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Improving Safety Culture: a Practical Guide by Dominic Cooper

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Improving Safety Culture: a Practical Guide by Dominic Cooper B-Safe Jnqspwjoh¤Tbgfuz¤Dvmuvsf B¤Qsbdujdbm¤Hvjef Epnjojd¤Dppqfs Bqqmjfe¤Cfibwjpvsbm¤Tdjfodft Ivmm¤ )xxx/ctbgf/dp/vl* Improving Safety Culture: A Practical Guide by Dominic Cooper Copyright © 2001 by Applied Behavioural Sciences Head office: 1060 Holderness Road, Hull, HU9 4AH National 01482 708899 International (+44) 1482 708899 e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): [email protected] Visit our Home Page on http://www.bsafe.co.uk First published 1998 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The right of Dominic Cooper to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a license issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, UK W1P 9HE, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cooper, Dominic. Improving safety culture : a practical guide / Dominic Cooper. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-471-95821-2 (paper) 1. Industrial safety—-Management. I. Title. T55.C664 1997 658.4ª08—-dc21 97—25693 CIP British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 1 901128 02 4 Typeset in Palatino & Skia by The Dzine Partnership, London: http://www.dzine.co.uk CONTENTS Preface iii Acknowledgments viii 1 The Concept of Safety Culture 1 Introduction 1 The Evolution of the Concept of Safety Culture 3 Accident Causation Models 5 Organisational Characteristics of a Good Safety Culture 13 Towards a Model of Safety Culture 14 How to Read This Book 26 Summary 27 Section One The Immediate Level of Effort 29 2Effective Leadership for Developing a Safety Culture 30 Introduction 30 Leadership 30 Strategic Planning 32 Problem-solving 37 Increasing People's Commitment to a Decision 43 Strategic Communications 51 Resistance to Change 54 3Methods of Evaluating and Integrating Organisational Systems 60 Introduction 60 Identifying structural problems 61 Using Workflow Analysis to Identify Specific Information-sharing Problems 62 Job Characteristics Analysis 67 Work group Communications 75 Job Analysis 86 Work Safety Analysis 92 4Developing Risk Control Systems 94 Introduction 94 What is Risk Assessment? 94 Risk Control Measures 103 Section Two The Intermediate Level of Effort 111 5 Integrating Management Information Systems 112 Jnqspwjoh¤Tbgfuz¤Dvmuvsf qbhf¤j Contents Introduction 112 Management Control Mechanisms 112 Information Requirements 119 System Characteristics 125 Developing an Integrated Management Information System 130 6 Safety Management System Auditing 144 Introduction 144 Developing a Safety Audit System 144 Establishing the Need for Safety Audits 146 Types of Safety Audit 147 Audit Frequency 150 Standards Required for Planning and Executing the Audit Programme 153 Audit Elements 157 Auditing Practice 163 Audit Follow-up 175 Reviewing the Audit System 175 Section Three The Ultimate Level of Effort 177 7 Safety Propaganda and Safety Training 178 Introduction 178 Safety Information Campaigns 178 Safety Training 182 8Measuring Safety Climate 200 Introduction 200 Safety Attitudes 200 Safety Climate 204 Developing a Survey Instrument 217 9Improving Behavioural Safety 225 Introduction 225 Why Focus on Unsafe Behaviour? 226 Why do People Behave Unsafely? 228 How is Unsafe Behaviour Prevented? 230 Achieving Improvements in Safety Behaviour 233 Does it Work? 233 Putting a Behavioural Safety Initiative into Operation 234 Additional Reading 254 Index 255 qbhf¤jj Jnqspwjoh¤Tbgfuz¤Dvmuvsf Qsfgbdf In recent years companies have begun to recognise the important contribution that an effective safety culture can make to the control of their ongoing operational costs and the efficiency of their ongoing operations. Much of this is due to the recent introduction of EC goal-setting legislation that places the onus on organisations to identify and properly manage the risks created by their activities. Many organisations have realised that this provides the perfect opportunity for them to streamline their operational processes and optimise the associated management and control systems. In practice, it has also meant that responsibility for health, safety and environmental issues has become firmly established as an integral part of the line management function, rather than being the sole domain of the safety officer (or safety department as has traditionally been the case). Therefore, now more than ever before, all levels of line management need to possess a much greater knowledge of how to develop and implement high quality safety management systems. They also need to know how to manage safety on a day to day basis throughout their areas of responsibility. The traditional `policing' role of the safety practitioner has also changed. No longer a mere safety officer, the safety practitioner's role is now that of a high-level internal consultant. They are expected to offer independent advice to senior management on the development of the organi- sation's safety policies and their short, medium and long term strategic objectives for creating and maintaining a positive safety culture. In addition, they are expected to advise line-managers on both the development and implementation of appropriate control and monitoring systems and the review of ongoing safety performance, while at the same time conducting independent reviews of the whole safety management system. To fulfil these functions in an effective manner, it is self- evident that safety practitioners must be authoritative all rounders. While possessing an awareness of all aspects of safety per se, he or she will also need to: •have an up-to-date and in-depth appreciation of all aspects of management and management systems • be experienced in problem-solving and decision-making • be highly aware of the effects organisational change and development issues (e.g. project management, team-working, downsizing, contracting out, etc.) exert on safety. Only when they are armed with all this knowledge will safety practitioners be in a position to recognise the need for change, and be able to positively influence unfolding events to help create an optimal safety culture throughout the organisation. Thus, because of their new consulting role, and the need to ensure that their recommendations accord with business needs, modern safety practitioners must be as familiar with all aspects of management as those practitioners from other disciplines (such as finance, human resources, production, etc.) who comprise the senior management team. Although the safety profession is making great strides to address these issues, Jnqspwjoh¤Tbgfuz¤Dvmuvsf qbhf¤jjj Preface it is still too often the case that many safety practitioners lack knowledge of the most basic management tools and techniques and, therefore, lack an understanding of how they might be used to good effect. It is also true to say that many people who work in the field of safety do not really know what a `safety culture' is. Perhaps this is not surprising given that, with very few exceptions, many of us who write or talk about safety culture tend to wave the phrase around like a well worn slogan that is passed its sell-by date. Recent writings, for example, have berated successful real-life attempts to improve safety, and have then gone on to say that what is needed is a `Safety Culture'. Not only does this create the impression that a safety culture can be pulled out of thin air or poured from a packet of cornflakes, but it also creates obvious difficulties for busy managers. These managers have often asked of me `What does an identifiable safety culture look like?' My replies used to paraphrase the working definition of safety culture written in the ACSNI report (published by the Health and Safety Commission in 1993) by saying `that it is the product of people's values and beliefs, their behaviour, and their commitment to your health and safety programmes. This will be evident in people trusting what you have to say, sharing your perceptions of the importance of safety, and having confidence in the effectiveness of your preven- tative measures'. After scratching their heads, they would reply, `Yes, but what does an identifiable safety culture look like?' This set me to thinking that, although those of us who write about safety culture in the academic literature might understand what we are all on about, the lay person does not. He or she needs much more concrete evidence than confusing academic definitions that appear to lack substance. In essence, the lay person needs to be able to easily identify certain characteristics, the presence of which would indicate that the company has a good safety culture. Adopting a three level strategy for developing a positive safety culture (i.e. immediate, intermediate and ultimate) this book attempts to highlight some of the most important identifiable characteristics, while also providing the reader with the necessary tools to bring them about. The `immediate' level of effort is concerned with developing strategic plans, converting these into action plans, and implementing these so that the organisation can fully integrate safety into all of its systems. The first pointer to look for is the quality of safety leadership demonstrated by the organisation's chief executive officer (CEO) and senior management team. The presence of measurable short, medium and long term strategic objectives to fully integrate safety into all of an organisation's systems (including finance, human resources, marketing, legal, purchasing and supply), which are known to all, demonstrates only one aspect of the required leadership. The regular active monitoring and review of line management's implementation of these strategic plans by the senior management team demonstrates the most vital aspect of good safety leadership.
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