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Barriers and Bridges for Establishing Agroforestry

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Barriers and Bridges for Establishing Agroforestry Barriers and Bridges for Establishing Agroforestry A qualitative study of Swedish land use policy in relation to agroforestry Linnéa Pasquier Department of Physical Geography GE6016 Geography, Degree project in 15 credits, GG247 Bachelor’s Programme in Geography (180 credits) Spring term 2020 Supervisor: Peter Kinlund Preface This Bachelor’s thesis is Linnéa Pasquier’s degree project in Geography at the Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University. The Bachelor’s thesis comprises 15 credits (half a term of full-time studies). Supervisor has been Peter Kinlund at the Human Geography Department, Stockholm University. Examiner has been Ulf Jansson at the Human Geography Department, Stockholm University. The author is responsible for the contents of this thesis. Stockholm, 1 October 2020 Björn Gunnarson Vice Director of studies ABSTRACT Numerous scholars describe agroforestry as an extraordinary food production system that generates viable ecosystems and accommodates regenerative capabilities. Agroforestry may therefore be a promising solution to the future environmental challenges facing food production. This multifunctional land management system is practised in temperate and tropical regions alike, however, it exists to a remarkably limited extent in Sweden. This research points to the complexities in agricultural and forestry policy as a main barrier for wider agroforestry adoption. The foundation of inquiry is thus to analyze various Swedish legislatives and support systems that either facilitate or adverse agroforestry practice, through the lens of political ecology. The research findings derive from a qualitative study, consisting of conducted interviews with key stakeholders in Swedish agricultural and forestry policy. The study contends that a core obstacle for agroforestry development is the dualistic approach to governmental sectors, i.e. forestry and agriculture, and the lack of coordination between them, since agroforestry cannot be classified as neither. A perpetual policy ​ ​ prioritized towards large-volume crop yields, rapid production, large scale investments, calculative assessments and a competitive business sector is moreover identified. The research asserts that these hegemonic discourses permeating policy, consequently act as a disincentive for agroforestry adoption due to the ofttimes long implementation period, high initial investment and uncertain food market for agroforestry produce. In addition, the study illustrates that cultural expectations of landscape mainly give trees a cultural and environmental value, therein neglecting the multifunctionality of woody vegetation - which hence suggest a lack of a holistic approach to food systems. The thesis finally argues that these hegemonic discourses concerning assessment and management of land, together influence the design of state policy and farmers’ attitude towards agroforestry systems. Overall, current policy regulations portray a rather static and incomplete way of managing the dynamic symbiosis of multifunctional food systems. Key Words: Agroforestry; policy; financial support; agriculture; forestry; political ecology; ​ landscape value; Common Agricultural Policy; Rural Development Program; Sweden 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I wish to express my gratitude towards Peter Kinlund and Rosa Mosquera-Losada for their support and helpful insights during the writing process. Also, my deepest thanks to all the involved respondents for their fundamental contributions and inputs in this inquiry. Thank you. 2 LIST OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3 LIST OF CONTENTS 4 LIST OF FIGURES 6 LIST OF TABLES 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 6 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 Presentation 7 1.2 Agroforestry 8 1.3 An apparent conflict 8 1.4 Aim of study 9 1.5 Research questions 10 METHODOLOGY 10 2.1 Research Methodology 10 2.2 Delimitation of subject 11 2.3 Spatial limitation 11 2.4 Selection of respondents 12 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 14 4. PREVIOUS RESEARCH 17 5. GENERAL OVERVIEW 21 5.1 The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 21 5.1.1 Pillar 1 22 5.1.2 Pillar 2 23 5.2 The Swedish forest 25 5.2.1 The Forestry Act 25 5.2.2 Funds 26 5.2.3 Allemansrätten 27 6. RESULTS 28 6.1 Agroforestry 28 6.1.1 The concept 28 6.1.2 Swedish Agroforestry 29 6.1.3 The environmental benefits 32 6.2 The world of policy 33 3 6.3 Agroforestry in the swedish RDP 34 6.4 Ingrained tradition 35 6.5 Agroforestry systems on forest land 36 6.5.1 Grazing animals 37 6.5.2 Forest Pasture 37 6.5.3 Semi-natural pasture (SNP) 38 6.5.4 Landscape values 39 6.5.5 Assessing pasture land 39 6.5.6 Fencing for animal husbandry 40 6.5.7 Food crops 40 6.6 Agroforestry systems on agricultural land 41 6.6.1 Biofuel 42 6.6.2 Crop codes 43 6.6.3 Investment support 44 6.7 Knowledge and research 45 6.8 Market opportunities 46 6.9 The pathway to a climate positive future 49 7. DISCUSSION 49 7.1 The value of pasture land 49 7.2 Dualistic narrative 50 7.3 The influential market 52 7.4 Who has power? 54 7.5 An interconnected world 55 7.6 Cultural assumptions of landscape 55 7.7 The power of concepts 57 7.8. Love for scientific explanations 57 7.9 Incorrect territorial statistics 59 7.10 Room for improvement 60 CONCLUSION 61 REFERENCES 64 4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Land use in Sweden highlighted on the European political map 28 Figure 2. Percentage of land of the main agroforestry practices in Europe: silvopasture, homegardens, silvoarable and Riparian buffer strips 31 Figure 3. Different reference parcel types used for IACS. 46 Figure 4: Stalemate in Swedish policy with reference to agroforestry. 50 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Descriptions and illustrations of Agroforestry systems 29 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CAP Common agricultural policy CAB County Administrative Board EIP European Innovation Partnership EPA Environmental Protection Agency PES Payment for ecosystem services RDP Rural Development Programme SBA Swedish Board of Agriculture SFA Swedish Forest Agency SNP Semi-natural pasture 5 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Presentation In order to save the world, we must change our food production (Mckie 2019). Contemporary food system activities are highly detrimental to the environment and the majority of global food production relies on exceeding Earth’s environmental boundaries (Gerten et al. 2020). ​ Currently, four planetary boundaries out of nine have been fully transgressed and are directly ​ ​ interrelated to agricultural production. These include the following; Biospheric integrity; Biogeochemical flows; Land-system change; and Climate change. Scientist contend that ​ climate change and biospheric integrity are allegedly ”core boundaries” - endangering, ​ significantly alter or surpassing either of these would force the Earth System into a new state (Stockholm University 2015). The UN recently disclosed in their report the alarming and accelerating decline of genetic biodiversity due to human activity. Ecosystems are hence deteriorating at an increasing speed which erodes the foundations of food security, livelihoods, and quality of life worldwide (UN 2019). The SBA (2019) contend that the Swedish farming sector is becoming increasingly vulnerable, climate adaptation is therefore indispensable to withstand the forthcoming weather related challenges and maintain adequate food security (SBA 2020c). Conclusively, reaching an unstable level of these environmental boundaries directly endanger future human survival (Stockholm University 2015). Tittonell et al. (2016) consequently advocate for a ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ local agricultural innovation at a global scale (Tittonell et al. 2016). In conclusion, we are in ​ ​ ​ need of securing, improving and transforming our food production into more prosperous, sustainable and resilient systems. An agri-food system that is capable of enhancing ecosystem services, tolerating external disturbances and ultimately deliver food in a long-term ​ ​ perspective. The fundamental question remains: how should such a management option be designed? 6 1.2 Agroforestry Tittonell et al. (2016) argue that the debate on achieving food security is focused on availability of food, this discourse need to be renegotiated and instead emphasise the access as well as utilization of food. Most significantly, place the equivalent value to the recovery of ecosystem services (ibid.). Ecological intensification, using perennial crops and encouraging ​ ​ functional diversity is illustrated as the most promising pathway to achieve these goals (Tittonell et al. 2016; Björklund et al. 2018). Agroforestry is a land management system that ​ ​ is described by several scholars as an extraordinary tool that accomodate regenerative capabilities that significantly contribute to generate viable ecosystems (Mosquera-Losada et al. 2018; Nerlich et al. 2013; Lampkin 2020). ​ ​ FAO (2015) categorises agroforestry as a collective term for land-use systems where woody perennials (trees, shrubs etc.) are intentionally used on the same land unit as crops and/or animals (FAO 2015). Hillbrand et al. (2017) conclude that woody vegetation provide ​ numerous ecosystem services to agricultural land, such as: capacity for carbon sequestration; enhance local biodiversity; providing protective shelter for animals; combating soil erosion and so forth (ibid.). The existing resources are hence utilized at both an aerial and belowground level, furthermore delivering both forest and agricultural products (Mosquera-Losada 2018). With reference to the many challenges facing food production, the aforementioned attained ecosystem services indicate that agroforestry systems may
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