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CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PROGRAMS in the SOLOMON ISLANDS: a STUDY of PERCEPTIONS and RELATIONSHIPS Scott Butcher a Thesis Submi

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CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PROGRAMS in the SOLOMON ISLANDS: a STUDY of PERCEPTIONS and RELATIONSHIPS Scott Butcher a Thesis Submi CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PROGRAMS IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS: A STUDY OF PERCEPTIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS Scott Butcher A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology University of Canterbury 2019 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 Glossary 5 Abstract 6 Chapter 1 Introduction 8 Broad aim of research 8 Specific objectives 8 Key questions 8 Research context: the Solomon Islands 9 Climate change adaptation (CCA) 12 Summary of thesis chapters 13 Conclusion 15 Chapter 2 Climate change adaptation programs in the Solomon Islands 16 Introduction 17 Anthropogenic climate change as an existential threat 18 Government and business responses to climate change 20 Climate change as a Solomon Island development challenge 22 International development and climate change nexus 23 The origins and emergence of climate change adaptation 25 CCA program responses to climate change 27 CCA and provincial government and communities in the Solomon 32 Islands Gendered approaches to climate change in the Solomon Islands 34 Conclusion 35 Chapter 3 Methodology and Methods 37 Introduction 37 Research location 37 Data collection 38 Literature review 38 Field work 39 Participant recruitment 42 Data analysis methods 45 Ethics and ethical issues 47 Chapter 4 Critical factors influencing climate change adaptation 49 CCA and the challenges of neoliberalism 49 Cultural values and beliefs and CCA 52 Social structure, gender and impact on CCA 54 Perceptions of cultural inadequacy and deficit 55 Local perceptions, voices and relationships 56 2 Communication and language: influences on CCA programs 57 Conclusion 58 Chapter 5 Analysis of field research data 63 Introduction 61 Focus of questions 61 Thematic analysis categories 62 Analysis of key findings 64 Transformative dynamics of market forces on CCA programs 64 Risk and risk avoidance 67 Christian beliefs and institutions 68 Relationships and connections 70 Perceptions of abundance 72 Observations of climate change and natural disaster 74 National, provincial and community-level governance 76 Traditional governance systems 78 Centralised governance 79 Awareness and education workshops 81 Economic norms, opportunities and exploitation 83 Dependency and self-determination 85 Traditional ecological knowledge and sovereignty 86 Contract culture 88 Audit culture - vulnerability assessments and audit ‘tools’ 91 Comprehension and language of CCA and DRR 97 Perceptions of cultural inadequacy and deficit 98 Conclusion 102 Chapter 6 Conclusion 105 Introduction 105 Identification of main challenges 106 Implications for future research 109 Recommendations for improvements of CCA programs 109 Conclusion 110 List of Figures Figure 1: Map of the Solomon Islands showing research locations in 38 Guadalcanal and Choiseul Province Figure 2: Fuel depot being constructed in Choiseul bay in 2013 65 Figure 3: Logging ship departing Choiseul Bay with logs removed from 66 Bakele land in 2013 Figure 4: Subdivison on Sipuzae Island in 2010 66 List of Tables Table 1: List of semi-structured interview participants 45 3 Acknowledgements This research is the outcome of a fateful first trip to the Solomon Islands as a volunteer with Volunteer Service Abroad in 2010. The experience had a profound influence, exposing me to the impact climate change was having in the Solomon Islands. Initially I was supported by Jimmy and Mary Kereseka who provided support when I started out as a volunteer. When field research began in 2017, Paul Roughen provided a location to work from in the Pacific Horizons Consultancy Ltd office in Honiara. While working from this office, Kellington Simeon provided support and a sounding board for different ideas that started to emerge. When in Choiseul, Basilio Solevudu provided a work space, support and feedback as the field research process unfolded. Jessie and Malonese Pitanöe, and family, provided with food, accommodation, transport by. Faustino provided entertainment with his keyboard playing and trying to teach me some local language words and phrases. Thank you also to the participants in both Honiara and Choiseul who provided valuable time to be part of this research. Supervisory support was provided by primary supervisor, Professor Steven Ratuva who successfully managed to focus the research when it was needing clarity. His ability to see the big picture and provide practical ways to move forward was exceptional. My secondary supervisor Piers Locke, also provided important critique to challenge my thinking on assumptions and also exposing me to important literature. Thanks also to the Sociology and Anthropology post graduates who have been my circle of colleagues over the past 2 (or more) years and also providing valuable contributions. Thank you Karell, Cushla, Viet, Cliff, Lizzie, Morgan, Leon, Charlie, Darryl, Yulinda and any others I may have missed. Finally the biggest thanks has to go to my family who have encouraged me through this journey. Thank you to my brothers Mike and Mark, but most importantly to mum who allowed me to overstay at her house while I completed this research. She supported me with numerous fine home cooked meals, a listening ear and words of encouragement. Hopefully one day I can repay the favour. 4 Glossary Ausaid Australian Aid BMZ Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development CCA Climate Change Adaptation CHICCHAP Choiseul Integrated Climate Change Programme CRISP Community Resilience to Climate and Disaster Risk in the Solomon Islands Project DRR Disaster Risk Reduction GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit NRDF Natural Resource Development Foundation PIC Pacific Islands Country PRRP Pacific Risk Resilience Programme REDD+ Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation SIDS Small Island Developing States SPC The Pacific Community SPREP South Pacific Regional Environment Programme TEK Traditional Ecological Knowledge UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 5 Abstract This thesis looks at perceptions and relationship of those involved in climate change adaption programmes in the Solomon Islands. Climate change adaptation (CCA) programs have become a major part of donor response to climate change in the Pacific. In this research a semi-ethnographic approach was employed, supported by a case studies approach. Data was incorporated from semi-structured interviews, participant observation and relevant literature. This thesis sought to examine how perceptions and relationships influence stakeholders involved in CCA programs, but also how beliefs regarding climate change programs create a distinct program culture. The research concludes that CCA program culture was influenced by neoliberal ideology, expressed through audit and contract culture, perceptions of cultural deficit, aversion to risk and even efforts to co-opt existing institutions to support program delivery. Recommendations are made on the potential of further research utilising a perspectives and relationships based approach to provide a holistic representation of stakeholder worldviews. 6 Chapter 1 Introduction Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) is an overarching term for policies, program and actions that seek to help people to adapt to existing, predicted or unanticipated consequences of climate change (Madsen, Andersen, Rygaard, & Mikkelsen, 2018). In the Pacific, CCA is a rapidly expanding field due to the increasing seriousness of the challenge that climate change poses to the culture and livelihoods of those that live there (McNamara, 2013). It is therefore not surprising that CCA receives substantive resources from a range of multilateral and bilateral donors. While these CCA programs bring the possibility of great change they also confer significant obligations on those involved, often in an intense short- term process. This places importance on ensuring a balance of contributing voices and worldviews, that can help bring equality of influence. CCA programs are faced with the magnitude of the challenge posed by climate change and therefore the requisite need for socially transformative action to facilitate adaptation. Often when CCA programs are implemented, engagement with stakeholders is important to determine the specificities of project scope, to seek local knowledge or kastom1, record observations of climate change or collect data for vulnerability assessments. Missing from these engagements are the explorations of perceptions of programs that would provide insight into stakeholders’ experiences of CCA programs. The role of perception is important for two reasons, firstly it provides insight into stakeholders’ experiences of CCA programs and how stakeholders determine their relative ‘success’, but more fundamentally it provides an insight into the diverse and at times conflicting worldviews of stakeholders (McGregor, 2004; Schwarz et al., 2011). This research therefore provides some insight into the culture of CCA programs in the Solomon Islands through stakeholder perceptions and relationships. Reviews and assessments of CCA programs are often based on institutional process change, project outputs and financial expenditure, typically in the interest of international donors and foreign governments. This study aims to expand this narrow assessment of program culture and provide an in-depth and critical analysis of perceptions of stakeholders involved in CCA and 1 Kastom refers to long held traditional beliefs or practices. The term is expanded upon
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