Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08843-6 — Religious War and Religious Peace in Early Modern Europe Wayne P

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08843-6 — Religious War and Religious Peace in Early Modern Europe Wayne P. Te Brake Index More Information

Index

Aachen, 298 Austria, 221, 222, 256, 259, 265, 346 Act of Abjuration (1581), 121, 154 autonomy principle, 261, 287, 291, 306 Act of Supremacy (1559), 238 Act of Toleration (1712, Scotland), 332 Baden, 35, 51, 77 Act of Toleration (1719, Ireland), 343 Basel, 31, 45, 52 Act of Uniformity (1559), 238, 277, 325 Bautzen, 69–73, 207, 221, 285, 289 activation, 15, 30, 37, 39, 103, 126, 130, 168, Bavaria, 68, 223, 227, 256 224, 225, 232, 235, 276, 315 Béarn, 228 ad hoc tolerance, 20, 186, 211, 213, 282, 290, Beggars, 94, 106, 109, 111, 119, 144, 148, 154, 292, 293, 304, 307, 318–24, 328, 333, 197, 206, 233, 324 342, 346, 354, 360, 364 Bergen-op-Zoom, 231 Albert and Isabella (the Archdukes), regents, Bern, 31, 36, 45, 46, 52, 83–9, 284, 309 128, 170–2, 176, 190 Biberach, 73, 207, 285 Alkmaar, 117, 118 Bill of Rights (1689), 276, 318 Alsace, 257, 298–306, 314, 346 Bohemia, 64, 70, 219, 227, 240, 246, 256, 259, Altona, 292 265, 281–3, 284, 289, 307, 314, 346, 355 Alva, Don Fernandez Alvarez de Toledo, duke Brabant, 177, 211, 213, 249, 293, 307 of, 110, 117, 144, 146, 190, 191 Brady, Thomas, 40, 219 Amsterdam, 109, 117, 120, 171, 209, 213, 328 Brandenburg, 63, 67, 362 Anabaptists, 14, 41, 61, 68, 83–9, 95, 111, 190, Breda, 231 195, 200, 264, 323, 333 Brederode, Hendrik van, 105, 110 Angers, 100 Breslau, 282 Antoine, king of Navarre, 98, 181 brokerage, 2, 15, 30, 37, 39, 43, 103, 112, 120, Antwerp, 105, 106, 109, 118, 120, 122, 149, 126, 130, 168, 225, 229, 230, 232, 235, 170, 213, 213 239, 257, 276, 315 Appenzell, 31, 35, 52, 53, 77, 217 Bruges, 170 Aske, Robert, 38, 39 Brussels, 26, 119, 122, 195 Augsburg Confession, 14, 41, 57, 59, 60, 62, Burford, 324 63, 68, 261, 264, 291 Augsburg Interim (1548), 58, 76, 251 Calvin, Jean, 95, 103 Augsburg, city, 75–7, 260, 285 Camisards, 3, 314 August I, elector of Saxony, 219 casuistry, 86, 239, 335 Auslauf, 82, 89, 187, 192, 281, 292, 293, Catherine de Medici, regent of France, 98, 99, 298, 299 101, 129 definition, 72 Catholic Christian Union, 37

390

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08843-6 — Religious War and Religious Peace in Early Modern Europe Wayne P. Te Brake Index More Information

Index 391

Catholic League (France), 123–5, 159, 161 Davis, Natalie Zemon, 102, 108 Catholic League (Germany), 225, 226, 227, Declaration of Breda (1660), 273 231, 251, 255, 284 Declaration of Indulgence (1672), 274 Catholic Relief Acts (Ireland), 347 Declaration of Indulgence (1687), 275 Cevennes, 313 Den Briel, 117 Charles de Guise, cardinal of Lorraine, 112 Dettwiller, 301–5 Charles I, king of England, 9, 237, 239, 240, Diefendorf, Barbara, 102 242, 268, 328 Dinkelsbühl, 285 Charles II, king of England, 242, 273, 274, Disert, 336, 341, 346 318, 328 disputation, 15, 34–7, 42, 100, 103, 111, 129, Charles IX, king of France, 99, 185 198, 223, 240 Charles V, emperor, 13, 40, 43, 58, 61, 94, 97, dissenters (as political actors), 18, 21, 83, 94, 184, 222, 223, 253 95, 98, 101, 103, 111, 129, 154, 190, 199, Charles, cardinal of Lorraine, 104 237, 264, 271, 274–7, 282, 288, 290, 292, Charles, duke of Guise, 1, 184 307, 312, 314, 318–43, 347, 356, 358, Charles, duke of Lorraine, 98 360, 362 Christian Civic Union, 37 dissimulation, 86, 190, 193, 239, 281, 283 Christian IV, king of Denmark, 231 Dixon, C. Scott, 67, 68 Christin, Olivier, 129 domination, 16, 52, 64, 142, 155, 169, 176, Civil Wars (England, Scotland, Ireland), 218, 178, 248, 250, 251, 273, 279 233–43, 266 Don Juan of Austria, 118, 120, 146, 149 Civil/Religious Wars (France), 93, 100–4, Donauwörth, 225 112–16, 123–5, 218 Drogheda, 242, 244 Clarendon Code (1661–1665), 273, 274, 277 Duke, Alastair, 94 Clasen, Claus-Peter, 84 durable inequality, 342, 359–61 Coffey, John, 277 Dutch Republic. See United Provinces of the Coligny, Gaspard de, admiral, 99, 104, 112, Northern Netherlands 116, 137 Dutch Revolt. See Eighty Years War Colloquy of Marburg (1529), 41, 100 Colloquy of Poissy (1561), 100, 129 East India Company (VOC), 171, 175, 176 Colloquy of Regensburg (1541), 42, 100 Eberhard, Winfried, 222 Colmar, 220, 299 Ecclesiastical Reservation, 62, 220, 260 Commonwealth (Great Britain), 242, 247, 266, Edict of Alais (1629), 3, 158, 229, 247, 266, 269, 270, 278, 343 278, 311 communal violence (France), 101–3, 134 Edict of Amboise (1563), 3, 101, 104, 130–4, comparative historical analysis, 4, 11 164, 180, 181, 361 Compromise of the Nobility, 105, 144 Edict of Beaulieu (1576), 138–40, 148, 164, 185 Confederates, 9, 237, 242, 268 Edict of Boulogne (1573), 137, 164 connivance, 87, 190, 194 Edict of Fleix (1580), 123, 140, 159, 163 contentious politics, 316 Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), 3, 188, 311–12 conventicles (clandestine worship), 274, 278, Edict of Longjumeau (1568), 3, 134 320, 329 Edict of Mantes (1591), 159, 162 Council of Trent, 42, 51, 102, 190, 223 Edict of Montpellier (1622), 229 Covenanters, 9, 235, 239, 240, 242, 274, Edict of Nantes (1598), 3, 10, 125, 127, 129, 328–32 157–9, 162–9, 178, 179, 182, 189, 212, Cowan, Ian, 330, 331 217, 228, 229, 248, 267, 311 Cromwell, Oliver, 9, 241, 266, 270, 324, 339 Edict of Poitiers (1577), 139, 148, 163–6 Cromwell, Richard, 273 Edict of Restitution (1617, France), 228 Croxton, Derek, 287 Edict of Restitution (1629, Germany), 231, cuius regio eius religio (whose the rule, his the 251, 259, 286, 287 religion), 10, 19, 63, 73, 224, 266, Edict of Saint-Germain (1562), 1, 3, 100, 306, 312 129, 131

392 Index

Edict of Saint-Germain (1570), 135–7, 138, Frederick IV, elector of Palatinate, 283 139, 163, 164, 180 Frederick V, elector of Palatinate, 225, 230, Edict of St. Maur (1568), 135 233, 255, 283 Edict of Toleration (1787), 347 Frederick, elector of Saxony, 67 Edict of Worms (1521), 13, 27, 35, 43, 55, 61, Frederik Hendrik, prince of Orange, 232, 293 70, 94 freedom of religious conscience, 60, 131, 135, Edinburgh, 234, 332 147, 152, 159, 163, 180, 188, 196, 199, église simultanée (shared church), 301, 304, 212, 261–4, 271, 275, 277, 287, 291, 293, 305, 314 312, 361–4 Eidgenossenschaft (Swiss Confederation). See Freist, Dagmar, 291 Switzerland Friedrich August, elector of Saxony, 291 Eighty Years War, 93, 104–12, 122, 154, 218, Friedrich Wilhelm, king of Prussia, 315 230–3, 240, 248 Elizabeth, queen of England, 122, 125, 218, Garrisson, Janine, 167 233, 236, 238 Gemeine Herrschaften (Shared Lordships), 31, Emden, 63, 64, 97, 105, 111 32–3, 45, 47, 49, 51, 77, 309 Emmental, 83–9, 194, 333 Geneva, 94, 96, 98, 184, 310 England, 38–9, 218, 233, 237–43, 267, 271, Germany, 39–43, 55–64, 66, 69–77, 212, 217, 273, 275, 277, 317–28, 344, 359, See also 227, 232, 251–66, 281, 283–92, 307, 344, Great Britain 354, 359 Epernon, Jean-Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, Ghent, 106, 144, 149, 154, 170, 195 duke of, 161, 184 Glarus, 31, 52, 77, 90, 217, 285, 309 escalation, 15, 30, 37, 39, 43, 49, 53, 59, 63, Glasgow, 234 103, 119, 130, 168, 225, 229, 230, 231, Glendalough, 334 232, 235, 239, 257, 276, 310, 315 Glorious Revolution (Great Britain), 275–9, Evans, R. J. W. 226 318, 331 Gouda, 206, 213 Farel, Guillaume, 96, 184 Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de, cardinal, 105 Farnese, Alexander, duke of Parma, 120, 122, Graubünden, 31, 32, 36 150, 190 Great Britain (England, Scotland, Ireland), 217, Ferdinand I, emperor, 219, 223 267–79, 344, 354 Ferdinand II, emperor, 224, 226, 282, 287 Great Warford, 321 Ferdinand III, emperor, 252, 253, 259, 264 Grebel, Konrad, 84 Ferdinand, archduke of Austria, 37, 43, 46, 58, Greengrass, Mark, 123 62, 68, 70, 225, 287, See also Ferdinand I, Güttingen, 77, 285 emperor Firmian, Leopold Anton von, archbishop of Haarlem, 118, 149, 171 Saltzurg, 315 Hacke, Daniela, 51 Foa, Jérémie, 133 Hamburg, 291–2, 307 forced migration, 85, 110, 122, 153, 171, 190, Head, Randolph, 49, 50, 309 226, 281, 312, 315, 364 Henry de Bourbon, king of Navarre, 123, 124, Fox, George, 324 137, 159, 228, See also Henry IV, king of France, 1–3, 93–104, 112–16, 123–5, 127–43, France 156, 157–69, 179–89, 212, 227–30, 231, Henry II, king of France, 94, 97, 98 232, 247, 252, 257, 311–14, 316, 333, Henry III, king of France, 114, 121, 122, 124, 354, 358, 362 138, 162 Francis I, king of France, 94, 97 Henry IV, king of France, 3, 125, 127, 159–63, Francis II, king of France, 99 186, 188, 217, 227, 228, 357 Francis, duke of Alençon/Anjou, 114, 121, 123, Henry VIII, king of England, 14, 38, 235, 237 138, 157, 159 Hertogenbosch, 249, 293 Francis, duke of Guise, 98 Hicks, Edward, 355 Frederick III, elector of Palatinate, 283 Hobbes, Thomas, 243

Index 393

Holywell, 326, 334, 346 London, 97, 327 Huguenots, 1, 94, 98, 103, 112, 125, 140, 161, Louis de Bourbon, prince of Condé, 1, 98, 99, 165, 166–8, 180, 197, 228, 233, 248, 311, 100, 104, 112 313, 324, 343 Louis of Nassau, 110, 117 Hunawihr, 300 Louis XIII, king of France, 188, 227, 229, Hungary, 221, 222 300, 311 Hus, John, 25 Louis XIV, king of France, 3, 188, 300, 305, 311–14 indifference, 87, 190 Louis XVI, king of France, 347 innovation, 15, 25, 37, 103, 111, 198, 223, 240 Low Countries, 93–7, 104–12, 122, 126, Instrument of Government (1653), 270 143–56, 157, 169–78, 189, 227, 232, 267, integration, 20, 65, 90, 179–88, 212, 282, 311, 344, 354, See also Southern Netherlands 312, 346, 358 and United Provinces of the Northern Ireland, 218, 235–7, 242, 267, 274, 276, 278, Netherlands 314, 333–43, 347, 355, 361, See also Great Luria, Keith, 311, 314 Britain Lusatia, 69–73, 221, 251, 282, 289, 307 ius emigrandi (right of emigration), 60, 73, Luther, Martin, 13, 25, 30, 39, 67, 223 263, 363 Luzern, 52, 309, See also V Orte ius reformandi (right of reformation), 63, 73, Lyon, 100 217, 220, 261, 265, 284, 299 Maastricht, 250, 294 Jalabert, Laurent, 306 Macclesfield, 319 James II, king of England, 274, 277, 318, 324, MacCulloch, Diarmaid, 238 325, 331 Macek, Ondrˇej, 283 James VI/I, king of Scotland/England, 233, 236, Mâcon, 104 239, 267 Magdeburg, 244 Jewish community, 186, 211, 292, 304, 328 Margaret of Parma, governor-general. 104, Johann Georg, elector of Saxony, 289 106, 107, 108, 109, 143 Johann, elector of Saxony, 67 Marie de Medici, regent, 188, 227 Joseph II, emperor, 346 Marinus, Maria, 192 Marseille, 161 Kaplan, Benjamin, 73, 82, 297 Mary I, queen of England, 218, 238, 325 Kappel Wars, 30–4, 45, 46 Mary II, queen of England, 276, 278, See also Kilkenny, 237, 242 William and Mary, joint monarchs Masstricht, 232 La Havre, 100, 160 Matthias, emperor, 119, 146, 151, 224 La Rochelle, 181–4, 186, 188, 212, 228, Maurice, elector of Saxony, 58 248, 346 Maurits, count of Nassau, prince of Orange, Lamoraal, count of Egmond, 105, 109 123, 169, 170, 177, 198, 227, 230, 232 Landfrieden (Swiss National Peace), 10, 33, 34, Maximilian II, emperor, 219, 222, 223 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 69, 77, 89, 127, 131, Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, 68, 231, 256 133, 142, 178, 188, 189, 212, 252, 255, Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, duke of, 160 309, 310, 361 McAdam, Doug, 12 Le Mas-Soubeyran, 313 mechanisms, 12–17, 168, 227, 234, 247, Leeuwarden, 149 351–4, 361, 363 Leiden, 118, 171 Mechelen, 117, 119, 170 Lemgo, 63, 64 mediation, 48, 53, 54, 63, 134, 139, 142, 148, Leopold II, emperor, 310 149, 165, 177, 187, 224, 309, 357 Letter of Majesty (1609), 64, 222, 223 Mercoeur, Philippe-Emmanuel de Lorraine, Liege, 195 duke of, 161 Limburg, 195, 250, 294, 295 Metz, 184–8, 212, 213, 257, 298, 304, 346 Loenen, 201, 209, 213 Middelburg, 117, 118, 171

394 Index

mobilization, 2, 15, 26–7, 30, 37, 39, 43, 103, Philip III, king of Spain, 128, 170, 171, 176 111, 126, 198, 223, 232 Pilgrimage of Grace (1536), 38–9, 43, 218, Montauban, 137, 181, 183, 229 238, 324 Montpellier, 104, 229 Pingjum, 204, 209, 213 Moravia, 85, 282 polarization, 16, 37, 40, 43, 48, 49, 50–4, 61, Münster, 41, 68, 95 103, 111, 119, 120, 126, 130, 134, 155, mutual recognition, 47, 48, 54, 59, 63, 134, 168, 187, 188, 224, 225, 228, 230, 232, 142, 147, 149, 163, 173, 177, 187, 219, 235, 239, 257, 276, 310, 315 250, 258, 309, 357 politicization, 2, 15, 26–7, 30, 37, 39, 43, 103, 111, 198, 223 Namur, 195 Pollmann, Judith, 108 negotiation, 16, 52, 53, 64, 142, 162, 176, 178, possession principle (uti possidetis, ita 248, 250, 251, 257, 272, 278, 315 possideatis), 173, 177, 192, 249, 255, 293 Nîmes, 104, 137, 181 Prague, 246 privilege, 20, 73, 80, 89, 180, 197, 212, 213, Oberhelfenschwil, 80 282, 290, 291, 293, 302, 307, 318, 332, Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van, advocate of 342, 344, 346, 359 Holland, 123, 169, 170, 171, 177, 198, processes, 12–17, 361 227, 230 Protectorate (Great Britain), 270 Olne, 297 Protestant Union, 225, 227, 283, 289 Orleans, 104, 160 Puritans, 238, 239, 241–3, 318–23 Osnabrück, prince-bishopric, 286, 307 Ottheinrich, elector of Palatinate, 283 Quakers (Religious Society of Friends), 324 Overmaas, lands of, 250, 295–8 Ravensburg, 285 Pacification of Ghent (1576), 118, 121, 144–6, Reichstag, 55–8, 63, 65, 358 149, 176 Religionsfriede (Religious Peace of Augsburg), Paix de Religion/Religions-vrede (1578), 119, 10, 43, 44, 58–64, 65, 69, 77, 89, 131, 142, 144, 147–9, 176, 191, 196, 362 148, 178, 188, 189, 212, 219–25, 251, Palatinate, 63, 255, 283–4, 289, 307 252–64, 280, 285, 287, 300, 302, 361 Paris, 102, 161, 187 religious coexistence, variant petterns, 19–21 parity, 19, 73, 77, 78, 90, 180, 260, 282, 294, religious identities, 5, 12–15, 25–7, 240 305, 307, 359 religious peace, 4, 11, 17–21, 89, 132, 142, 143, principle, 285–7, 288, 306, 309, 311, 314 153–5, 201, 212, 214, 217, 218, 225, 227, Parker, Geoffrey, 231 252, 265–6, 267, 279, 307, 316, 333, 347, Patent of Toleration (1781), 346 354–7 Peace of Aarau (1712), 310 costs of, 358–61 Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559), 97, 98, definition, 8 104, 128 religious war, 2, 4–7, 50, 212, 213, 217, 219, Peace of Nuremberg (1532), 41 232, 235, 240, 243–4, 277 Peace of Prague (1635), 231, 251–2, 282 costs of, 243 Peace of Westphalia (1648), 10, 184, 231, 246, definition, 5 247, 251, 252–66, 267, 280–307, 344, Repgen, Conrad, 253 362, See also Treaty of Münster and Treaty repression, 20, 80, 83–9, 90, 180, 190–5, 212, of Osnabrück 213, 282–4, 293, 307, 314, 324, 326, 329, Peasants’ War (1524–1526), 28–30, 39, 310 333–343, 346, 355, 358 Penal Laws (Ireland), 278, 333, 342 restitution principle, 255, 259, 262, 287, 291, 306 Penal Laws (Scotland), 332 Restoration (Great Britain), 273–5, 278, 318, Pettegree, Andrew, 360 329, 343 Philip II, king of Spain, 94, 97, 100, 101, 104, Rouen, 1, 101, 160 105, 109, 111, 112, 119, 124, 125, 128, royal commissioners (France), 132, 134, 137, 143, 149, 161, 170, 189 141, 217

Index 395

Royalist, 240, 241, 242 Tagsatzung (Swiss national assembly), 34, 43, Rudolf II, emperor, 64, 222, 223 48, 49, 53, 65, 77, 90, 358 Tarrow, Sidney, 12, 80 Salzburg, prince-bishopric, 314, 358 Täuferversteck (Anabaptist hiding place), 87, 325 satisfactions, 256, 257, 281, 298 Thirty Years War, 227, 230–3, 240, 252, 254, Saxony, 39, 67, 251, 282, 288–91, 307, 362 289, 300, 302 Schaffhausen, 31, 45, 46, 52, 84 Thurgau, 26, 32, 36, 50, 77, 310 Schleitheim Confession, 84 Tilly, Charles, 6–7, 12, 15, 342, 363 Schmalkalden, League of, 40, 43 Toggenburg, 80, 310 Schmalkaldic Wars, 43, 58, 184, 222, 298 Toggenburg War (1712), 310 schuilkerk (hidden church), 199, 203, 204, 293, Toleration Act (1689), 277, 318, 319, 323, 326 298, 343 Tomhaggard, 338, 341, 346 Schwyz, 52, 68, 310, See also V Orte Toulouse, 1, 7, 101, 102, 161 Scotland, 218, 235, 241, 267, 272, 274, 276, Tournai, 106, 109, 195 277, 328–333, 344, See also Great Britain Treaty of Breda (1650), 242 Scott, James, 18 Treaty of Hamburg (1641), 245, 248 secrecy, 86, 190, 193, 199, 281, 283, 333, Treaty of Limerick (1691), 277, 278, 333, 342 335, 338 Treaty of Münster, First (May 1648), 10, 158, security guarantees, 48, 54, 63, 137, 139, 141, 245, 247, 249–50, 252, 266, 293, 296 142, 149, 165, 167, 177, 187, 309, 357 Treaty of Münster, Second (October 1648), segregation, 16, 52, 54, 64, 142, 155, 163, 169, 246, 247, 253, 254–8, 287, 298–306 176, 178, 248, 250, 257, 273, 279, 315 Treaty of Nemours (1585), 124 Silesia, 265, 282, 307 Treaty of Nèrac (1579), 163, 165 Simons, Menno, 95 Treaty of Nijmegen (1679), 299 simultaneum, 181, 296 Treaty of Osnabrück (1648), 10, 245, 247, 253, Simultankirche (shared church), 70–82, 89, 254–66, 280, 285, 287, 291, 299, 306, 362 281, 282, 287, 289, 305, See also église Treaty of Passau (1552), 58, 259 simultanée Treaty of Reuil (1635), 300 Skeoch Hill, 329, 331, 332, 346 Treaty of Rijswijk (1697), 303 Solemn League and Covenant (1644), 240, 268, Troyes, 160 269, 328 Twelve Year Truce (1609–1621), 128, 157, Southern Netherlands, 152, 154, 170, 176, 177, 169, 172–8, 179, 189, 212, 217, 227, 249, 179, 189–95, 217, 250, 267, 281, 284, 252, 293 293, 314, 333, 344, 346, 355 Spain, 10, 123, 125, 128, 176, 190, 230, Ubachs, P. J. H. 149 249, 252 Ulster, 236, 237, 338, 343, 346 Spinola, Ambrosio, Spanish commander, Underwalden, 52, See also V Orte 171, 177 Union of Arras (1579), 120, 149–53, 176, 189 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 117, Union of Utrecht (1579), 120, 149–53, 154, 137, 228 176, 196, 362 St. Gallen, Abbey of, 80, 310 United Provinces of the Northern Netherlands, St. Gallen, city, 31, 35, 45, 80, 84 10, 85, 121, 123, 128, 153, 154, 169–72, St. Maria-Horebeke, 195, 213, 313, 347 174, 176, 177, 179, 189, 195–212, 218, St. Patrick’s Purgatory, 334, 346 227, 230, 240, 249, 250, 267, 271, 293, Strasbourg, 26, 60, 68, 96, 301, 307 318, 333, 359 subversion, 16, 52, 64, 142, 155, 162, 176, 178, Universal Declaration of Human Rights 195, 250, 279, 283, 284, 294, 325, 333–41 (1948), 363 Sutherland, N. M. 137, 166 Uri, 52, See also V Orte Sweden, 231, 252, 256 Swiss Peasants’ War (1653), 309 V Orte (Luzern, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Switzerland, 30–7, 66, 77–89, 212, 217, 232, Zug), 32, 35, 45, 46, 48, 53, 310 307, 309–11, 316, 354, 359 Vaals, 297–8

396 Index

Valence, 100 William III, prince of Orange and king of Valenciennes, 106, 109 England, 276, 277, 278 Valkenburg, 296 William, prince of Orange, 105, 109, 110, 112, Vassy, 1, 100, 103, 130, 181 116, 121, 122, 145, 157, 196 Williamite Wars, 277, 333 Waldburg, Gebhard Truchess von, archbishop/ Wilson, Peter, 219, 224, 251 elector of Cologne, 220 Wittenberg, 67 Waldensians (Vaudois), 95 Wolfe, Michael, 161, 162 Wallace, Peter, 299 Württemberg, 67, 300 Walpole, 318 Wuthnow, Robert, 25 Walsham, Alexandra, 327 Wycliff, John, 25 War of Villmergen (1656), 310 Wentworth, Thomas, 236, 237 Zug, 46, 52, See also V Orte West India Company (WIC), 172, 175 Zurich, 31, 33, 34–5, 45, 46, 48, 52, 67, Wetzlar, 74 84, 310 Wijk bij Duurstede, 149 Zurzach, 51, 77 William and Mary, joint monarchs, 317, Zwingli, Huldrych, 25, 30, 33–5, 39, 332, 343 84, 95