Witchcraft and Magic in Eighteenth-Century Scotland
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BEYOND THE WITCH TRIALS Witchcraft and magic in Enlightenment Europe edited by Owen Davies and Willem de Blécourt Manchester University Press Manchester and New York distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave Copyright © Manchester University Press 2004 While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in Manchester University Press, copyright in individual chapters belongs to their respective authors. This electronic version has been made freely available under a Creative Commons (CC- BY-NC-ND) licence, which permits non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction provided the author(s) and Manchester University Press are fully cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. Details of the licence can be viewed at https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Published by Manchester University Press Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9NR, UK and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 0 7190 6660 3 hardback First published 2004 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Typeset in Monotype Bell by Carnegie Publishing Ltd, Chatsworth Road, Lancaster Printed in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn CONTENTS Contents Contents List of contributors page vii Introduction: beyond the witch trials Owen Davies and Willem de Blécourt 1 1 Marking (dis)order: witchcraft and the symbolics of hierarchy in late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Finland Raisa Maria Toivo 9 2 Pro exoneratione sua propria coscientia: magic, witchcraft and Church in early eighteenth-century Capua Augusto Ferraiuolo 26 3 From illusion to disenchantment: Feijoo versus the ‘falsely possessed’ in eighteenth-century Spain María Tausiet 45 4 Responses to witchcraft in late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Sweden The aftermath of the witch-hunt in Dalarna Marie Lennersand 61 The superstitious other Linda Oja 69 5 Witchcraft and magic in eighteenth-century Scotland Peter Maxwell-Stuart 81 6 The Devil’s pact: a male strategy Soili-Maria Olli 100 7 Public infidelity and private belief? The discourse of spirits in Enlightenment Bristol Jonathan Barry 117 8 ‘Evil people’: a late eighteenth-century Dutch witch doctor and his clients Willem de Blécourt 144 9 The archaeology of counter-witchcraft and popular magic Brian Hoggard 167 10 The dissemination of magical knowledge in Enlightenment Germany The supernatural and the development of print culture Sabine Doering-Manteuffel 187 Grimoires and the transmission of magical knowledge Stephan Bachter 194 Index 207 CONTRIBUTORS Contributors Contributors Stephan Bachter has studied folklore, history, cultural anthropology and educational science at the universities of Augsburg, Munich and Trento. In 1997 he obtained his MA in folklore science at the University of Augsburg with a dissertation on German travellers to Italy in the eighteenth century. Since 2000 he has been working at the University of Munich. He teaches and publishes on occultism in the modern period, prophecy and nineteenth- and twentieth-century Bavarian outlaws. He is currently working on the history of German grimoires. Jonathan Barry is Senior Lecturer in History and Head of the School of Historical, Political and Sociological Studies at the University of Exeter. He has published widely on urban society and culture in early modern and eighteenth-century England. He is co-editor of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1996), and is currently preparing volumes on Witchcraft and Demonology in South-West England (University of Exeter Press) and Religion in Bristol c. 1640–1775 (Redcliffe Press). Willem de Blécourt is Honorary Research Fellow at the Huizinga Institute of Cultural History, Amsterdam. He has written numerous articles on witchcraft, popular culture and irregular medicine, published in Dutch, German and English journals such as Social History, Medical History and Gender & History. His most recent book is Het Amazonenleger [The Army of Amazons] (1999), which deals with irregular female healers in the Nether- lands, 1850–1930. He is currently writing a book on werewolves to be published by London and Hambledon Press. He is also working on a history of witchcraft in the Netherlands and editing a volume of essays about witchcraft and the body. Owen Davies is a Lecturer in History at the University of Hertfordshire. He has published numerous articles on the history of witchcraft and magic in eighteenth- and nineteenth- century England and Wales. He is also the author of Witchcraft, Magic and Culture 1736–1951 (Manchester University Press, 1999), and A People Bewitched (1999). His most recent book is Cunning-Folk: Popular Magic in English History (2003). Sabine Doering-Manteuffel is Professor of Folklore at the University of Augsburg. She previously studied anthropology, folklore, history and philosophy at the Universities of Cologne and Bonn. She has been a visiting researcher in Vienna, Paris and St John’s, Newfoundland. Between 1987 and 1991 she helped co-ordinate a major oral history research project ‘Grenzgeschichten. Berichte aus dem Niemandsland’, the results of which were published in 1991. She has published widely on regional history, oral history, propaganda and the printing press, neo-paganism and social movements. Her most recent research project concerns magic and the Enlightenment. Augusto Ferraiuolo is a cultural anthropologist at the Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, Capua, Italy. He works on narratives, ritual, festival and religion, connected with identities. His most recent book, based on work on the Inquisition records of Capua, is Pro exoner- atione sua propria coscientia. Atti di denuncia per stregoneria nella Capua del XVI–XVIII secolo (2000). Brian Hoggard is a history graduate and independent researcher from Worcester, Eng- land. He has been working on the archaeology and history of folk magic since 1998. His viii Contributors website on the subject has provoked a good deal of public interest. He is the author of Bredon Hill: A Guide to its Archaeology, History, Folklore and Villages (1999). Marie Lennersand received her PhD in History from Uppsala University, and is currently a researcher at the Dalarna Research Institute in Falun, Sweden. Her thesis, Rättvisans och allmogens beskyddare [The Protector of People and Law], was published in 1999 and concerns the efforts of the absolutist Swedish rulers of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries to prevent corruption among civil servants. Her other publications deal with legal history, and especially the ‘legal commissions’ that, among other things, were appointed for big witch trials. She is currently working with Linda Oja on a research project investigating the aftermath of the witch trials in Dalarna. Peter Maxwell-Stuart is an honorary lecturer in the Department of Modern History in the University of St Andrews. He has recently published an edited translation of Investi- gations into Magic by Martin Del Rio, and Satan’s Conspiracy, a study of magic and witchcraft in sixteenth-century Scotland. He is about to publish a new translation of the Malleus Maleficarum, and An Abundance of Witches, a study of the Scottish witch-persecution of 1658–62. Linda Oja received her PhD in History from Uppsala University for her thesis Varken Gud eller natur [Neither God nor Nature]. She is currently a researcher at the Dalarna Research Institute in Falun, Sweden. Her thesis, published in 1999, investigated attitudes to witchcraft, superstition and diabolical pacts amongst different social groups in late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Sweden. Other publications deal with magic and gender, ecclesiastical legislation and popular jesting. She is currently working with Marie Lennersand on the local consequences of the witch-craze in Dalarna around 1670. Soili-Maria Olli is currently finishing her PhD on blasphemy and Devil’s pacts in early- modern Sweden at the Department of Historical Studies, University of Umeå. She obtained her Masters degree from Åbo Akademi, Finland, in 1997. Her academic interests include the Finnish middle ages, the history of mentalities, and witchcraft and demonology. Her most recent publication is ‘Drängen Henrich Michelssons Änglasyner. Demonologiska och medicinska förklaringsmodeller i tidigmodern tid’, in Hanne Sanders (ed.), Mellem Gud og Djaevelen. Religiöse og magiske verdensbilleder i Norden 1500–1800 (2001). María Tausiet received her PhD from the University of Zaragoza (Spain) with a disser- tation on Aragonese witchcraft in the sixteenth century. She has published Ponzoña en los ojos: Brujería y superstición en Aragón en el siglo XVI (2000), Los posesos de Tosos (1812–1814): Brujería y justicia popular en tiempos de revolución (2002), and has contributed a chapter to Stuart Clark (ed.), Languages of Witchcraft (2001). She has also written many articles in Spanish on subjects related to witchcraft, superstition and popular religiosity. She is currently conducting research on alchemy, and Moorish magic in early modern Spain. Raisa Maria Toivo is currently completing her PhD at the Department of History, University of Tampere, Finland. She is working on the cultural production and reproduc- tion of social hierarchies in early-modern peasant society. She is the author of ‘Agata Pekantytär and Aune Pertuntytär ca 1676 – A Witchcraft Trial in a Local Social Context’, in Peter