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Ringraziamenti Ringraziamenti Questo libro non sarebbe stato possibile senza l’aiuto delle Mercury 13. Trascorrere del tempo con queste donne e le loro famiglie è stato un grande piacere, e desidero ringraziarle per aver condiviso con me una parte così grande delle loro vite. La loro perseveranza, la loro de- terminazione e il loro buon umore sono stati un’ispirazione. Naturalmente la storia delle Mercury 13 è anche una storia di me- dici, scienziati, mariti, figlie, tecnici, piloti, amici, politici e di qua- lunque altra persona sia stata coinvolta nella genesi del programma spaziale statunitense. Nell’investigare su questo complesso passato sono stata enormemente avvantaggiata dal poter usufruire di molte biblioteche e archivi, e desidero ricordare in particolare il NASA Hi- story Office, la Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, l’archivio del The Daily Oklahoman, l’International Women’s Air and Space Museum, la Mount Holyoke College Library, e il quartier generale delle Ninety-Nines, l’organizzazione internazionale delle donne pi- lota. Jane Odom della NASA e il fantastico personale addetto alla con- sultazione nella biblioteca di Mount Holyoke mi sono stati particolarmente d’aiuto rispondendo alle mie numerose domande. Aime DeGrenier, di Mount Holyoke, mi ha pazientemente guidata attraverso molteplici sfide tecnologiche. Sono grata anche alle centi- naia di persone che mi hanno concesso delle interviste per questo libro. Molti meritano un riconoscimento particolare per la loro ge- nerosità: Ivy Coffey, Pat Daly, Nancy Greep, Jacqueline Lovelace Joh- nson, il dottor Donald Kilgore, la dottoressa Kathryn Liberson, il dottor Jack Loeppke, Ruth Lummis, Lawrence Merritt, il dottor Jay T. Shurley e la compianta Pauline Vincent. 258 Ringraziamenti L’organizzazione delle Ninety-Nines mi ha aiutata anche in modi che hanno trasceso la mera consultazione degli archivi. Desidero rin- graziare i dottori Jacque Boyd e Petra Illig per avere aiutato questo progetto a decollare e per gli utili consigli redazionali. I fondi della Ninety-Nines 2001 Amelia Earhart Research Scholars Grant mi hanno permesso di viaggiare per il Paese per raccogliere le testimo- nianze orali che sono al centro di questo volume. I miei colleghi al Mount Holyoke College mi hanno offerto sia consigli utili che il tempo di concentrarmi sul lavoro. Vorrei inoltre porgere un ringraziamento personale a Christopher Benfey e Karen Remmler per avermi concesso lo spazio mentale necessario per pen- sare allo spazio cosmico, e a Jane Crosthwaite, Linda Laderach e Sally Montgomery per le piacevoli conversazioni, come sempre. Il sugge- rimento di Kevin McCaffrey di scrivere per un pubblico più vasto di quello accademico è arrivato proprio al momento giusto e gli sono profondamente riconoscente per l’incoraggiamento. L’ex allieva di Mount Holyoke, Mary McClintock, che ha appoggiato questo libro fin dall’inizio, mi ha concesso di giovarmi della sua scaltra compe- tenza di ricercatrice e del suo entusiasmo. La mia gratitudine va anche al preside di facoltà Donal O’Shea, che ha sovvenzionato il mio la- voro al libro con diverse borse di studio assegnate dalla facoltà, la borsa Ellen P. Reese Research e un quanto mai necessario anno sab- batico. Crescere a St Louis durante gli anni in cui la McDonnell Aircraft ha progettato la prima capsula spaziale per il Programma Mercury ha alimentato il mio precoce interesse per il programma spaziale sta- tunitense. Tuttavia, niente mi ha spronata a sollevare lo sguardo verso il cielo quanto lo starmene seduta sul cofano della Chevrolet di fa- miglia a guardare gli aeroplani che decollavano dal Lambert Field. I miei genitori, Florenze ed Elizabeth Ackmann, e i miei fratelli David e Rodney e le rispettive famiglie hanno continuato ad aiutarmi a com- prendere lo spazio e l’aviazione. Sono molto grata alle loro domande, ai loro suggerimenti, al loro lavoro di gambe e alla loro ospitalità du- rante i miei viaggi a St Louis e in Oklahoma per svolgere ricerche. Ringraziamenti 259 Lee Boudreaux, la mia editor alla Random House, ha affinato la messa a fuoco di questo libro nel corso di numerosi, proficui colloqui. La sua vista acuta e il suo pronto intelletto hanno valorizzato queste pagine. Vorrei ringraziare la mia agente letteraria, Ellen Geiger, i cui sforzi per vedere narrata questa storia hanno agito da tonico. La mia gratitudine va anche a Patricia MacLachlan, che è stata rapida nel condurmi dall’instancabile Ed Wintle della Curtis Brown Ltd. Mary Graham Davis merita un riconoscimento speciale. La sua certezza che The Mercury 13 sia ben più di un racconto sugli astro- nauti mi ha mantenuta concentrata sulle questioni di parità sociale che questa storia solleva. Ringrazio Mary per il suo sostegno, per il suo interesse nel progetto e per la sua amicizia. La mia più profonda riconoscenza va ad Ann Romberger che, nel corso della stesura da parte mia di questo volume, è diventata più in- tima dei carichi gravitazionali e dei test nelle camere di simulazione dell’alta quota di quanto avrebbe mai potuto immaginare. È stata una critica sincera e paziente. In questa e in tutte le cose è, per usare le meravigliose parole di Emily Dickinson, “un orecchio raro”. Abbreviazioni CL Archivi privati di Cathryn Liberson DDE Documenti di Jacqueline Cochran, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, Kansas GM Archivi privati di Georgiana McConnell HST Documenti di James Webb, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, Inde- pendence, Missouri IWASM International Women’s Air and Space Museum, Cleveland, Ohio JC Documenti di Jerrie Cobb, quartier generale della Ninety-Nines, Organizza- zione internazionale delle donne pilota, Will Rogers Airport, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma JS Archivi privati del dottor Jay T. Shurley JST Archivi privati di Jerri Sloan Truhill LBJ Documenti del vicepresidente e del presidente, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library, Austin, Texas NASA Raccolta di opere di consultazione della NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, History Office, quartier generale della NASA, Washington D.C. NG Archivi privati di Nancy Greep PV Archivi privati di Pauline Vincent SGR Archivi privati di Sarah Gorelick Ratley UNM Biblioteca e centro informatico del Dipartimento di Scienze della salute della University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico WF Archivi privati di Wally Funk WP Archivi della Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio Note bibliografiche Capitolo 1: La febbre dello spazio [1] Ivi Coffey (13 gennaio 2002) intervista con l’autrice; Jerrie Cobb (1997) Jerrie Cobb: Solo Pilot, Jerrie Cobb Foundation Inc., Sun City Center, Fla., pp. 131-139; “Jerrie Cobb Soars to New Record in Aero Commander June 13”, 99 News, luglio 1957, p. 4 (JC); Ivy Coffey (21 marzo 1959) “Red Car- pet Greets Girl Pilot”, The Daily Oklahoman; Ivy Coffey, Jerrie’s Story, ma- noscritto inedito (JC); Ruth Lummis (26 settembre 2002) e-mail all’autrice [2] Coffey, “Red Carpet” [3] Ibid. [4] Ibid. [5] Joseph D. Atkinson Jr e Jay M. Shafritz (1985) The Real Stuff: A History of NASA’s Astronaut Recruitment Program, Praeger, New York, p. 21 [6] Roger D. Launius (1993), Introduzione, in: The Birth of NASA: The Diary of T. Keith Glennan, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Wa- shington D.C., xix. Launius cita William E. Burrows (1986) Deep Black: Space Espionage and National Security, Random House, New York, p. 94 [7] Atkinson e Shafritz, The Real Stuff, pp. 33-37 [8] Chuck Yeager (23 marzo 2001) intervista con l’autrice; John Glenn con Nick Taylor (2000) John Glenn: A Memoir, Bantam Books, New York, p. 282 [9] Press Conference Mercury Astronaut Team, trascrizione 3, 9 aprile 1959 (NASA) [10] Ibid., p. 4 [11] “Seven Brave Women Behind the Astronauts”, Life, 21 settembre 1959, pp. 142-163; “The Spaceman’s Wife: ‘Alan Was in His Right Place”, Life, 12 mag- gio 1961, pp. 28-29 [12] Jerry Roberts (1 febbraio 2002) intervista telefonica con l’autrice; Glenn con Taylor, John Glenn, pp. 274-275 [13] W. Henry Lambright (1995) Powering Apollo: James E. Webb of NASA, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 82 [14] “James Webb Chosen to Head Space Agency, Experienced as Administrator”, The Daily Oklahoman, 31 gennaio 1961; Lambright, Powering Apollo, p. 77 264 Note bibliografiche [15] James Webb (15 febbraio 1961) lettera a Thomas Harris (JC); Ivy Coffey (14 febbraio 2002) e-mail all’autrice; “It Takes Snow to Keep Publishers Away”, The Daily Oklahoman, 31 gennaio 1961; Lambright, Powering Apollo, p. 77; “Kerr Receiving Tribute Friday from Chamber”, The Daily Oklahoman, 21 gennaio 1961 [16] “From Aviatrix to Astronatrix”, Time, 29 agosto 1960, p. 41; Jerrie Cobb e Jane Rieker (1963) Woman into Space: The Jerrie Cobb Story, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., p. 155 [17] “12 Women to Take Astronaut Test”, The New York Times, 26 gennaio 1961 [18] James Webb (29 aprile 1969), trascrizione dell’intervista con T.H. Baker, copia Internet (LBJ), p. 6; Lambright, Powering Apollo, p. 84 [19] Webb, trascrizione dell’intervista , p. 5 [20] Lambright, Powering Apollo, pp. 84-85 [21] “Democrats Praise Kennedy Talk, Call for Bold Challenge”, The Daily Okla- homan, 31 gennaio 1961; Webb, trascrizione dell’intervista , p. 9 [22] Toward the Endless Frontier, Udienze del Comitato per le scienze e la tec- nologia 1959-79, Camera dei Rappresentanti degli Stati Uniti, U.S. Gover- nment Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1980, p. 80 [23] Mae Mills Link (1965) “Toward Countdown”, in: Space Medicine in Project Mercury, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Division, Washington D.C. (copia Internet), p. 4 [24] Toward the Endless Frontier, pp. 80-81 [25] CBS Special Reports, trasmissione televisiva, Museum of Television and Radio, New York, 12 aprile 1961 [26] Ibid.; Glenn con Taylor, John Glenn, p. 21 [27] Charles Murray e Catherine Bly Cox (1989) Apollo: The Race to the Moon, Simon and Schuster, New York, p.
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