air raidshelter, t Key word:UrbanUnderSpace,publicspace,desertedinfrastructure,bridge,underground, urban publicexperiences. and opportunities as related to such spaces. The paper also discusses its potential as a ground for unique of the creative re-use of Air Raid Shelters in Chongqing, and a systematic research to prototype the issues experience. space attractive public analysis term, acase of theinvented an elaboration provides The paper these pieces of positioning opportunity an provides North also in it investigated But were planning. and modern America in problem a reflect Asia of generation continued and availability wide The etc. shelters, raid air stations, subway abandoned space, under-bridge as such spaces, infrastructural residual to refers Space * AbSTRACT ** Yujia Wang Towards aNewType ofPublicLandscape Reinvigorating UrbanUnderSpace: spaces produced by urban infrastructure, catalogued spaces produced byurbaninfrastructure,catalogued others remaindesertedinthelong term. The residual while timeframe, short a within developed are and problems. Among these spaces, some are temporary with extremely low usage and the potential source of for variousreasons, a greatdealoflanddeserted urban space has no shortages of inefficiencies, with and toprovidevariouspublicservices. Yet, the activities, urban different accommodate grow,to to Currently, metropolitan areas are desperate for space I What is Volume 13,December2017 Nakhara: JournalofEnvironmentalDesignandPlanning ntr T Graduate SchoolofDesign,HarvardUniversity, USA Graduate SchoolofDesign,HarvardUniversity, USA reinvigorating a specific kind of deserted space in cities - and in subverting,energizing of thispaperistoexaminetheagency landscape he proposition od Urban UnderSpace ucti * unnel, sublime,landscapeurbanism / GandongCai o n ** as a network of new urban landscapes that can offer a unique and offercan unique that a landscapes urban new of network a as Reinvigorating UrbanUnderSpace:Towards aNewType ofPublicLandscape to respondwith designmoreeffectively. of understanding suchspacesand comprehensive into prototypes,inorderto have adeeperandmore Under Spacesandtodissectabstract them to establish a systematic framework to dissect field research and case studies, this study proposes and prototyped. categorized are analyzed, Through reusing theses spaces depends highly on how they and otherconditions. surrounding, The successof landscapes. However, they vary in size, location, and incredible potentialtobedevelopedintopublic This research argues that Urban Under Space holds belongs tothelattercategory. Space, Under termed Urban and by thisresearch . The term Urban UnderSpace.The Urban UnderSpace in citiesthat Urban Under Urban Urban

Nakhara 41 Nakhara 42 of UrbanUnderSpace experiences by making use of the unique characters public new produce to paper, this in addressed as possible, also is It scarce. is land developable new where locations in found be especially can and city Under Spacesareideallylocatedthroughoutthe density of today’s urban population. Land containing publics’ use, which is the often scarce for due land to the produce growing to possible is it so, doing By architects. landscape by up taken be should and that the reinvigoration of such spaces is worthwhile Spaces acrosstheurbanfabric,thisresearchargues Under of network this of out harvested be can that value private and public the considering However, Spaces. Under Urban troubles light natural of lack asdisturbancesand such factors environmental time, same the At world. three-dimensional real, the in not are they when perspective, planning in atop, iseffectivelyas developed and seen invisible bridge space, which overlaps with the arterial traffic to acquire and develop the spaces. In addition, under complicated for entities concerned with itpublic space makes spaces these of issue ownership the been holding back civic development. For example, There are,admittedly,that have complexities some Space. two categories: Under Bridge Space or Underground spaces. Generally,bridge of the into one theyfall underground stations, air raid shelters, under abandoned include would Examples areas. proximity tourbancentersanddenselypopulated they are generally useful spaces located in close because unique rather are spaces of types These Space, asfollows: term a new defines research This Urban UnderSpace 2 1 Huangshi South Interchanges, wheremorethan2,000 spikeswerefoundon400m2 ofunderbridgespace. spikes were spikes field our lines wasalsofoundfencedoff forparkingandequipmentstoragetheChicago Transit Authority. Lthe of space bridge under the of Part spots. parking as system transit rapid L elevated Chicago the under space the It was reported (China Youth Daily, 2012) that at some of the under bridge spaces in Guangzhou, grids of concrete In addition to the illegal parking found during our field work at the McGrath Hwy./Washington St. intersection, during infrastructure. due toterminatedserviceorspatialoverlapwith purpose, designed and active long-term, no has produced by infrastructure development, and Any spacewithinanurbansettingthatis work in Chicago, there was also an internet-based parking service named SpotHero, which marketed some of some marketed which SpotHero, named service parking internet-based an also was there Chicago, in work installed to prevent occupancy by homeless people. One particular location identified wasidentified location particular One people. homeless by Highway occupancy Airport prevent to installed . Urban Under Space, especially ones that make use of the unique to lend certainpublicfunctionsto the UrbanUnder At the same time, some authorities have been willing of thistypespace. Under Space, however, further prove the potential access. The efforts to deny usage of the Urban it useless, or fences that reinforce boundary to deny changes the surface condition of the space to make example parking usages areoftenspottedinthesespaces,for temporal and spontaneous such, As weather. offers that enclosure space of from protection located, as well as having at least a certain degree advantages of being large in area, conveniently the own they as spaces, the of usefulness the undermine not does context urban this However, spaces toreceivelong-termdevelopment. these for difficult it making guaranteed, be cannot these circumstances,thestabilityofsuchspaces to their verydifferent mission andstructure. Under considered as public spacesand public life, due ignore thesespaces’spaces usually to be potential of such ofdevelopmentandmanagement in charge designated as infrastructure. The relevant agencies by,and arecovered useplan, land dimensional and two- into collapse they as non-existent, is Space for the purpose of planning, the of planningandmanagement. As arguedabove, terms in environment urban the in position difficult The with it. Urban UnderSpaceandthe uncertainties associated the of usefulness the between collision a is There C Urban UnderSpace obstruction are the use of concrete spikes concrete of use the are obstruction these typesofinformaluses.Somemethods and strategiesaredevelopeddeliberatelytoreject seen asproblematictomanagementagencies, often are uses These graffiti. and boarding, skate urr s n vr uiu and unique very a in is Urban UnderSpace e nt S 1 , occupancybyhomelesspeople, tatus of s Urban Under 2 , which , 4 3 Lynch FamilySkateParkinCambridge,MA,USA Figure 1: outside temperature the extreme against tothepublic shade protective offers which months summer during Chongqing in shelter raid an air as practicalopening uses characteristics ofthespaces.Examplesrangefrom a totalof 18 hoursonthreeseparatedays. These Park the in installations light Avenue Tunnelfor live interactive of system a 2013), (Lozano-Hemmer, City York New in Show Light Tunnel Voice the er uig umr lcl ii Ar ees amnsrto “us hruh aey npcin, efr necessary perform inspections, books, newspapers,televisions,drinking waterandemergencymedicalkitforcitizensusingthespace. safety thorough “runs administration Defense every maintenance, andopenthe air raid shelters to citizens”. Employeesare dispatched to manage seatingandprovide then, Air Since Civil heat. local summer summer, the against during shade year provide the to time Shelters the Raid At Air drought. 41 severe opened experienced Government Chongqing Municipal when 2006 in started temperature extreme of days during Recreation. I-93’s According to a to According The Lynch Family Skate Park is a skatepark located in East Cambridge, MA, USA beneath the access ramps to ramps access the beneath USA MA, Cambridge, East in located skatepark a is Park Skate Family Lynch The the iconic Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge. It is operated by MA Department of Conservation and Conservation of MADepartment by operated is It Bridge. Memorial P.Hill Leonard Bunker iconic Zakim the People’s Daily report (Cui Lai and Xian Huang, 2017), the official practice of offering shelter space shelter offering of practice official the 2017), Huang, Xian and Lai (Cui report Daily People’s 3 , toanartisticendeavoras Reinvigorating UrbanUnderSpace:Towards aNewType ofPublicLandscape yc Fml Sae Park Skate Family Lynch spaces,suchasthedeveloped intourbanpublic There arealsoexamplesofUrbanUnderSpace ways todesignthespace. examples beginto illustrate effective and promising of success, which will be assessed in this research. bars. Eachoftheseprojectsdisplaysacertainlevel malls, and shopping spaces, suchasunderground 4 , orintocommercial

Nakhara 43 Nakhara 44 m (Ciudad de México, 2016) identified a total of 52,340 a Título Oneroso, or PATR). The government source (Permisos TemporalesAdministrativos Revocables through Temporary Revocable Administrative Permit operate spaces the and Space, Public of Authority the by governed is program The México”). de Ciudad la de Puentes Bajo de Recuperación de Proyecto (“El Project Recovery Bridge Under City Mexico The called space bridge under deserted of redevelopment for program Partnership Private Public a developed example, for City, Mexico this. There are some cases to learn from in terms of planning andpublicspacesystems. them inthecity’sspaces, andtoinclude landscape inventory ofUrbanUnderSpaces,toassessthese systematic investigationbyeachcity to establish an a urges research this particular, In spaces. public urban with concerned are who partnerships and type can be developed and managed by new entities this within sites which through protocols establish educating thepublic. This isnecessarysoasto as well as organizations, non-governmental and innovation in today’s institutions, governmental the for drawbacks development of this space. In order to overcome the level is theadministrativeaspectregarding first The type. a as addressed effectively most are that are shared by the complexity of levels two established research This Ne use. commercial long-term, In e. and use, public term, long- In d. use, temporary In c. uses, informal with Desertedandrejectsinformaluses,b. a. statuses: following the into summarized thus are The Under Space The proposal by the Lowline team was chosen. As of TrolleyBridge Williamsburg Terminal. former the of site vacant the involving plans for (RFEI) Interest of Expression for Request a out put to MTA with which oversees Municipal owned sites, collaborated (NYCEDC), Corporation Development Economic City York New (MTA). Authority Transporation site theis owned City,by Yorkthe City and leased New to Metropolitan in Lowline, the of case the In public space. into developed is 50% which among 2013-2016, 2 of space redeveloped through this program during ofspaceredevelopedthroughthisprogramduring c Urban UnderSpacesidentified in this research e ssity

t , it requires it Urban UnderSpace, o S

as Urban Under Space, and tu

a d T y yp Urban e of thispaper. upon ingreaterdetailsSectionthreeandfour of qualities spatial unique the with landscape public type of new a for opportunities identifies further cases during the field research. This research additional problems. This was discovered in several and excluding,mayevenbecomesourcesof Alternatively, theendresultmaybeuncomfortable control the atmosphere and qualities of the space. and comprehend to technologies and tools vocabularies, of set unique a require they that the are some of the unique characteristics identified in insecurity of sense and light, of deficiency scale, enclosure, spatial Material, address. to effective and necessary it make that opportunities and issues shared many are there importantly More the communitiestodriveprojectthrough. and group interested the from initiatives significant appears to be on a station case-by-case basis abandoned and requires owned city the of revival The 2016) (NYCEDC, month. 12 within USD million 10 of goal fund-raising a reach and documents design schematic complete to asked being is project the behind foundation the phase, next the For park. Designation for thespace as an underground July 2016, the project had gone through Conditional provisional provisional capital during aWWII, and as it had been served a China in Chongqing of city the war. or Historically,conflict in raids air the during Air Raid Shelters as a type of space was only used P Dual decades. uses overthe and of programs selection fascinating a rather to support began systems, thengradually preventive of more became they period, post-war the during above, from attacks against shelters as serve to was purpose sole their While beyond. and WWII during cities in Asian component key a been Under Space,theairraidshelters,astheyhad This section discusses a particular type of Urban A HistoricalCase Space in Asian Context: Creative Re-useof r . These will be elaborated be will These Urban UnderSpace. Urban UnderSpace,andthisresearchargues o gra U s m e: Re- s

an i d U d m agining Urban Under s e s

called “Dual Uses for War and for Ordinary Times”Ordinary for and War for Uses “Dual called policy a particular, In deserted. them having than so they could be used on a daily basis, rather Shelters Raid Air the into programs incorporate to ways re-imagine to began people this, Toaddress presented aproblem. This needs. construction new for resources of input continued required it yet and usage, of facilities essentiallybecamedesertedinterms 5 Planting. BottomLeft:SurgeryRoom; BottomRight:FrozenStorage(Fan,Weiye, etal,1994) in Different Programs TopChina. Shelters, Chongqing, Air Raid Left: Hotel;Top Right:Mushroom Figure 2: force. particular targetforbombingbytheJapaneseair was bombedby Japanese airforce203timeswith 437dispatchesofwarplanes. According to Chongqing to According 5 However, as WWII concluded, air defense Air Defense Log (Fan, Weiye, et al, 1994, P94), during the years 1938-1943, Chongqing 1938-1943, years the during P94), 1994, al, et Weiye, (Fan, Log Defense Air Reinvigorating UrbanUnderSpace:Towards aNewType ofPublicLandscape s fcoy r trg sae. neetnl, in Interestingly, spaces. storage or factory a as used easily were they shelters, the for required were equipment ventilation and lighting that Given mushrooms. of agriculture urban for used were humidity high and temperature low Their rooms. for theaterandoperation made itideal environment were incorporated. For example, the controlled light This type of space had some particular qualities that underground places. systematically generatingimaginativeusesofthe developed, was P8) 1994, al. et Weiye, (Fan,

Nakhara 45 Nakhara 46 Raid to urban population; their alternative programsare theiralternative to population; urban way these shelter spaces are made easily accessible spatial distribution of Air Raid Shelters. In the same the is importantly Most established. been have that In giving itnationalpopularity. was featured in films like Chongqing Hotpot (2016), associated is that locality,culture, with history, Hotpot, flavor, and and space, one Shelters term, cultural Raid a Air become or Guo, Huo Zi Dong example, For tourists. and locals both from become ongoing these transformationscanstillbefoundactiveand of legacies the (2017), People.cn by report feature a In stores. wine and houses, tea stations, petrol populated Market aspects transformed intohotpotr were Chongqing, of centers urban the to adjacent are which of many spaces, These P237) 1994, al, and summarizedthetypesasfollows: Chongqing Air Defense Log This research identified the dual use cases listed in of itslength. advantage took which ranch, shooting a as used also was space tunnel-like the cases, the of one 7 6 J SUCCeSSeS RAId SHeLTeRS: oNGoING AIR CoNveRTING deSeRTed requiring plants. This hadbeenverysuccessfulinprofitgains.(Fan, Weiye, etal,1994,P236) shade- other and mushrooms specifically Space, Under Urban the into agriculture urban inserting be would example average access points of2.83totaling799.(Fan, Weiye, etal. 1994,P227) and energy-saving ust analyzing As an example, in 1943, Chongqing’s public shelter had an average length of 67 meters totaling 18,975 meters, and For example, cooler air was extracted from underground and circulated into buildings. This proved to be an effective e. d. c. b. a. at Shelter Economy,

Conditions Urban Under Space Urban UnderSpace Urban UnderSpace Urban UnderSpace Urban UnderSpace the iconic even that areas beginning

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Air et a dramatic andtragicscenarioduringwartime. for use in a completely different, and much more than ordinary architecture space, and was designed cuisine of Chongqing, in a space that feels different Ultimately it is rather fascinating to enjoy the famous which new and engaging programs are re-imagined. in and with, begin to space of type uncommon an are They type. a as Shelters Raid Air the about storage needs. Finally there is a general excitement andformeeting for people air conditioning natural air temperatureintheshelterspacesasfree cool But merchants were also able to use the stable and locations. then commercialspacesatcomparable rent ischeaper and minimal, costs are construction the spaces, deserted otherwise of reinvigoration a is it As fronts. many on cost-effective is it Second, for restaurants,shops,cafes,etc.tobesuccessful. accessed bythepopulation. easily This isimportant large inarea,andeasilyaccessible. number, in plentiful were They uses. alternative possible with concerned not were that principles design and purpose a with spaces infrastructural as designed were They type. a as Under Space the in found were that characteristics the of many shared Chongqing of shelters Air-raid Co use ofspace. efficient beyond ways, intangible in Under Space phenomenon also echoes the promise of Under Space. The fact that it becomes a cultural the necessityandpotentialofreinvigoratingUrban population. These factors reinforce the argument for certain programsmeetingthedemandsofacity’s space inthecentersofcity, andthedesire for combination oftheavailabilitycheap,accessible successful andarestill active. This comesfrom a be to proved many conversion, of case the In of theconditionsandlimitationsspaces. advantage taking by well especially worked which the many different types of uses employed, Some of of dualusage,thevariedapplicationsdemonstrate nclusi o n 7 In the case the In Urban Urban 8 Five CategoriesofSpatialConditions Figure 3: research field on based is a prototypestudyoftheUrbanUnderSpace, which The effort inthisregardisframedandrepresentedby that define the space,its problems and opportunities. Under Space Urban focuses on the spatial qualities the on research the of part foremost and first The Prototyping Urban and anunderbridge spaceinSomerville,MA,USA. in spaces USA; MA, underbridge Cambridge, in Park multiple Skateboard Family Lynch the USA; NY,including York,spaces underbridge multiple New USA; MA, Boston, Lab, Lowline the and stations train multiple USA; IL, Chicago, is toabstractthesitesinvestigatedandcases intention The site. existing any of equivalence or reflection direct a is them of none however prototypes, multiple to linked be can site original the prototypes haveoneorseveral origins, andeach rmrl, the Primarily, ie ivsiae drn te eerh nld mlil udrrde n udrrud pcs in spaces underground and underbridge multiple include research the during investigated sites 8 and casestudies. All of Under Space Reinvigorating UrbanUnderSpace:Towards aNewType ofPublicLandscape t on u-aeois wti wih various which within sub-categories, own its has qualities spatial these of Each Occupancy. and Atmosphere Connectivity, Conditions, Spatial Conditions, Ecological categories: five Urban UnderSpace were placed into the following concerning qualities spatial important most The different settings. evaluation of the qualities of comprehensive for categories five into divided then are They condition. specific a representing each studied, soastohaveacollectionofprototypes Urban UnderSpacein

Nakhara 47 Nakhara 48 . weather. or cold hot in extremely especially beneficial, is place, the resistance againsttemperature change gathering public potential a As space. this within grow; thus, enabling unique ecosystems to develop creatures a perfect environment in which to live and givecertain andtemperature consistency ofhumidity the hand, other the On quality. air deteriorating overall an and build-up odor and humidity to leads which ventilation, insufficient of effect negative the with comes sometimes This winter. during warmer and summer during outdoors than is cooler it that in space, the within preserved well is certain typesof In humidity. and temperature of ranges assured in live to need wildlife urban and plants Human, the space. maintenance always discourages the poor people from to using due flatness of lack The conditions. ground lifeless and hard the by exaggerated was space the towards sense people inhospitality the Not only plants find it hard to live in such atmospheres; overlapping infrastructure. are infrastructural pipelines, complex facilities or In addition, in many cases underneath these spaces unlikely to contain adequate nutrients for vegetation. soil depth. soil oratleastenough The soil,ifany, lackof is to the due any vegetation grow to difficult usually it makes Space in UrbanUnder condition additional paving materials. As such, the ground as well as concrete as such materials structural thick revealed have types of Urban Under Space of the infrastructures. The sectional profiles of many designs of theoriginal open space,because urban common the of those from different quite be can The ecologicalconditionsofUrbanUnderSpace Ec Space indifferent placesoftheworld. guideline forunderstandingdifferent UrbanUnder study canbeusedasauniversalreferenceand of prototypes. Thus, the result of the prototype combinations different have would sites different of anumberof,butnotalltheprototypes,and consist would site designated any countries, or prototypes are not explicit to any specific regions Under Space that this research covers. These of cases many the of qualities collective aspects ofUrbanUnderSpacerepresentthe conditions areprototypedindetail. The five o l o gical Urban UnderSpace, temperature Co n d iti o ns Urban

(Figure 4) offers. it that opportunities unique the explore to and people, and flora, fauna, urban on impact their discovered inarangeofcases,orderto discuss of theresearchprototypedeachconditions part This etc. vibrations, and noises water, soil, various environmental factors like light, temperature, undisturbed. Instead, they are always affected by the Urban UnderSpacesareneverinnocentand to createimmersivepublicexperience. to havefullcontroloverlight to beable opportunity of naturallightcanbeproblematic,thereisalso lack the While use. public for important also is light different kinds ofof plants need. amount Light environment and spectrum the as well as intensity, illumination space, the of ambience between considered be to needs it required; are lighting of of types light devicesincertaincases.Evaluations artificial introducing by for compensated be can light natural of lack The security. with associated light is is apivotalresourceofenergy;forpeople extents in different to found be also can light natural of Lack leakage frominfrastructuralpipelinesandcracks. Spaces, for example converging storm water or water some in water unwanted from impacts negative also are there plants, for water insufficient of problem the from Apart used. be can rainwater and water ground as such sources where sites water for irrigation is needed, compared to the usual sourced externally of grow,amount to large plants a Water is also a big issue in UrbanUnderSpace. For through spaceforpedestrians. taken up by motorways, leaving no more than pass smaller end, many under bridge space were mostly the On restaurants. and terminal railway platform, variety of programs, such as retail, metro transit underground pedestriansystem thatcontainsa multi-segment huge, a is example, for Chicago, in Pedway the spectrum, the of end larger the On to smallestsitesthatcannotholdanyprogram. sites that need multiple programs and sections Space hasnotypicalsize,anditrangesfromlargest Size meansa lot for public space. The UrbanUnder condition oftheboundariesspace. categories, theconditionof the spaceitselfand sub- two into divided be can conditions spatial The S patial Fr lns light plants For Urban Under Spaces. Co n d iti o ns Urban Under Urban Under hold greater potential, as well as to discuss ways discuss to as well as potential, greater hold environment, it is possible to identify the ones that conditions concerningsize, ratio,surrounding different prototyping By disturbances. other and hardto accessbypedestrians,andgeneratenoise it make also can roads The useful. be to small too is which of some parcels, smaller into it for example,roadsgoingthroughthespacedivide space. In many cases with the under bridge spaces, another problem, which is fragmented and isolated to leads also this Similarly, space. the using with extreme length-width ratio, which causes difficulties with space a find to uncommon not is it situations, complex by defined and created is Under Space the Urban Since space. a of area the by determined At thesametime,usefulsizeisnotsolely An exampleofthePrototypesinEcologicalConditions–ExternalVibrations andNoise Figure 4: Reinvigorating UrbanUnderSpace:Towards aNewType ofPublicLandscape mapped inthissub-section.(Figure 5) These arethetypologiesbeing dissectedand also how the space is best organized and and orientated. is, space the closed or open how determines of thespatialenclosurearealsoimportant,asit sides Other space. sublime a creating ones higher the and feeling, claustrophobic and inconvenience variable space heights, with the lower ceiling causing relatively smallspaceit is not uncommon to have Under Space the of height the equipment, and structures overhead different to Due at. looking worth aspect The boundaryofUrbanUnderSpaceisanother spaces. of types preferable less many of use making of could vary dramatically. Even in a Urban

Nakhara 49 Nakhara 50 roads that arechallenging to cross. The fact that heavily-traffic by isolated are spaces sometimes spaces, bridge under For hours. open limited have or maintenance for blocked sometimes are they problem. Entrancesarelimitedandhardto locate; a always is accessibility spaces, underground For accessing suchspaceanditsentrancesexits. the space;locatingentrancesandexits,ifany; raises the issue of connectivity, which include locating space and underground space. This contradiction access, andthisistrueforboththeunderbridge Urban UnderSpaceisinmostcasesnoteasyto the cities, the in everywhere presence its Despite Co An exampleofthePrototypesinSpatialConditions–FragmentedSpaces Figure 5: nn e cti v ity such space can be a puzzling experience. (Figure 6) is missing, or unsatisfying, in which case walking in space. However, in most cases the signage system the use to people for pivotal is system signage find in all directions like mazes. In this case, an easy-to- interconnected in a complicated way, stretching out are spaces the Often spaces. underground in are they when lost easily are people navigation, for buildings orfacilitiesabovegroundasreferences Orientation is often an issue, too. Without the iconic main reasonfortheproblem. a is Which attraction. and identity own its to establish space the for hard it makes space the makes infrastructures with overlaps Urban Under Space for arttohappen. Spontaneousartpractices ina programs. implementing and devices, light and plants materials, new introducing by enhanced and augmented be Urban UnderSpace.Suchpositiveexperiencescan this researchargues,isthebest part of using the which, excitement, and curiosity arouse surprise, of feeling the cause will conditions spatial and environment light dramatic the situations, some In experience. emotional mixed a being others with negative, Some experiences can be positive and some change duringtheuseof experiences thespace. how people feel about the space and how emotional Space dictates Under in theUrban The atmosphere A An exampleofthePrototypesinConnectivity–Blocked Access Figure 6: t mo sph Urban UnderSpaceisalsoaniceplace Urban e r e Reinvigorating UrbanUnderSpace:Towards aNewType ofPublicLandscape akn ilmnto, miuu sae ih poor with space ambiguous illumination, lacking emotions through these aspects; dark environments negative cause easily can lack This lacks maintenance. it space public quality a as designed not is because hand, other the On and exclusion. of uncertainty a sense arts cansometimesproduce spontaneous by implied maintenance of lack the However,identity. and liveliness of sense a place the give formats, limited despite works, art These surfaces thatcouldbecomeplacesforcreatingart. ground and ceilings walls, “canvases”; of plenty level ofmanagementandsurveillance,yetoffers are a positive asset, as they often represent a lower 7) like graffiti. For street art the Spaces way represent the freedom of city. The can be ideal sites for street artwork (Figure Urban UnderSpace, Urban UnderSpaces Urban Under

Nakhara 51 Nakhara 52 ownership situation, so occupancy is almost always the to due low quite is permanency in investing in by different people or organizations. The willingness unclear and thus the spaces are frequently occupied of ownership The Occupancy and howthatinturninfluencesthespace’s usage. influenced, is atmosphere the how of subtleties the research prototypesthesescenariostorepresent This programs. certain with and boundaries strong with spaces in exclusion of feeling the space; the of confinement or scale the to due claustrophobic of feeling the include experiences negative Other threatening. more even feel space the makes return in and spaces, the of occupancy the lowers which spaces, the of out people drives unsafe always being of feeling the least, very the at But These issuescouldresultindangeroussituations. facilities. surveillance lacking spaces or signage, An exampleofStreet Artworks, foundunderabridgealongtheChicagoBloomingdaleTrail. Figure 7: Urban UnderSpaceisoften potential usefu ownership and maintenance of the spaces, and the of both thecomplexity indicate occupancy against forbid any form of occupancy. The interventions that spikes even or fences with off closed simply temporal useinsomecases,otherstheyare the While relocated. be to easy it making structure, permanent no with lots. All oftheseoccupanciesarelightoninvestment parking temporal and space, storage space, public courts,shaded spaces arealsofoundasbadminton both advantageous in setting up a bus stop. The protections, andarealsocloseenoughtotheroads, provide that bridges byoverpassing covered are the insertion of bus stops under bridges. The spaces is example One space. unique such of advantages the of use good make usually they and time, and season with alternates and space the in found are diversity to the space, as many different programs temporal. The characterof temporality brings Urban UnderSpaceisavailablefor lness ofthespaces.(Figure8) Four examplesofthePrototypes in Occupancy Figure 8: Reinvigorating UrbanUnderSpace:Towards aNewType ofPublicLandscape

Nakhara 53 Nakhara 54 of UrbanUnderSpace A Towards A NewUrbanSublime: and produce new forms of public space experience. and producenewformsofpublicspaceexperience. This section will discuss how to best optimize the space not. do others that character and advantages unique There arecertainaspectsofthesespacesthatoffer of revitalizingtheUrbanUnderSpaceforpublic. in cities, suggests agreat potential inthe direction Urban UnderSpace,andtheneedforpublicspace the of usefulness and availability the between pairing The identities. lacking and degraded, unreadable, ambiguous, became spaces the purpose, a Without systems. infrastructure its renews and develops city The desertedUrbanUnderSpacesareformedasa of urbanpublicspace. and creative design to transform this into new types speculation imaginative for calls It actionable. and urban space by making its issues and potentials clear potential inthis type of deserted andunderestimated category of Urban Under Space. It further reveals the understanding of anysite that belongsto the general prototypes, toassistinamorecomprehensive of spatial database an expandable by establishing of study the approach to way a be to aimed is It discussions. through meanings qualities of This sectionof the researchprototypes spatial TH 9 seen asurbanoasis. green spaces would form a network of what can be population base.Spreadthroughout thecity, the considerable a within spaces green providing and public spaces by maximizing utilization of lands created bytransformingthesespacesintourban throughout acity. A positiveenvironmentcanbe for people accessible be very easily could spaces core. Yet theinefficient designspersist. These urban has seenthembecomepartoftheurban expansion built, were they time the at area urban the of periphery the in were sites the of some though even addition, In centers. city throughout located found are sites infrastructural deserted the of Most S PR City oftheU.S.) known todayastheL’Enfant Plan(1791). u D E O b L’Enfant was a French-born American military engineer who designed the basic plan for Washington, D.C. (Capital iscussion for SIGNI li T O me TYPING and elaborates their Urban UnderSpaceandelaboratestheir as F ICANC U r b O an E ptimum S

Urban Under Space Under Urban Oasis OF

D esign by people like L’Enfant pursued as control and power of showcase of idea of definition re- a is This installation. interactive an as simply or caves, of prototype natural the of transformation a either way, immersive an in lights with play to to the full enclosure of space that made it possible it is very easy to cultivate such an experience, thanks light and darkness. For underground or tunnel between spaces, experience unique a offer also may They waterfalls. urban create to bridges of use made that into cities. There have beenprojects,forexample, transform natural prototypes of sublime landscape structural components, which can be incorporated to infrastructure is already dramatic, with very sculptural in today’s publicexperience. The sheerscaleof Urban UnderSpaces,torecreateasenseofsublime This is paired with the unique spatial qualities of many service infrastructure. life experience. The shelters become a kind of urban spaces in an unexpected way to offer unique urban “cave” of series a occupies latter the while utilize, to hard and inaccessible be to used which system highway massive the under spaces activity sport Urban Oasis. The former project provides engaging the of examples considered be can Chongqing, in Park in Cambridge and the Air Raid Shelter Spaces The projects mentioned above, like the Lynch Skate travellers. for water and shade provide would oasis an as just experience, renewal public a of service parcels thatgiveurbanpopulationthemuchneeded as functions also It wonderful. made deserted the - ordinary the of out things seeing at surprise of sense the is It deserts. in oasis to similar is it as and homogeneous urban centers; the Urban Oasis, dense highly of background the against patches refreshing and lively open, of networks form will spaces public new these deployment, full At identity, arethebestspacesforsuchintervention. of lack and dirtiness with associated once Spaces, the imageof an oasis. The desertedUrbanUnder and devastated and deserted the between contrast sharp the of out come would Sublime of sense appears ina place of homogeneity. Therefore, the true, and an inspiringheterotopias that surprisingly represents a hope, an unrealistic desire coming of green. An oasisisnotmerelyapiece An oasis urban dwellers. urban dwellers. characters, andthatprovidea healingeffect forthe unique own their display that background, the from new and heterotopic public experiences that stand out one that is against the Urban Sublime,onethatisagainstthe 9 , but instead a call to produce , butinsteadacalltoproduce stimulation topeople. the urban environment, and delivers emotional to spaces functional positive brings that answer that are more spontaneous than not. This is the functions social and ecological significant with prototype, one that is free, diverse and resilient, natural its to closer be would wilderness the Instead, refreshing. nothing and relentless is it control, have not did who people the For etc. infrastructures, the buildings, the spaces- urban down control that governs the construction of most top- and power authoritarian and capitalist same the prescribing of way a are conditions urban in 1890s and 1900s. The highly ordered green spaces 10 healing effectinthestressfulurban milieu. a bringing and experience, to createplayfulinteractions An exampleofPrototypethatusessculpturalartworks Figure 9: gardens during the City Beautiful Movement and controlled spaces and vegetation, like the urban against thedecorative,ordered,highlymaintained argument an is it wilderness, saying By design. argues for the component of wilderness in vegetation homogeneous urbanpublicspace,thisresearch against production this further to order In Bennett, 1909). and (Burnham Chicago of Plan epochal his later years 15 and 1893, in Exposition Columbian World’s the of works of introducing beautifi introducing The City Beautiful Movement was a movement in North American architecture and urban planning, with the intent of cation and monumental grandeur in cities. It was launched by Daniel Hudson Burnham, the director the Burnham, Hudson Daniel by launched was It cities. in grandeur monumental and cation 10 inthe Reinvigorating UrbanUnderSpace:Towards aNewType ofPublicLandscape in stressfulurbanmilieu.(Figure9) a public installation art, and magnifies its healing effect joyfulness itbringstopeopleindicatesitsfunctionas became aspontaneousactivityforthevisitors. The reflections. Thus, finding one’s reflections on the bean distorted countless the at staring when especially it gives oneasense of the surreal andconfusion, the sculptureisrelativelyhugeandstandingbeneath body, human the to Compared time. the all attention standing aroundandbeneathitarehilariousattract and the city skyline. The distorted reflections of people polished stainless steel that can reflect both the people Gate, nicknamed as The Bean, was made up of welded created another special kind of Chicago under-space. The 0in Cloud Park Millennium the in installed 2004) (Kapoor, Gate Cloud artwork The city. the of vitality the stimulate always can city and people between events areinteresting,and to encouragethisinteraction and spaces unexpected toward reactions People’s He aling G r o un d s

Nakhara 55 Nakhara 56 museums and galleries are very effective and example, for why, is This context. and mood of change a stimulates that something at looking when triggered be can people amongst dialogue nature. and Apeople special between dialogue the is second the people; between dialogue the is first There are two kinds of dialogue discussed here. The S 11 an undergroundpark,withintriguing lighteffectsandvegetationcommunity. The market Lowline Lab publicexhibitioninanabandonedsimulatingthe conditions of Figure 10: Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal, inan above groundfacility. Itwasoperated betweenOct.2015andFeb. 2017. Lowline will Lowline ti The Lowline Lab was a long-term open laboratory and technical exhibit designed to test and showcase how the how showcase and test to designed exhibit technical and laboratory open long-term a was Lab Lowline The m ulat grow and sustain plants underground. It was situated close to the proposed park site, which is the former the is which site, park proposed the to close situated was It underground. plants sustain and grow ed Dial o gu e sublime. of senses the reiterates people between dialogue this and businessofurbanlife,butsimplyhaving context that takes their minds away from the stresses is both a dialogue that places people in another the similar feeling the space uniquely provides. This by impressed and for thattheyaretouched heard, New York, conversations between people are easily trcie lcs I Lwie Lab Lowline In places. attractive 11 Fgr 1) in 10) (Figure Towards aNewUrbanSublime: A visionforanewandintriguingpubliclandscape.Collage. Figure 11: shine on the shrubs grown on the undulant landform. occasional moment sunlight beamed through roof to the world; natural the in experience cave the of hints were example, for landscape, underground an in Presented imaginations. cultural and nature awe-inspiring and pureness the to one connects is adialoguethatsurpassesspaceandtime, This readings. cultural of and waterfalls, and rivers memory ofthenaturalprototypecaves,mountains, moment thelandscapetriggers one’s imagination and the arouses also dialogue of kind second The Reinvigorating UrbanUnderSpace:Towards aNewType ofPublicLandscape long for. (Figure11) of natural sublime and pleasant surprises that they homogeneity and tension by providing a pleasure inlive who dwellers urban for antidotes be will it to supportvariousfaunaandflorainacity; enough wild be will it network; a form to city the some ofthedesertedspacescatteredaround Sublime in Urban new the for advocacy the is here So Ne w U r . It will transform will It Urban Under Space. b an S u b li me

Nakhara 57 Nakhara 58 Yujia Wang/GandongCai Burke, A beautiful -sublime-and-beautiful/6065D83918BD33D48E163036 and sublime philosophical-enquiry-into-the-origin-of-our-ideas-of-the the of https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ from ideas Retrieved our of origin [Guangzhou Y China Foundation. P B projects-and-programs/skate-park/ Conservancy. Retr The LynchFamily from http://thelowline.org/lab/ New Retrieved , (2015). States, United Street York, New Essex City, York 140 Lab, Lowline Lowline. The approval-lowline-project Project. deputy-mayor-glen-and-nycedc-announce-first-city- Lowline Of https://www.nycedc.com/press-release/ Approval from Retrieved City First Announce (2016). NYCEDC, Tunnel, DOTSummerStreets. installation interactive (2013). R. Lozano-Hemmer, United IL, States. Chicago, Park, Millennium at Plaza AT&T (2004). A. Kapoor, China: Southwest NormalUniversityPress. Log]. Defence Air [Chongqing Zhi Kong Fang (1994). Z. Li, & S., Jiang, Y., Li, W., Fan, 8-09.htm rmrb/html/2017-07/04/nw.D110000renmrb_20170704_ People’s Shelters]. Daily Raid Air Chongqing’s (2017). [Exploring H. Xian, & J., Cui, bajo-puentes programas/programa/proyecto-de-recuperacion-de- Público (2016). México. Espacio Del Autoridad Puentes. Bajo De Recuperación de China.Ciudad picture]. (2016). (Director). Y. Qing, -07/06/nw.D110000zgqnb_20120706_2-08. htm Daily Concrete Committee: J RefeReNCeS ian FE7EF11 Ciao L Te ra Book Great The IL: Chicago Chicago. of lan E Bennett, H., D. urnham, Wei: Rtivd rm http://paper.people.com.cn/ from Retrieved . . Rtivd rm http://www.aep.cdmx.gob.mx/ from Retrieved . Retrieved E outh . S Spikes hui (2014). It Housing Daily. Ni Zhui Shi Fou Chai Chu Chai Fou Shi Zhui Ni |Has

Skatepark.(2017) ieved fromhttp://www. thecharles.org/ Will euy ao Ge Ad NYCEDC And Glen Mayor Deputy from h cod ae pbi sculpture, public gate: cloud The pioohcl nur it the into enquiry philosophical A ( J 2012, Nw ok iy Pr Avenue Park City: York New . Not A http://zqb.cyol.com/html/2012 B d Urban-Rur nd e B . [Motion Hotpot. Chongqing Voice Tunnel: Large-scale Tunnel: Voice een Removed]. l 6) uly H, or, . (2009). C. Moore, H., . og h Cog Qing Chong Cha Dong Deter . TheCharles . un Zo Shi Zhou Guang al rgaa De Programa m hn Youth China Hai ined Cons Chong Qing Chong Mei truc If River Ding The tion .

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