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Wildlife Helminth Risk in Radom National Park; South Darfur State, Sudan

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Wildlife Helminth Risk in Radom National Park; South Darfur State, Sudan Assit Vet. Med. J. Vol. 60 No. 141 April 2014 WILDLIFE HELMINTH RISK IN RADOM NATIONAL PARK; SOUTH DARFUR STATE, SUDAN ABUESSAILLA, A.A.*; ISMAIL, A.A.** and AGAB, H.*** * Ministry of Animals Resources and Fisheries, South Darfur State. E.mail: [email protected]. ** Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum North, Sudan. *** Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Science, College of Animal Production Science and Technology, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Received at: 11/2/2014 This paper describes the results of a survey of the gastro-intestinal helminth parasites in the faecal matters of fourteen wildlife species investigated in five sites in Radom National Park (R.N.P.), South Darfur State, Sudan. These sites were Accepted: 9/4/2014 Radom area, Alhufra, Titrbi, Kafindibei and Kafiakingi. Out of 579 faecal matters examined, 177 were found containing eggs of helminth parasites with an overall prevalence of 30.6%. The Aardvark (Orycteropus afer) had the highest overall infection rate of helminth eggs (60%) (9/15), while the Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) showed the lowest prevalence (2.7%) (1/37). The helminth parasites recorded throughout this study included Ascaris spp., Trichuris spp., Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Toxocara spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides spp., Moniezia spp. and Coccidia oocysts. Kafiakingi area showed the highest prevalence (35.9%) (65/181), followed by Kafindibei area (35.1%) (34/97) while Alhufra area showed the lowest prevalence (17.6%) (13/74). The results of this survey were compared and discussed with previous findings of similar studies conducted in Sudan and elsewhere. Key words: Helminth parasites, Wildlife, Radom National Park, South Darfur State, Sudan. INTRODUCTION noticed that, although some wild mammals were infected by endoparasites, however, they did not The available information on parasitic show clinical evidence of disease and health deviation infection among wildlife species, particularly in despite the presence of these parasites. In another Sudan, is scanty. There are few scattered papers work, laboratory examination of 184 faecal samples published in scientific journals among which is the belonging to 44 species of wild animals kept at pilot work of Eisa et al. (1979) which contained a Khartoum Zoo (Sudan) revealed the presence of check-list of helminth parasites recorded in domestic Trichostrongylus eggs in faeces of dorcas gazelles, and wild animals in Sudan during the period 1902 – cheetah, roan antelope, giraffe, red-fronted gazelles, 1975. According to these authors, Cysticercus Nubis baboons, vervet monkeys and cape buffaloes tenuicollis was reported in the reedbuck, monkey and (Saad et al., 1983). Free-ranging wild animals in kob; Cysticercus pisiformis in the rabbit; Trichuris Sudan were investigated for the prevalence of spp. was reported in the monkey and gazelle; helminth parasites only once in Dinder National Park Toxocara canis was reported in cheetah and wild cat; (D.N.P.) (Sayied and Agab, 2009). Setaria labiotopapillosus in the reedbuck; Trichostrongylus spp. in the giraffe; Ascaris The present study is intended to investigate the lumbricoides in the wild pig; Strongyloid spp. in the prevalence of helminth parasite in wildlife in Radom gazelle; Ascaris pythonis in the python and National Park. Toxascaris leonina in the lion. All the investigated faecal matters for the above mentioned findings were MATERIALS and METHODS collected from wildlife species kept in captivity at Khartoum Zoo. Saad and Eisa (1980) surveyed the Study Areas: The Radom National Park is located to parasites of seven hussar monkeys in which they the south-west of Lake Kundi on the border with the reported the presence of three helminthes, namely; Central African Republic, in the south-western corner Streptophagus pigmentatus, Oesophagostomum of Southern Darfur Region, Sudan. The park consists biforcum and Trichuris trichura. The same authors of an area of broken hilly country lying between two 73 Assit Vet. Med. J. Vol. 60 No. 141 April 2014 main rivers, the Adda and the Umbelasha. Radom techniques, namely the floatation and sedimentation was declared a Biosphere Reserve in 1979 by the techniques were used in for separation, concentration International Union for Conservation of Nature and demonstration of parasite eggs and oocysts in the (IUCN) (1987). The vegetation is principally collected faecal samples. Both techniques were done savannah woodland dominated by Terminalia following the method described by FAO (2006). brownii, Combretum spp., Anogeissus leiocarpus and Isoberlinia doka trees. Results of the laboratory examination were analyzed using Chi–square analysis. Collection and laboratory examination of faecal samples: A total of 579 faecal samples were RESULTS collected from the five sites in the Radom National Park, namely; Radom area, Alhufra, Titrbi, Frequencies and distributions of the tested samples by Kafindibei and Kafiakingi. The samples were species and area are presented in Table 1. The Dikdik collected from 14 wildlife species. The collected (Madaqua guentheri) represented the highest sampled faecal samples were put in labeled nylon bags and animal (101/579) (17.4%) while the bushbuck mixed with 10% formaldehyde solution and then (11/579) (1.9%) represented the lowest sampled transported to the laboratory in Nyala for species (Table1). examination. In the laboratory, two qualitative Table 1: Frequency and distribution of tested faecal samples of wildlife species and area of faecal collection for internal parasites in Radom National Park, South Darfur State, Sudan. Factor and its level Tested samples (No.) Tested samples (%) Number of faecal samples 579 100 Species: Warthog 75 13 Baboons 83 14.3 Patas monkey 37 6.4 Vervet monkey 35 6 Leopard 12 2.1 Reedbuck 17 2.9 Cheetah 27 4.7 Aardvark 15 2.6 Dikdik 101 17.4 Rabbit 69 11.9 Fox 41 7.1 Spotted hyaena 34 5.9 Bushbuck 11 1.9 Waterbuck 22 3.8 Area: Radom area 158 27.3 Alhufra 74 12.8 Titrbi 69 11.9 Kafindibei 97 16.8 Kafiakingi 181 3.13 Total 579 100 The overall prevalence of helminth parasites in the different species investigated in this study was found to be 30.6% (177/579) (Table 2). According to the species of wildlife, the aardvark (Orycteropus afer) had the highest prevalence of internal parasites infection (9/15) (60%), whereas the spotted hyaena (Crocota crocota) showed the lowest prevalence (1/34) (2.9%) as presented in Table 2. According to the area of sample collection, Kafiakingi showed the highest prevalence of internal parasites (35.9%) (65/181), followed by Kafindibei area (35.1%) (34/97), while Alhufra area showed the lowest prevalence (17.6%) (13/74) (Table 2). 74 Assit Vet. Med. J. Vol. 60 No. 141 April 2014 Table 2: Prevalence of internal parasites by species and area in Radom National Park, South Darfur State, Sudan. Factor and its Number of tested Number of positive Prevalence (%) 95% CI levels samples samples Lower – Upper Wildlife species 579 177 30.6 26.85 - 34.35 Species: Warthog 75 33 44 32.77 - 55.23 Baboons 83 21 25.3 15.95 - 34.65 Patas monkey 37 7 18.9 6.28 - 31.52 Vervet monkey 35 11 31.4 16.02 - 46.78 Leopard 12 2 16.7 -4.4 - 37.8 Reedbuck 17 6 35.3 12.58 - 58.02 Cheetah 27 3 11.1 -0.75 - 22.95 Aardvark 15 9 60 35.21 - 84.79 Dikdik 101 35 34.7 25.42 - 43.98 Rabbit 69 30 43.5 31.8 - 55.2 Fox 41 6 14.6 3.79 - 25.41 Spotted hyaena 34 1 2.9 -2.74 - 8.54 Bushbuck 11 5 45.5 16.07 - 74.93 Waterbuck 22 8 36.4 16.29 - 56.51 Area: Radom area 158 49 31 23.79 - 38.21 Alhufra 74 13 17.6 8.92 - 26.28 Titrbi 69 16 23.2 13.24 - 33.16 Kafindibei 97 34 35.1 25.6 - 44.6 Kafiakingi 181 65 35.9 28.91 - 42.89 Total/Overall 579 177 30.6 26.85 - 34.35 Out of all the internal parasites identified in the present study, Moniezia spp. recorded the highest prevalence rate (13.3%), followed by Coccidia spp. (12.1%) and finally Trichuris spp. (5.2%). For Trichuris infection per wildlife species, the baboons (Papio cynocephalus) had the highest prevalence (25.3%) (21/83), with 95% CI±9.35, while Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) showed the lowest prevalence (10.8%) (4/37), with 95% CI±10 (Table 3). For Trichuris infection per site, Radom area showed the highest prevalence (7.6%) (12/158), with 95% CI±4.13, while Titrbi showed the lowest prevalence (2.9%) (2/69), with 95% CI±3.96. The proportions of positive results of Trichuris infection differed between species and area. In the univariate analysis using chi-square, species was significantly (p-value = 0.000) associated with floatation and sedimentation methods of identification for Trichuris infection. However, area was not significantly associated (p-value=0.547) with floatation and sedimentation methods of identification regarding Trichuris infection. 75 Assit Vet. Med. J. Vol. 60 No. 141 April 2014 Table 3: Univariate associations of factors with Trichuris infection positivity in Radom National Park, South Darfur State, Sudan. No. of No. of 2 Risk Factors tested positive %Positive 95% d.f. X P. value With levels Samples Samples (Prevalence) CI Types: Wildlife 579 30 5.2 ±1.81 1 31.900 0.000 Species: 17 229.722 0.000 Warthog 75 0 0 0 Baboons 83 21 25.3 ±9.35 Patas monkey 37 4 10.8 ±10 Velvet monkey 35 5 14.3 ±11.6 Leopard 12 0 0 0 Reedbuck 17 0 0 0 Cheetah 27 0 0 0 Aardvank 15 0 0 0 Dikdik 101 0 0 0 Rabbit 69 0 0 0 Fox 41 0 0 0 Spotted hyaena 34 0 0 0 Bushbuck 11 0 0 0 Waterbuck 22 0 0 0 Area: 4 3.068 0.547 Radom area 352 12 3.4 ±1.89 Alhufra 129 4 3.1 ±2.99 Titrbi 184 2 1.1 ±1.51 Kafindibei 225 6 2.7 ±2.12 Kafiakingi 289 6 2.1 ±1.65 For the prevalence of Moniezia by wildlife species, the warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) showed the highest prevalence (44%) (33/75), with 95% CI±11.23, while the vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) showed the lowest prevalence (5.7%) (2/35) (Table 4), with 95% CI±7.68.
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