charges preferred !mckers. I did not mean to go into that, but it is a monopoly by the Federal Trade Commission. Independent packers ap pure and simple. They have got in their bands every cattleman peared before the committee and stated that, as far as they were in this Nation. concerned, the five ·big packers never· closed the market to 1\lr. \YHITE of Kansas. 1\lr. Chairman, will the gentleman them, that there was always an open market for them, and ~' ield? that they were in no serious competition with the five big Mr. YOUNG of Texas. Yes. packers. 1\lr. WHITE of Kansas. The gentleman knows that the Swift Mr. YOUNG of Texas. I do not know what their testimony Packing Co. have published their prices weekly here. The gen was. I am telling you the experience of a man who lives in the tleman knows that the prices of dressed beef quoted in the producing section of the country and knows 'about how these Washington market are about 6 cents per pound lower than they markets are conducted and about how my people as producers we1·e four months ago, and ret the gentleman has stated that we were driven out of this productive business and into other are not getting any cheap meat and are really not getting any enterprises. perceptibly cheaper mea:t. That would seem to reaffirm the 1.\lr. RAYBURN. If the gentleman will yield, I will say in statement previously made that it is the distribution that is at answer to the question of the gentleman from Ohio [1.\lr. fault. CooPER] that these independent packers, or the majority of ~lr. YOUNG of Texas. That is true. They have ddven nearly them, who appeared before the Committee on Interstate and everybody out of the business and they are trying to drive the Foreign Commerce and testified that they were allowed to com grocery men out of business. These jobbers have made a des pete with the big packers had testified in the opposite direction perately hard fight. when they appeared before the Federal Trade Commission. I Tllat is marketing. Are you willing as an American citizen, do not know just why they changed their minds. as a Member of this Congress, for the food supply of every char- · 1\Ir. YOUNG of Texas. So much for that. My time is about acter that you must depend on to s11stain life and for the life and up. Now, my friends, in conclusion let me reiterate let not LIX-159 . 2516 CONGR"ESSIONAL RECORD- H·OUSE. FEBRUARY 5, thi Congress ever ctipple the nnancial system that we llave that the man appointed as ·a member of the Presiuent's official gi\<""11 our farmers through the Federal Reserve Bank act. family at the beginning of his administration, Mr.. Hou..:ton, was Let both the productive and the congested sections of our coun the ·best-posted man ;and the greatest Secretary of Agriculture try wake up to the fact tha:t we ne~d more :men on the farms we have ever had. to own their own homes; and do _not let any selfish set of I do not know "fo-r sure, but I have my opinion. nut some one usurious interest collectors make an inroad on the farm-loan is treating the business as secondary. Within a year of the bank act, because when you do it you destroy the farm owner. time when his term woulD. natUl'ally expire some one Jooks upon You take from tile farm tile bulwarl{ of 'Protection ngainst this great business as so unimportant that they giYe him a job Bolshevism a-nd anarchism, because the farmer owning the tit1e as a clerk in another store--the same practice that we are com to his own farm will ii.ght to the death to protect the Govern plaining of in respect to the farm boy and the farm girl lea -ring ment tllat protects his title. [Applause.] Give to the farmer the farm. The Secretary .of Agricultur-e has been given what ~rough the Bureau of .Markets or otherwise a better system of they call a J>romotion and has been made the Secretary of the distribution, and 'the faTmer will do as he has done. He will Treasury. I hope the time will come when not only the great feed the world. [Applause.] American Congress may be depended rupon to stand by the senti 1\lr. HAUGEN. I yield to the gentleman from Kansas :[Mr. ments expressed by the gentleman from Texas [1\lr. YoUNG] and TINCHER] 30 minutes. treat agriculture as :first in this country, but that the time will 1\ir. TINOHER. AlT. Ohairrnnn and gentlemen of the com come when the Congress will have the backing of the Chief mittee, I am sure I voice the -sentiments of every member of Executive of our Nation, 11.nd that he, too, will regard the pro the Agricultural Committee when l say that it is with profounL~ ducer and the fa;rmer _as first and not secondary to anyone in regret that we hear the gentleman from Texas [Mr. YoUNG], this great Nation. who has just left the :floor, announce that he is -retiring ·from 1\fr. LAZARO. .1\fr. Chairman, wilT the gentleman yield? Congress. I do not belong to the same political party that he Mr. TINCHER Yes. does, but I want to ·say to you tha:t from my short experience Mr. LAZARO. Mr.. Chairman, the gentleman just stated that on that committee I believe that when he leaves Congress the he was sorry "to see the boys and the girls lea-ve the farm. men who feeu the world wlll lose from the Hans of Congr~s l\!r. TINCHER. A.b olntely. one of their stanchest, fairest, ablest friends. l\1r. LAZARO. !'fully agree with him. Does not the aentle I absolutely agree with the gentleman from Texas TMr. man think that the best way to keep those boys and girls ~n the YouKG] that there should be no legislation, ·whether it comes farm is to develop the fa.rm-:Joan system and build sclwol through the •• loose " remarks 00: peo1>le from l\Ia sachnsetts or houses and good roads and a system of mm'keting, so that tile from any other State or any other man, to hinder the progress producer can sell to the consumer without being robbed by the of the famner through amendments of our financial laws that middleman? would tend to injure him. I am proud to be a Member of Con Mr. TINCHER. Oh, certainly; and I was glad to hear the gre~·s, :whece it is manifest that the great -majority of it con gentleman from Texas say what he did about the packers· I side-rs tl1e producer first and not second, and where there is ab was glad to see him ba\e the nerve to stand on the iloor 'of solutely no danger of any law passing that will cripple the Congress and say that he believes in it. producers of this great Commonwealth. The 'Producer is safe I have been here only a short time, and I am sorry that he is enough in .cougre s, but uo man can keep some other man from leaving, becau e I say to him :that 'here is one man who has introducing on the floor of the House his private ideas, no man come to Congress who would help him work out a sy tem of can keep a committee from coming down here from Chicago to regulating any man or set of men, if it de-velops that they haYE> a appear before the Committee ,on Agriculture, as one did the monopoly on the food products of the Nation. Of cout•se tl1e other da-y, asking for an €Illbargo on foodstuifs. No man here is committee may disagree on details as to what brings abdut: a re ponsi.ble for ·the fact that they got together llP there and ap real market system, and Members of Congress may eli agree a 3 propriated a "fund to reunce the high cost of living, and theu, to tbe best way to bring about that system, whether by Federal without any com;ider.ation whatever, concluded that "the way to control or by Government ownership, but I say to you that Yon do it '''as to put an embargo on all farm products. They would are Tight, that a marketing system is the IDJ})Ortant thinO' and stan·e themselves to death if they were let alone. But there that until the farmer can have a fair deal, until be can"''ba 1 e wns not any danger. They came before a joint committee of fair treatment, you can not hope to :increase production, you can the Senate ·nnd the Hou , and while some of the members did not reduce the high cost of living, and you can not ati fy the not say anything, did :not want to hurt their feelings, they were farmer without ·increasing production. The gentlemnn from absolutely unanimous that this Congress would not consideJ:· for Illinois interrupted my friend and asked him about the milk a moment ·the crippling of the producer and the absolute ue situation. How in the world can a man be happy to. live on tbe ~truction of production by passing such fool laws. farm when the limit of wages that the producer of milk can pay I, too, with my friend from Texas 1ament the fact that the for producing the .milk is $60 a month, while tl1e man who is boys and the girls are leaving the 'farms. I am sorry for the peddling the milk in the city is striking for $300 a month-a man fact tlmt, e\en with the e great laws that we have now protect who does not have to Jlave the qualifications, who does not ha\e ing the producer, the tendency to le.:'l.ve thE: farm is still manifest. to know as much, who does not have to .have the intelligeuce, but I wonder how to account for that fact. It is baTd for a :full who, simply because he belongs to some organization and liYPS grown man to understand the ambitions of the farm boy who in the city .and works 8 hours a day, while the fellow on the wants to give up his position on the farm to be a clelfu: in a farm works 12, can earn $300 a mouth, when the price that store, and we as a government ought to ·set some kind of an the farmer receives for his milk will not justify him in l)aying example, but do we do it? Congress, I say, is safe. The Na:tion more than $60 a month to the mau on the farm. Tbo ~e are has nothing to fear from this Congress in the way of legislation things that must be reached in some way. Tho e are problems that will injure the producer, but how are we as a government that must be solved and the farmer is entitled to have them treating this ·great business? I say it is :first the most im sol\ed. portant business of a nation to feed the nation. .Every man And the farmer 1s entitled to be treated first, becnuse lle does I ba ve ever talked to- in Congress agrees With me, except one feed the world and should not be treated by nny department of Member, and be is from a congested center. He has always told our Government as secondary in these critical times. [.Ap me how few farmers there are as compared with the consumers. plause.] He really has not stopped to think much. The fewer the farmers Mr. JOHN W. RAINEY and Mr. SABATH ro e. the more decent treatment they are entitled to, becau e it is The CHAillMAN. To whom He-puiJlic::w...; h Party in the Senate had sent telegrams to Republican Senators intelligent and irresponsible system plans and schemes were before Congress convened urging that no position be taken laid for the preparation and commencement of war that the favorable to the League of Nations;. I submit to this House and world knew nothing about. Because there was nowhere in the to· the cotmtry that that act was not in keeping with the highest world any common understanding among the nation · that they and best interests of the people of our country or the best inter would use their combined powers in one. mighty, concerted est of the civilized world. [Applause on the Democratic side.] action to prevent any one nation from beginning·a war of aggres If there evei· was a question of a nonpartisan nature, surely the sion or conquest, Germany quietly and secretly planned and safeguarding of human life against murder is a nonpartisan prepared to conquer the world. question. Democrats and Republicans alike fought in the war I repeat, the old methods employed to prevent "var have failed to~eth e r under the leadership of the great Commander in Chief utterly. of tlle United States Army and Navy. [Applause on the Demo There is only one way to prevent war, and that is to go to the cratic side.] \Vhen this great American President had about ropt of the evil, as they did in the case of yellow fever at New finished his stupendous task and was making ready to come Orleans. home certain Senators obtained an incomplete copy of the 'rhere must be established an international tribunal whose league treaty, coming through Germany. It was said to have duty it shall be to prevent ~he outlaw nation from arming and been brought oyer here by German spies. Then it was brought equipping itself so that it will become a menace and a danger to down to the Capital from New York and turned over to leading the peace of the world. [Applause on the Democratic side.] Republicans of another. body, and there it was seriously an Establish such a tribunal and you will bring about a reduc nouuced that they intended to print it in the CoNGRESSIONAL tion in national armament the world over. The peace-loving RE ORD. ' nations are praying for such a time. Do that and you have The President was appraised of that extraordinary conduct. broken up the hotbed and breeding place of war. [Applause on He cnbled to those gentlemen telling them that that copy was the Democratic side.] incomplete, and that lte, the President of the United States, had T·he law-observing and peace-loving people of the world must gi Yen his word to the members of the peace conference that no join forces for the purpose of saying to the outlaw nation, "We copy of the league treaty woUld be published in the United States will not permit you to disturb and destroy the peace of the until he himself presented it in due form to tlie Senate for rati world." [Applause on the Democratic side.] fication, and on top of that information he solemnly requested _1\Ir. Chairman, one night many years ago uown in the Mi is them not to print it. In spite of the President's protest these sippi Valley, when in the immediate vicinity there was no sign ·Republican leaders insisted upon printing it. When the matter of I~ain, a flood came down from the streams above and the came up for consideration a man by the name of l\IcCuMBER, a Father of Waters swept out over the valley beyond. When the Senator from North Dakota, a Republican, arose and said that people on the hills round about awoke in the morning they saw for 20 years he had made it a rule not to vote to print any treaty that the houses of the people in the valley were covered with in the RECORD until it was duly submitted by the President of water, and they knew that the people in those houses were the United States, and that he could not change his position now drowned while they slept. When the flood receded they buried because there is a change in administration. [Applause on the the dead, and then some of the people said, "We ought not to Democratic side.] Here is a strong·insinuation and an indirect permit anybody else to try to live down in the valley." Then an charge by a Republican that his Republican colleagues were old patriarch said, "God created this rich valley to be used ami treating the President in this improper fashion because the enjoyed by the people, and there ought to be a \.Yay · to control h;ea ty was being submitted by a Democrat. the flood," and then a civil engineer came forward and said, ·The people believe that that is tRie. Mr. Taft, you remember, "There is a way to control the flood. I can build a levee or sea has said that if a Republican had negotiated this treaty and had wall that will hold that river to. its course until the flood has submitted it for ratification that there would have been no op spent its force." position to it in the Senate. [Applause on the Democratic side.] He built the walls, and now when the river rises and rages in . You will recall alto that Mr. ':!.'aft is quoted as saying that the its fury these walls stand there holding the river to its course, Republican leaders in the Senate had packed the Foreign Rela and they protect from danger and death the people in the valley tions Committee with those opposed to the League of Nations. beyond. So, gentlemen of the House, the League of Nations,.Pro \Vhat more proof do we need to show that the gunmakers and poses to erect between the lives of human beings and the cruel ammunition makers of the four States named have had their slaughterhouse of war and the humane walls of peaceful arbitt·a infiuence felt? .A.h, they tell us that the gun and ammunition tion. And when disputes arise and the angry passions of nations makers, who made more than $4,000,000,000 through the sale of rise and rage these walls of arbitration will hold them to the guns and ammunition during the war just ended, sitting back course of peaceful settlement marked out by the League of Na and clipping their coupons behind the screen, are telling the R~ tions. [Applause on the Democratic"side.] They will hold these publican leaders of another body," Defeat the League of Nations angry passions in check and prevent them from reaching the an - 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-_ HOUSE. 2523 32 votes shall agt·ee, America's 1 "Vote. will as effectively_defeat gentleman who has just spoken trying to find some way to agree a gh·en proposit~on as if sli~ had 6 or 16 ,vot~s. to reservations; to disconnect from the peace treaty the abomi Mr. Chairman, modern war has p~co,ne so dangerous and nable League of Nations. I am an American, and so are you demlly that something has got t9 _be done to prevent it. The old gentlemen over there, and may I call your attention to the burn syste-m wiH not, can not, prey~nt it. ItJs the mother of all the ing words of America's first great President, George 'Vashington, wnrs of the pn~t. America must be in positiol} in the future who said: to use het· inttuence to pre\ent war. She deplored the outbreak Why forget the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our If own to stand upon foreign ground 7 Why, by interweaving our destiny of lite lust war, but she had no way to prevent it. she must with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in thl' eYer tight in another foreign war, it must be after she has bad ~oils of European ambition, rivals hip, interest, humor, or caprice"! It the oppor·tunity to ·use her influence and power to prevent it. 1s our true· policy to steer clear of pl.'rmanent alliance with any portion [Applause on the Democratic side.] of the foreign world. In the IJloody maelstrom just ended 10,000,000 of men "·ere But you are getting away from the bearings of the fathers. munlert'll, thirty-odd millions more maimed and mangled are You are forgetting that your great leader tried to give away la~ne and halt and blind, and more women and children made with the pen what American soldiers ha\e. fought five wars to \\'idows and orphans, more barbarities committed, and more preserve. \Vell, thank God for the men of American ideas. and· suffedng and sorrow produced t~an were ever produced in any American blood who are over at the other end of the Capitol other war in all the history of the world. to-day. They are thinking for America. Oh, ~·ou talk about And yet we are criticized and condemned for advocating a stopping war. Why, you are as selfish to-day as you were before League of Nations. \Ve are condemned because we want to the war. Human nature has not changed because of the late f'ubstitute international arbitration for the arbitrament of the war, and you are seeh.-.ing to tie up Ametica with people who de sword. ceived America, according to your own great leader's statement, .Mr. Chairman, if we were justified in joining the Allies to put before one of our blessed boys was murdered overseas. The loot down a war that threatened our liberty and the civilization of of this lrar was divided, according to a published statement in the ,,·orld,. would we not be justified now, and is it not our duty the public press, before one American soldier crossed. the seas, JIOW, to join with the Allies in .establishing a tribunal for the and at the peace table there sat keen-eyed, bright-brained meu purpose of preventing another such war. ·"ith a bag gathering in the loot that had been apportioned be- I regard it as the paramount and supreme duty of this Gov fore America went into the war. · ernment to use every power and influence at its command to Ah, talk about the League of Nations preventing war! You establish . now an international tribunal for the prevention of know better than that. Your intelligence tells you better than war. [Applause on the Democratic side.] that. I do· not believe that the gentleman who just left the floor _ This league covenant was planned and framed by the big believes that America ought to have just one vote while England .... and brainy representatives of the triumphant armies of civiliza and the British Empire has six. I ·do not want to analyze the tion. There on the soil of France, drenched with blood and treaty, I have not the time, but I want to call your attention t0 covered with the graves of 4,000,000 of dead, there midst the the fact that we are not afraid to go to. the country on the League grief and groans of sorrowing women and children, they dedi of Nations, gentlemen from the South [applause on the Repub cated themselves to the cause of justice and the cause of peace. lican side], because we belie,·e in America, and we do not care They proclaimed to the world their intention and determina to be tied up to all of the quarrels of the world. \\.Te have tion to substitute for war's blo-ody butchery the humane processes troubles of our own right here. of international peace: [Applause on the Democratic side.] Talk about owing so much to those ovet· there! We have The war just ended cost the warring ·nations more than half loaned them $10,000,000,000, and tlley owe us a million dol1ar~ of the wealth of the world. It cost us nearly $30,000,000,000. a day in interest that they have not paid. We have given them It is responsible for every tax burden borne by our people $100,000,000, and a bill will be in here in a few days to give them to-day . . When the war ended it was costing this Govern $50,000,000 more, while American n;mnhood and womanhood all ment $~,000,000 an hour-nearly $50,000,000 a day. It is re over this land is groaning with the burden of taxation. Oh, !' ' 1920. CONC+RESSION.A.L RECORD-HOUSE. 2525 ~ - 1\lr. FAIRFIELD. Gentlemen of the committee, I have lis-· out proper reservati'.>n. Personally I have hoped that out of tened with very much interest to the discussion here this after this awful war there might come some understanding by which noon on the League of Nations. I am reminded ..that hitherto the dangers of ·war might be less than tl.ley have been in thC" in this body but one man, so far as I remember, has said any past. I have hoped and I still hope that in some way these thing from the floor of the House about the League of Nations. proper reservations may l>e adopted and that the treaty may be I confess that I have ·been somewhat surprised to find that the ratified. - most of the leaders on the other side of the House had refrained For I tell you frankly, gentlemen, I do not believe that. from thus far from discussing that matter at all. As I recall, but the moment it was submitted to the Senate it has ever been a one gentleman on the other side of the House has made any proper thing for l)artif'lan discussion. I still believe it is too speech upon the floor of this House in support of that league, big; that it ought to be settled, and settled before long, by a and no man on the Republican side, as I remember, has thus wise preservation of .American rights. If that may not be, if far spoken. Perhaps there has been a reason for that. I do stubbornly, persistently, the power that alone can act still not believe that all of the other Members on the other side of insists that the judgment and the conscience and the reason the House, save the gentleman from .Alabama., are out of bar. of those Members of a11other body who are opposed to ratifica· mony with the idea of a League of Nations properly safeguarded. tion wiUJ,out reservations, if the man who alone can settle it It may be that other gentlemen have spoken in defense of the insists, then it is a proper subject for political discussion. It is league, but my attention has not been brought to it, and I strange that when 1\Iembers arise on the floor of this House should be very glad if some gentleman would rise and name they question motives if the views expressed do not happen the men on the other side who have undertaken to defend this to conform to their individual opinions or their political ne Leagu(: of Nations as it has been presented to the Senate. cessities. There is a better wa:.r. Now, I would l.>e very glad, I think the reason is very apparent. This treaty-making indeed, if gentlemen from the other side would enter into n clis power is a coordinate power. The President of the United cussion of the merits of the treaty, and particularly in defense of State~ l>y virtue of the Constitution has upon him the very article 10 and in defense of the fact that the British Govern onerous duty and responsibility of initiating the making of ment has sh: votes and that the .American Government will · treaties. President Wilson had a perfect right, in my judgment, hn ve but one. to take the initiation of that treaty into his own hands, and It will not do, gentlemen, to imagine that omtory and while many people thought it unwise for him to go to Paris I eloquence, that rhetoric and brilliant periods, will in any way have found no man yet who has urgently insisted at least that settle this proposition. It "ill be perfectly proper for gentlemen he was not within his constitutional prerogatives when he went to discuss fearlessly and honestly, as they will, the merits of., in person to the Paris treaty conference. But having gone this proposition, instead of upbraiding others for being hypo there and having done the work and brought it back, it became critical. the duty of the Senate of the United States to exercise it best judgment as to the wisdom of the provisions in this treaty. If The merits of this proposition involye l>oth the League of it is true, us llas been asserted, that to-day a majority of the Nations and the treaty of peace. The two are so interwoV'en Senators of tile United States in a world crisis llave so far for that the league in it present form would permanently set its gotten tlleir oatil of office as to be willing to be influenced pl'l seal of approval for all time on every injustice in the treaty marily by some partisan consideration when a world problem itself. This it is too late to avoid, we are told. If that be is inYol'red, then God help the Republic. The charge is not true, then the league will not only sanction the wrong but bind true. You must remember that every Senator took an oath as itself in perpetuity to see that wrong is never righted. It is solemnly a.s did the President and that each individual Senator this binding of the Republic to permanent participation and has as much responsibility for what is in that treaty if he votes _ responsibility for the continuance of any injustice that may for it as has the President himself. The habit on the floor of have been done in the making of the treaty to which some this House of charging men who are Jn public life with being Senators object. To say the least the question ought to be mOYf'd by ulterior or partisan motives in the most difficult or open to discussion and to the full recognition that there are two sides to that question. There are many other reasons put all problems, the determinnUon of our relations with the future forth by gentlemen of undou.bted loyalty which these gentlemen r- ~ the world-! say that habit at least is to be deplored. There are some real reasons why a man perhaps hould challenge say make it impossible for them to vote for the treaty in its every statement in that treaty to see whether its provisions are present form. The whole question iQvolres the history and in wise when we remember that he who primarily negotiated the stitutions of the Republic. treaty ltad not seen what the gentleman from Alabama has just The development of this Republic is the most stupendous ex told us was inevitable, that the great current of human events perience of the human race in the last 400 years. Those who was surely bearing us toward war and that it was inevitable. wrought it out are the most striking personalities of modern When the leadership of this Nation did not see as we stood history. Their safeguarding of the individual right has no upon the brink of that mighty crisis, is it strange that men parallel in any other country. TheiL· limitations on themselves are unwilling to believe that the same leadership sees with wiser shows forth an absolute dedication of all that they were and -all "\"ision and clearer perspective than those who gave birth to the .that they hoped to be to the good of their country. They wanted Nation and the other patriotic men who have preserved to us the only that its rights should be respected; that its people might, ine timable privileges which we now enjoy? Then, too, the unmolested, work out their own destinies; that they might keep American public is not altogether ignorant now iri regard to the from all entangling alliances; that they might address them- • provi&ions of the treaty or of the conditions under which it was selves to the problem of self-government. Early in our history made. Even the great leader who negotiated the treaty has said there were those who would have entangled us with France that he was not aware of the secret treaties that had been en against England. Happily, as we now see, we escaped thllt en tered into between the allied powers, and when he got over to tanglement. But it took the courage of a w·ashington and the Europe he found that .Africa had been parceled out to Italy and wisdom of his advisers to prevent it. We took the position that to England and to France. The whole continent, with 176,000,000 we would not fight save in defense of our own rights; at the people, had been parceled out over the table by the men who same time we said to all the world we would scrupulously respect wel·e controlling the inner secret relationship, and that stood. the rights of every other people. .And llien, too, he found that a secret treaty had been entered The Republic was born right. There was world unrest then, into which disposed of the Shantung Peninsula, and, though as now. Right, liberty, freedom were words to conjure with. reprobating the principle invoh'ed, yet that stoou. And so there Self-determination and self-government were in the hearts of the ls rea. on to believe that a much as in the settlement of any people of Europe, as well as in those of America.. The setting of other treaty at the close of a great war it was a matt.er of the two peoples was entirely different. It was a difference due barter and trade. And so, with England fixed in hel· control not only to physical surroundings but to an inheritance which of Egypt, fixed in that she shall receive llie German colonies, made the .American colonists capable not only of self-determina and with Italy fixed in her possession and France fixed in her tion but of self-government after the determination had been possessions, it is not strange that a Senator, after taking an made. oath to support the Constitution, should be unwilling that this Self-determinntion and self-government are different. Self country should obligate itself permanently to hold those posses· determination may be given to any people. Self-government is sions in the hands of the people to whom they had been assigned born of character and experience. Self-determination may re in that treaty? .And so, while declamation is sometimes cheap sult in any kind of government. Mexico has a self-determined and sometimes easy, there are facts, difficult, stubborn facts, government; Haiti has a self-determined government; Russia connected with the negotiation of that treaty that it well be has a self-determined government. They lack either character hooves any Senator to study carefully, and when he thus studies or experience, possibly both. Self-government means intelli it and has confidence that there is any danger to the future of gence, wisdom, self-restraint, sense of responsibility, as well as tbis country, it is his sworn duty to oppose its ratification with- sense of privilege. · 2526 CONGRESSION .A.L RECORD-HOUSE. FEBRUARY 5, The only self-government worthy the name is due to· the build our situation due to the steady, persistent, wise, and beneficent ing of an essential structure formed on the eternal principles of course our people have followed. There are those who say the inalienable rights of man, accompanied by duties that are that we must change our course, that we can no longer follow also inalienable. The agitator may mouth of rights. It is as out the course laid down by the fathers of the Republic and indispensable that he study the question of duty. Sense of duty followed through a hundred and fifty years of unexampled peace has its origin in responsibility. Responsibility has its genesis and happiness. It may be that we have come to the dividing in the recognition of the rights of others. Rights without obliga of the ways, that henceforth we shall have to abandon this tions are will-o'-the-wisps, the fantasy of a distempered mind, the course that has proven so beneficent and launch out into an orgy of a disordered intellect, the chaos of irreligious, immoral unknown sea. It would at least be well to take the matter into vaporings. consideration before we do so. It might be well to wait until These truths were perceived clearly by the founders of the the clouds of passion and hate and avarice that hang heavilY: Republic. The Huguenots of the Ca.J'Olinas, the royalists of the over Europe shall have been dissipated. It might not be un established church of Virginia, the Quakers of Pennsylvania, patriotic or partisan to ask that, first, this country shall fix its the Catholics of Maryland, and the Puritans of New England eyes on the pole star of our destiny and determine the precise were the determining factors in the spiritual setting of the direction in which we are going. In any event the issues are so American people. They claimed the right of religious freedom, tremendous, so freighted with the happiness of our Qeople, that of intellectual freedom, of self-governing freedom. Never for a we shall pause long enough to clear the decks, unite the crew, moment did they separate from these rights the duties conse and start the voyage with a clear conviction that we shall quent upon them to themselves and to their posterity. Their reach· the port toward which we are aiming. Every humane ancestors linked with the birth of the Christian religion. Theirs man desires that war shall cease. He ought to be willing to was the ancestry that held through the centuries to the convic take some chances that this desired object may be obtained. tions of purity and holiness that were given to the world by the In the quiet of the home hearthstone he should study to know Nazarene and His apostles. Of that ancestry they were proud. only his duty. When convinced of that he should not falter. These fathers of the Republic were forced to brave the dangers This much we may know. of an unknown sea and thread the maizes of an unknown con No harm can come to us or the peoples of the world if the. tinent. League of Nations shall be so formed that the American people They brought civilization with them. The Puritan pact was at heru·t and soul shall be for fts perpetuity. Our fathers took framed on the lfayjlou;er. It was a constitution of a people time to grow into self4 government through 300 years. The already fitted for self-government. They were educated men. union of the Colonies was discussed for 50 years and then The church, the town, and the school were erected in the wilder came the Revolution. The Articles of Confederation jealously ne s. They were capable not only of self-deter:rpination, but of guarded the rights of the States, and powers were not granted self-government. Back of their ancestry, their religion, their until t.lley were seen to be necessary. It took seven years ot traditions, their convictions was their abiding faith in a just war in the Revolution and six years of peace after it under the God who overruled the destinies of nations. At heart these Articles of Confederation to convince the fathers that a closer progenitors of the American Republic held. to every part that union was necessary. has made for liberty in the Republic. The Constitution of the United States was drafted by men We have not outgrown them nor those who followed after. who had faith in the common cause. Alike in language, in The same sun still shines, the same physical processes are still religion, in political institutions, they had a common ancestry at work, the same spiritual laws still hold. All of us are that reached back to the Magna Charta, and yet the Constitution indebted to the past. Its literature, its institutions, its laws, its was taken before each State legislature, and not for two years did, lessons in government, its sufferings, its achievements, have all the last of the thirteen original Colonies ratify the instrument. come down to us as a rich and noble heritage. The wor!d has Thus, fully, freely, critically, its every phrase was subjecteu grown through the movements of the nineteenth century. The to the scrutiny of representatives chosen by the people to chal folks of the world live closer together than ever before. This we lenge the wisdom of the instrument. It wa adopted ; then all recognize, but fail to understand that the storm and the began the long critical period, beginning with tl1e decisions of tempest, the lightning's flash and the thunder's roar. the roar .John Marshall, as to what the instrument might mean when of the torrent and the power of the flood are as of old. So, too, practically applied.. The interpretation of one of the most vital a so-called new day has brought the peoples of the world closer principles was determined_only by the arbitrament of war. together. The printing press has made the literature of the past, Happily the Government lives, and now, when strong and the history of the past, the government of the past, as of yes mighty, a power for good, the greatest moral force in the world terday. In the thought of to-day the mass of mankind is nearer to-day, men tell us that a new gm·ernment with all the nations to all the people of the past than ever before. Their hopes, their of the world, in many of whose breasts a vicious fire of malice· ambitions, their faUures, what they have wrought, the purpose and hate still burns, that a new government involving surrender they had in mind, all these are ours. On this continent under of the right to determine our course should be adopted at once 'this flag this day we can compare all that has been and all that by the Senate. Its interpretation is to be left to the. council of is and the processes that have determined a history of every nine, on which we have but one member. Those who know country in the world. On the Continent of Europe Spain has run anything of the powers of the committees can understand that l1er course, her foreign possessions are lost to her forevermore. the interests of Europe in this matter are primary, and can Great Britain still holds, but in the recent war her Government easily understand that the interpretation of every article of the was shaken to the foundations. Italy and Germany and Austria treaty may be unconsciously prejudiced. Germany hates us for were leagued together for mutual protection and advantage. the course we took during the war. There is no gratitude on Russia and France and England were likewise leagued to main the part of England or France or Italy. They assume that the tain the balance of power. Russia is in utter· chaos, Austria iS money we loaned, the food we furni bed, and tlle lives we sacri· dismembered, Turkey as still the pta.gue spot of the East, is recog ficed, all the efforts we made, were but the fulfilling of our duty nized as a European power, Germany has been thwarted in her to ourselves. They claim that these po\vers fought our wa · as ambitions. well as their own for two years. These are the cold, hard facts The whole course of EUTopean diplomacy has led only to that will ever confront that council sitting on the justice of any destruction. .Japan, young in the New ·world's organization, is claim which the United States may present for the repayment of steadily extending her territory and realizing her ambitions in . its loan. Does it not behoove us, then, to eliminate from the the same way in which England has become mistress of the seas treaty things that may prove dangerous to the best interest of and caused her flag to float on every continent and in the isles this counh·y and in turn to the best interests of the world? of the sea. 'Vould it not be a source of untold misery and_ woe fol' the Italy hesitated long and entered on the side of the Allies world itself if the course sanctioned by the League of Nations when promised an extension of her territory. The states should prove distasteful to our people? Nay, more, would it not manship of Europe in its wisdom has failed. The conditions be cause for infinite regret if unhappily through haste and over of the middle classes would indicate that up to 1914 Europe anxiety we should find that a sense of duty to ourselves required had a set of primary interests quite different from our own. that \Ve withdraw? There is an expressed provi ion that any But one great people in the world drawn into the war simply ·nation can withdraw when it has fulfilled all of its international and only to protect their own most sacred rights have no obligations. Who is to deter!lline what tho e international obli unholy ambitions to gratify, no indemnities to collect, no selfish gations are and when they have been fulfilled? interest to subserve. How does it happen that we find our A group of men sitting at Paris have undertaken to recon selves in this happy position? Is it due to chance or is it struct the map of Europe. The cause assigned for this action is due to set principles? Is it due to the wisdom and self that a. new day has dawned; that old things have pa sed nway restraint and sense of duty or is it due to circumstances over True, this action is taken in the name of the free nations of the which we had no control? Things do not happen. Rather is world ahd purports to be a voluntary association of such na· 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 2527 tion . As a matter of fact, it iS forced upon the world by the being guaranteed undiminished control. We hear much of a leading powers that joined in the defeat of Germany. Those league of free nations. Great Britain wins by having six votes powers have undertaken to compose all the difficulties and ani to one of th~ United States or of any other power. Colonies mosities that have grown up with the centuries. Their wisdom were to be self-determining; Great Britain wins the major part is not to be questioned. The territori~l limits which they fix of the former German colonies for trade and exploitation. are to be eternal. There are to be no more changes or expan Egypt is confirmed in her position; Great Britain secures greatly sions of territory on the part of any nation which subscribes increased influence. in the East. She secures reparation for in to the covenant. Austria is to be dismembered, Germany dis juries and losses to civilians. The league guarantees to Great rupted, Turkey parceled out, the colonies to receive mandatories, Britain the full integrity of her empire on land and domination and the age of peace and good will toward men is to be ushered of the sea. Wherever the British flag floats, from the western in. If this scheme does not work well and any people or group most coast of Ireland to the farthest regions of the Indies on of powers should engage to change the parts settled upon at the east, from the northernmost point of Labrador to Aus Paris, then the whole power of the United States is to be used tralia and the islands of the Southern Sea, under this League ·in defense of the league in spite of Congress, in spite of any oppo of Nations that flag shall float for evermore. sition from the people, in spite of the Executive. An interna Some one may object that the league guarantees protection to tional council shall determine when the people of the United the interests of the Empire only when assailed from without. States shall go to war, just how many soldiers from our own This means that no part of the British Empire could hope to homes are to be drafted, just where they shall be sent, and receive any assistance from any outside power in case it de how long they shall remain. This is an abdication of sover clared its independence without that power at the same time eignty on the part of the United States. It may be objected declaring war against the whole league. No such help as that the judgment of the council of nine must te unanimous be France gave us in 1778 could be expected in the interest of any fore the country would be involved; then one man living in an nations struggling for liberty. Ireland must forever remain an international atmosphere, thinking of the world and not of his integral part of the British Empire. Her possessions in South country, cut of touch with the people, subject to every ebb and Africa, in America, in India, in the Continent of Europe, and .:flow of the cross currents of Europe, would be empowered to in the islands of the sea will constitute Great Britain an Empire speak for the Congress, for the Executive, for the judiciary, and whose far-flung flag will float in every land and on every sea. for all the people :"!.umbering a hundred and ten million. No There can be no other like her for all time. man can be safely trusted with any such power. Such a man To France has been given Alsace-Lorraine and the Saar would ultimately have no country. He would be a citizen of Valley and a barrier all along the Rhine against another Ger the world. Patriotism to him would become provincialism. man attack. Added to this she has secured reparation for in Those who advocate the acceptance of the League of Nations juries and losses to civilians. Belgium wins more territory, as drafted are charging that any man who may hope to amend renewed independence. and compensation for injuries and losses it, to clarify it, or even to question the possibility of a league in the war. Italy wins Italia irrendenta, the Alpine frontier, and seeking the ends proposed, is moved only by partisanship. In control of the Adriatic Sea; in addition to that a huge in other words, the proponents of the league say: "We are good, ac demnity for losses in the war. JapRn wins the German islands cept our goodness ; we are wise, accept our wisdom ; we are in the Pacific. She is confirmed in her control over China and statesmen, accept our statesmanship, or be anathema." given a free hand in Asiatic Russia. The United States wins The horror of the late war has led us all to wish that reason not at all. She loses. Tbe friendship of Italy, Japan, and and conscience might rule the world. We were mistaken in 1914 China has been sacrificed. The power of self-defense has been as to the progress the world had made toward universal peace. taken away. This country will not long have the right to de We understood but little of the. conditions in Europe. We termine the size of its Army and Navy not the right to make failed entirely to sense·· either the causes or the magnitude of treaties at will. Our country is forever prohibited from mind the struggle. We thanked God we were 3,000 miles a way. In ing her own business. That is the League of Nations indorsed 1916 we still «thanked God that He had kept us out of war." by Woodrow Wilson and his apostles. And yet they claim that We were asked to be neutral even in thought. So late as Oc there is no partisanship in this blind indorsement or this ful touer, 1916, President Wilson himself, in his Shadow Lawn some eulogy of the President. How does it happen that some speech, spoke as follows : newspapers are for anything that the self-appointed agents at I am not expecting this country to get into war. I know that the the peace conference may propose? Is there no partisanship in way in which we have preserved peace is objected to, and that certain their blind support of whatever terms the treaty may contain 'l gentlemen say that they would have taken another way that would Are they moved by only patriotic impulses when they charge that inevitably have resulted in wari but I am not expecting this country to get into war partly because am not expecting those gentlemen to even a free and full discussion is out of harmony with the best in ba ve a ehance to make a mess ot it. terests of this country. The Senate has been ignored in only Scarcely had the echoes of that campaign died away when we that it has been told plainly that it would be put in the same were called to Washington in special session to declare war category with Germany so far as the acceptance of the treaty against Germany. War was declared. We justified that decla is concerned. The President himself threatened that he wonh.I ration of war to our constituents by showing that the rights of purposely interweave the League of Nations with the treaty of this country had been ruthlessly disregarded; that already the peace with Germany; that no peace with them could be secured submarine, the demon of the sea, in German hands had de unless along with it the league should be ratified. That is a stroyed our property and sent to an untimely grave at the bot challenge to the self-respect, the judgment, the conscience, the tom of the sea men, women, and children of our common coun reason of a coordinate body of the Government especially named try. We justified our action before our constituents on the by the Constitution as part of the treaty-making power. So ground that war with Germany was next to our own self-pres autocratic, so high-handed, so imperious, so egotistical has been ervation. Indeed, no man could justii'y' involving this great that attitude of the Pre.sident that the personal element in country in war save for the preservation of its rights on land volved in the treaty of peace is in danger of overshadowing and sea. A Member of Congress takes a solemn oath to defend the merits of that document. The treaty of peace drawn by the Constitution and the laws made in pursuance of his office. Mr. Wilson and his own chosen satellites is ratified in the If one should vote to plunge the country into war on any other minds of some even before its provisions are fully known. Is ground than the preservation of the rights of its citizens under it not partisanship of the blindest sort? Is it not an abdica the Constitution and the laws of the country, he would violate tion of judgment and a sycophantic attitude for any man to the oath of office. take in order to uphold the hands of the leader of his party? 'l'he eastern question is not a new question. For decades The men who laid the foundations of the Republic \\'ere Turkey has robbed and murdered Christians in Armenia. Much jealous of centralized power. Under the adminish·ution of as we may deplore the situation of those people, yet no states Great Britain they had been subjected to a power that could man has ever dared to suggest that the Congress of the United reach immediately and directly from the throne and touch the States or the executive department had any right to chastise individual citizen. With this in view, their first draft of the the Government of Turkey for so doing. Citizens of the United Constitution guarded sarwell the liberties of the States that it States have been robbed and murdered in Mexico and trade proved to be nothing more than a rope of sand in enforcing with that unhappy country has been all but suspended, yet no national obligations; yet the Revolution was fought out under humanitarian appeal for interference in that unhappy country that instrument. Six more years, from 1783 to 1789, were neces haR emanated from the White House. Is it possible that a group sary before the people were willing to sacrifice part of that of intellectuals meeting in a palace in Paris for a few months independence that a more effective Government might be insti are able to agree upon the world document that shall prevent tuted. For a hundred years the Colonies bad experience in war? Already the seeds of future wars have been sown in the self-government. The Revolution made clear their interdepend settlement of the treaty between Germany and the Allies. We ence. Their common language. their common religion, their beard much of the freedom of the seas. Great Britain wins by common social institutions, their nearness to each other, their 2528 CONGR.ESSIO:Ni\L RECOR.D-H_QUSE. FEBRUARY 5, common dangers, and their common experiences made possible gentlemen, that within the months that are just ahead of us the Union. In the draft of the Constitution of the United States you are going to hear very much in this country concerning the these people, 'vho had already suffered in the common cause, Kansas" experiment," if you please to call it that, with reference who had already had like experiences in self-government, whose to the settlement of industrial controYersies and the direction boundal'ies were contiguous, met at Philadelphia and framed of industrial life. the Constitution of the United States. What wealth of expe l\fay I gi\e you a word or two with reference to the history rience· those men had had. What necessity was upon them of this legislation? 'Vhe the coal strike was at its height, for the immediate solution of the difficulties and dangers that and everywhere the situation was becoming critical, and particu threatened to annul all the suffering and sacrifices the people larly so in parts of my own State where coal is largely the only of the Colonies had endured, and yet so calm, so quiet, so dig fuel available, the State took over the mines, under receivership nified, so wise were they that they spent four months in fram proceedings, and Gov. Allen called for volunteers to operate ing the instrument, having before them the Articles of Con them. Thousands of the young men of Kansas responded, and federation under which the Government was then organized. production was just getting well under way when the strike These men not only had in view the amendments which they de came to a close. That whole situation so focused the attention sired to secure but an instrument that had proven inadequate, of the people upon the seriousness of the industrial que tion but that had been thoroughly discussed at least two years and its sinister possibilities that Gov. Allen called a special ses before the Constitutional Convention met, so that their work sion of the legislature for the purpose of considering it. was not hastily done. This Constitution was ratified by the He read a strong message urging the establishment of art 1·epresentatives of each State elected for that express purpose, industrial court and a bill of thf~ sort was ready for introduc and ·only after two years of thorough and exhaustive debate and tion on the opening day. The session was a unique one. 1\Ien with the express understanding that the instrument would be of National as well as State prominence were invited to ad amended in at least 10 important particulars~ There was no dress the legislature on the subject, and both sides were heard haste; no one man endeavored to impose his own will on these fully. On final passage the bill received all but four votes States without ample time for full discussion and the weighing in the senate and all but eight in the house. In this connec of every important item in the Constitution. Yet we are asked tion I think it proper to put into the RECORD the fact that the quickly to indorse a League of Nations made up of peoples dif measure, which is comprehensive and very carefully drawn, fering in religion, language, in liberty, in social custom."l, in is largely the work of W. L. Huggins, member of the State governmental ideas, having deep-seated enmity and smarting public utilities commission, assisted by Senator Francis C. under real and fancied grievances. We are asked, I say, to Price, both able lawyers, well known in the State for many indorse such a league without queseon, without discusswn, years. :Mr. Huggins has been appointed presiding judge of without judgment of its far-reaching consequences, or be ac the court. cused of partisanship. This attitude by the blind in This farm turnover represents an average income of nearly $4,000 for f'ach of the G,OOO,OOO fat·ms in the United States. It is approximately Io;yal. and true, and they never have in the past, and they never five times as great as the sum the Government is preparing to spend in Will m the future1 fail in their patriotic duty in 11euce or in the current fiscal year. war. [Applause.] If applied exclusively to our war debt, it would practically pay it with the year's products and -relieve us of that burden. Crops pro Although,. as I have already shown, the farmers bro(\:e all duced G4.1 per cent of the total and animals and animal products the records durmg the year 1919 in production, still the.Y are being ' remaining 35.!> per cent. Crops alone are valued at $16,025,000,000, urged to continue to increase production this year. I have no while animals and animal products are estimated at $8,957,000,000. doubt they will respond to the very utmost of their energies, Looking at these enormous figures you can have some faint resources, and ability. They are, however, at this very time conception of what the agricultural business of this country confronted "\lith very serious difficulties. T\\·o hundred thou amounts to, and therefore the interest which the American sand inquiries were recently sent broadcast to farmers by the people have in it. As I stated awhile ago, there is no other busi Post Office Department, in an effort to ascertain if the depart ness at all comparable to it, and therefore when we make the ment could assist in reducing the high cost of living. Forty appropriations yearly which are made in the Agricultural bill ~housan~ replies were received, and they were practically unan of $25,000,000 or $30,000,000 or more, as the case may be, it is Imous With respect to three difficulties, to wit: First, scardty a small expenditure we make for the agricultural development of farm labor, because of the movement from the farm to towns of this great Republic in comparison with the results obtained. and cities; second, big profits taken by middlemen handling I maintain, howeyer, that the appropriations made for agricul farm products; third, lack of facilities for direct trading be ture are not in reality an expenditure but, on the contrary, are tween the farmer and the ultimate consumer. an inyestment, because by the use of the money appropriated we The first difficulty mentioned, that of the f"carcity of farm stimulate and encourage the production of the results which are labor, can not be remedied by lmY. A man hns the inherent . hown by the statement which I have just 1·ead, showing it to be right to live where h(! pleases. If he chooses to leave the coun a good, paying business policy to invest the various sums ap try and the farm and go to the town or city, no statute can pre propriated to secure the splendid results obtained. It is money vent him from doing so. As an American citizen he can live well inYested and judiciously expended in a continually growing anywhere in America he desires, and follow any trade voca and paying business, to wit, in the business of the Nation's agri tion, calling, or profession that appea,ls to him and promi~es the cultlu·e. [Applause.] greatest remuneration for his service.. That incentive is really The Agricultural appropriation bill last year carried $33,- the cause of this trouble. It is general and is due largely to 899,76~ The amount carried in the present bill is $30,540,034. high wages in towns and cities, tlle ''"ide..:pread demand for The i*stment of $30,540,034, which is appropriated in this bill labor there, with the improved working conditions and short for a l')usiness which brings to the people of the country 'the hours. The Agricultural Department, however, under laws we enormous sum of $24,982,000,000 in a single year, is really a have passed and appropriations made, does undertake to help in mall investment for the Government to make to obtain the re- this matter by advising where a scarcity of farm labor exists sults produced. • and where a supply may be obtained, and in. aiding those who For this reason, as I stated before, I have ad\ocated increases desire to secure labor and those 'vho desire employment or to whereyer necessary in order that the work of this great depart ~~abno1~ ~ae:~~:s~rroundings to get together for the common good ment should be carried on without hindrance and keep pace with ever increasing and progressive agriculture. I · do not 1Ye are attempting through the efforts and activities of the belieYe any decrease of appropriations for ag1·iculture should Bureau of Markets in the Department of Agriculture, which I be made where any question or reasonable doubt exists am glad to say I helped to establish and for 'Yhich there i a us to the necessity for it to carry forward the activities of large appropriation in this bill, to help to solYe and to remedy the department. Where there is a doubt, the doubt ought to the other two dilficulties mentioned, to wit: Big profits taken he resolved in favor of thE! department. We ought to know no by middlemen in handling farm products and lack of .adequate injury will result before the appropriation is decreased. facilities for direct trading between the producer and the ulti All over this country there Lc:; a demand for a reduction in the mate consumer. This bureau is trying to find a way to cut high cost of living, and it is a_ demand to which we should all down the big profits of the middlemen, and to eliminate the listen and bend our every effort to secure every reduction middlemen wherever it can be done, and thus bring the ·pro po~sible in the necessary living expenses of the people. God ducer and ultimate consumer directly together, so that they knows I want to help all the people, and especially those who may h·ade with each other face to face w·hen possible to do so. really need help. [Applause.] The cost of food distribution in this counh·y is too high, and the The most effective way to reduce the high cost of living is to margin between the price receh·ed by tlle producer and the price increase production in the country, and the object of this bill paid by the consumer is exorbitant. God grant that we, the is to stimulate and increase production. The great · trouble servants and representatives of the people, thi · great bureau; now is we-have only about a 60 per cent production to supply a the Department of Justice, and every other agency of the Gov 100 per cent demand. The supply of production must be ernment may bend every effort and do e~erything pos ible to adequate to meet the demand of consumption. So long as the solve, in the interest of all the people, an • 1920. CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-HOUSE. 2531 while the prices of his machinery, lumber, and shoes are raised. it passed; that its continuance is costly, inefficient, and inadvisable. We does not conduce to a pleasant frame of mind on the part of the farmer ut·ge Congress to expedite the enactment of legislation providing for the or spur him to greater production to be obliged to sell his protlucts for proper reorganization, reequipment, and control of the railroads under half or less than he later sees them sold for at retaiL p~i'~ate ownership; ~bat this legislation be as plain as possible and pro " The farmers of America," the new Secretary went on, "are willing VldiDg as few restrictions and complications as will rroj)erly protect to assume their part of the responsibilities as American citizens in the superior interests of the public in the operation o railroads. We meeting any problem threatening the welfare and stability of our coun are opposed to a Government guaranty of dividends on a Government try, but this high cost of living problem is a mutual one, and they ask subsidy. that it be approached by ail the people as a common problem. They Governmental economy : Strict economy in public expenditures for all nsk that there be an adequate number of producers of wealth, and this departments of government is essential as is the cutting out of some includes property and food of all kinds, and only such number of dis customs in transaction of public affairs as add expense and delay in tributors as is necessary to perform the services required. rendering efficient service, and the discontinuance of all departments o1· employees which are not rendering efficient service. COUNTRY NEEDS PRODUCERS. Compulsory military training: We are opposed to compulsory mili " Let us enjoy in America a highly · developed system of distribution, tary training and a large standing army in time of peace. but let us cut out the useless member; the surplus one here and there, Daylight saving: We commend the act of Congress in repeaUng the and give him an opportunity to become a producer upon the farm or in so-called daylight-saving law and oppose any action to revive such legis the factory. Let us have six-tenths of our people in production and lation by Federal, State, or municipal action. :tour-tenths in distribution, that there may be six-tenths of what a man can produce each day for each of us, rather than have four-tenths in I voted against the daylight-saving law when it was vnsseu, production and six-tenths in distribution, which gives us only four and of course I voted for its repeal. tenths of what a man can produce each day for each of us. To do tbi.s I wish I had time to discuss each one of these suggestions in conditions in production must be attractive, farming must be remunera tive and offer to a young man who engages 1n it an opportunity equal detail, but the_time being limited I must not take up too much to that offered him should he go into a bank, railroad, wholesale, or of it. Therefore, while I urge upon you careful consideration retail establishment. of all these s:uggestions, because of their importance and the "The farmer asks that the laborers in the mines, the factory and the mills, who are also real producers along with the farmers, make an eminent source from -which they come to us, suffice it for me at efrort comparable to his to see there is just as little labor expense as the present time to say that profiteering, wherever it exists, llQSsible in each article turned out by their hands, thereby helping the can not be too severely condemned. \Vhoever takes advan farmers of America, who in turn will help the laborer. This is not in consistent with the views and desires of the loyal, intelligent laboring tage of conditions to rob his neighbor by profiteering upon men, who recognize the mutual adyantage to all in an honest day's him should receive the condemnation of every honest and fair work for an honest day's pay.· Given this, and the manufacturerst job man and deserves and should receiye the seYere punishment of bers, and retailers taking a reasonable profit and recognizing the narm that must ultimately rome from profiteering upon the farmer, the ques the law. tion of the high cost of living will largely solve itself to the permanent Government operation of the railroaus has already caused a good of all concerned." deficit of over a billion dollars, and there yet remains a deficit That is the first public utterance I have seen from the new of $700,000,000 to be paiu. Therefore it has proven to be a Secretary of Agriculture, and ·it is in reference to a live question very large losing business to date. It was necessary to take nnd has the right ring to it. them over during the war, but that emergency has now passed, I saw in another statement '.7here he said he woulu do his and the President and Congress have determined to return them best to devise some effective method for the distribution of farm to their -owners, the President by proclamation having fixed products so as to bring closer together the producer and the March 1, next, as the date upon which to return them. consumer for the mutual benefit of each. I am sure we all wish Compulsory military training, it is variously estimated, would him every success in this effort and in every other effort for tp.e cost from $131,000,000 to $1,000,000,000 a year ; besides, it advancement of ·the agricultural interests and the solution of would take the boys between 18 and 21 years old off of the farms the problems which will bring to the people comforts, prosperity, and out of the factories and away from home and out of produc and happiness, and in his every effort he will, I am certain, tion for four, and possibly six, months in each year, which haTe your help and assistance, and he will surely have mine. would cost many millions more in reduced production, when [Applause.] tncreased production' is so much needed. We fought the great In this connection nlso I desire to call your attention to the World War to destroy militarism, and our forefathers left the following statements in a memorial issued on January 30, 1920, Old World to get away from it, and came to this great coun by the executive heads of six large national farmers' organiza try, "The land of the free and the home of the brave"; anll tions in conference at the headquarters of the National Board we do not want to start a policy in times of peace, at such an of Farm Organizations. enormous cost, to encourage and build up militarism anti The memorial was dl~afted by the following executives: \V. I. retard the progressive development of real democracy. A rea Drummond, of Oklahoma, chairman of board of governors of sonably sized Regular Army and the National Guard are suffi the International Farm Congress; J. R. Howard, of Iowa, presi cient. They met and were victorious in every·emergency in the uent American Farm Bureau Federation; T. C. Atk:eson, Wash World War, and they can and will measure up to every emer ington representative of the National Grange; R. F. Bower, Na gency in the future. No, sirs, no conscription for me in times tional Farmers' Union; 0. G. Smith, president Farmers' Na of peace; no forcible, no compulsory, military senice and train tional Congress; and John D. Miller, National Milk Producers' ing now. The fathers and mothers of America-and the boys Federation. themselves-have enough of war for the present. Let us avoid Other organizations represented at the conference were the war and even the appearance of war ever in the future if State Farm Bureau Federations of Indiana, Vermont, New possible. [Applause.] So much for those questions for the Jersey, and West Virginia; the State Granges of Maryland, present. I wish time would permit me to discuss others, but Massachusetts, Delaware, and New-Jersey; the American Cotton I must not now. Association; the Farmers' Union of Oklahoma, \Vashington, and I am anxious for us to get back to normal conditions at the ,Virginia; and the Dairyman's League of New York. earliest possible moment, and to this erid I favor the repeal of The specific statements to which I call your special attention the war-time legislation-made necessary by war-time condi are these: tions and not necessary in peace times-as rapidly as it can Agriculture is the basis of all commerce and industry. The great be clone with proper consideration and in the exercise of good world need of to-day is production. Production is dependent on labor. The solidarity of labor is such that the wages and hours of labor pre judgment. Let us get back to peace-time conditions. Would vailing in other industries are refieeted upon the farm. Prices of food that we could return as soon as possible to the fundamentals products will be determined accordingly. Under present conditions agricultural production must materially decline, and thus react against as announced by Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, the entire industrial system. In view of this recognized economic lawi Jackson, and the founders of this Republic. The war is over we submit that it will be wise to consider the farm in any industria and the reconstruction period is at·hand. You, our Republican plan adopted. friends, clamored for an extra session to pass reconstruction Country and flag first : The first and constant obligation of every citizen, and of every organization of citizens, is undivided loyalty to legislation. The President called the extra session. It met our country. Its institutions must be protected and its traditions May 19 and adjourned Novem!Jer 19, 1919; but you did not pre preserved and respected. No conflicting obligations can be tolerated. sent or pass any reconstruction legislation. We haYe now been Adequate production : The farmers of the United States are con tinuing their best efforts to produce abundant foodstuffs ; and, contend in session since December 1, and none is yet presented or ing that production 1n the factories, mines, and mills is second in im passed. You are in the majority and therefore responsible for pol'tance only to that of the farms, they demand of both labor and legislation to the people. The people are restless. They are capital that they, too, shall earnestly and consistently speed up their part of the production so urgently needed. tired of so much regulation and the inconvenienc-es and liard Profiteering: We condemn in unmeasured ternis those who, ignoring ships of war-time statutes. They want to be restored to the the distress their actions cause and unmindful of the danger signals in that are only too apparent, confinue to exact excessive profits in deal freedom of peace times business and otherwise and to be ing in the necessities of life. The sharing of such profits with employees reliev~ of the restrictions and difficulties of war-time legisla does not correct the evil. . tion, made necessary by war-time conditions. They were will Ownership of railroads: The Government ownership or continued operation of railroads is most emphatically opposed. It is against good ing to stand them during the war, but they want relief now, public policy and the principles of sound Americanism. We are con and should have it. Bring on real reconstruction legislation vinced that any possible emergency calling for such operation has and we will help you to pass it. (Applause.] LIX--160. 2532 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. FEBRUARY 5, This indeed is .a wonderfnl country, and as Ame1·ican citizens Mr. RA.UGEN. The gentleman .pointed out the importance of we are all .pmud· of it. Let me call your .attention a moment this bill and asked for time. The gentleman ought to be to our most remarkable ·balance of trade : willing to stay for another hour. UNITED STATES TRADE BALANCE SHOWS BIG ADVANCE-NEARLY Mr. RUBEY. There are only a few here. We can not finish $2,000,000,000 lNcnEASE OVER GREAT BRITAIN. it to-night. I make the point of .no quorum present. . WASHINGTON, February !. Mr. HAUGEN. The gentleman has that privilege. America's trade balance against Europe increased by $4,435,410,566 The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman makes the point of no in 1919, figures issued to-day by the Department of Commerce showing exports from the United States were $5,185,980,350, while imports were quorum. 'l'he Chair will count. $750,569,784. Mr. HAUGEN. I move that the committee do now rise. The trade balance in favor of the United States o-ver the Unite TIEPOHTS OF COUl\1ITTEES O:N PUBLIC BILLS AND · Also, a bill (H. R. 12358) granting an increase of pension to RESOLUTIONS. Eli B. Beard ; to the Committee on Pensions. Under clause 2 of Rule XIli, By Mr. EAGLE: A bill (H. R. 12359) for the relief of Jesse L. Mr. GOULD, from the Committee on the Library, to which was Clay; to the Committee on Claims. referred the joint resolution of the House (H. J. Res. 270) au By Mr. FOSTEJR: A bill (H. R. 12360) granting a pension to thorizing the erection of a monument marking the starting point Bridget Conerton; to the Committee o,n Invalid Pen-sions. of the motor convoy from Washington to San Francisco, reported Also, a bill (H. R. 12361) granting a pension to Ella J. John the same without amendment, accompanied by a report (No. ston; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 599), which saW bill and report were referred to the House By Mr. HAMILL: A bill (H. R. 12362) granting a pension to Calen