Viaggiatori Italiani in Persia. Oltre Il Pregiudizio: La Scoperta Dell'iranicità

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Viaggiatori Italiani in Persia. Oltre Il Pregiudizio: La Scoperta Dell'iranicità THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITE DE NANTES COMUE UNIVERSITE BRETAGNE LOIRE UNIVERSITA L’ ORIENTALE DI NAPOLI (I) ECOLE DOCTORALE N° 595 Arts, Lettres, Langues Spécialité : Civilisation Par «Maria Rosaria MORMONE» «Viaggiatori Italiani in Persia. Oltre il pregiudizio: la scoperta dell’iranicità attraverso il viaggio tra il sacro e il profano nell’Iran contemporaneo» Thèse présentée et soutenue à « Nantes », le « 16 Octobre 2019 » Unité de recherche : L’AMO Thèse N° : Rapporteurs avant soutenance : Emanuele CUTINELLI RENDINA Professeur, Université de Strasbourg Margherita ORSINO Professeur, Université de Toulouse Composition du Jury : Président : Margherita ORSINO Professeur, Université de Toulouse Examinateurs : Manuela BERTONE Professeur, Université Côte d'Azur Emanuele CUTINELLI RENDINA Professeur, Université de Strasbourg Margherita ORSINO Professeur, Université de Toulouse Dir. de thèse: Walter ZIDARIC Professeur, Université de Nantes Co-dir. de thèse: Michele BERNARDINI Professeur, Universitè Orientale de Napoli Par «Maria Rosaria MORMONE» VIAGGIATORI ITALIANI IN PERSIA. OLTRE IL PREGIUDIZIO: LA SCOPERTA DELL’IRANICITÀ ATTRAVERSO IL VIAGGIO TRA IL SACRO E IL PROFANO NELL’IRAN CONTEMPORANEO Dir. de thèse: Walter ZIDARIC Professeur, Université de Nantes Co-dir. de thèse: Michele BERNARDINI Professeur, Universitè L’Orientale de Napoli Indice Introduzione 1 Capitolo 1 Il viaggio in Oriente 7 Introduzione 7 1.1 L’Orientalismo 11 1.2 I temi dell’Orientalismo 14 1.3 I luoghi d’Oriente 22 1.4 Conclusioni 30 Capitolo 2 Sguardo sulla Persia tra passato e presente, tra sacro e profano 33 Introduzione 33 2.1 L’antica Persia e l’odierno Iran 36 2.2 Cultura, società, usi e costumi 60 2.2.1 Famiglia, ospitalità e ta’arof 62 2.2.2 Il tè 72 2.3 Il sacro e il profano 75 2.3.1 Tra sacro e profano: il velo 78 2.3.2 Tra sacro e profano: il matrimonio temporaneo 85 2.4 Il sacro: l’Ashura 88 2.4.1 Le altre ricorrenze religiose 98 2.5 Il profano: il Noruz e le altre tradizioni di derivazione zoroastriana 99 2.6 Conclusioni 116 i Capitolo 3 Oltre il pregiudizio: la scoperta dell’iranicità attraverso il viaggio tra il sacro e il profano nell’Iran contemporaneo 120 Introduzione 120 3.1 Viaggiatori italiani in Iran 123 3.1.1 I giornalisti 126 3.1.2 I turisti 129 3.1.3 I letterati 133 3.1.4 Gli avventurieri 135 3.2 L’impatto con l’Iran: tra stupore, bellezze, contraddizioni e riflessioni 137 3.2.1 Riflessioni sul sigheh 168 3.2.2 Riflessioni sul velo 171 3.3 Viaggio nell’accoglienza e nell’ospitalità 178 3.4 Racconti di Ashura 197 3.5 Racconti di Noruz 203 3.6 I viaggiatori e il pregiudizio 216 3.7 Conclusioni 226 Capitolo 4 Rassegna bibliografica con particolare riferimento al ventesimo e ventunesimo secolo 229 Introduzione 229 4.1 Arte e architettura 231 4.2 Economia 235 4.3 Letteratura e narrativa 242 4.4 Politica 245 4.5 Religione 272 4.6 Società 313 4.7 Storia 344 4.8 Viaggi 352 ii Conclusioni 359 Bibliografia 366 Sitografia 386 Allegato Au-delà du préjugé: découverte de l'iranicité à travers le voyage entre le sacré et le profane dans l'iran de nos jours. 390 Appendice Breve profilo dei viaggiatori in Iran nel periodo post Rivoluzione Islamica e dei loro resoconti di viaggio 401 iii iv Introduzione Per capire l’Iran di oggi bisogna dare uno sguardo alla cultura dell’antica Persia, luogo di incontro di nomadi, mercanti e viaggiatori, ma anche di scontri tra eserciti, sul cui sfondo si ergono i centri propulsori di una civiltà raffinatissima molto amata da scienziati, artisti e poeti e, soprattutto, viaggiatori: tanti sono gli Italiani che nel corso dei secoli hanno attraversato il paese o vi hanno a lungo soggiornato: Marco Polo, Pietro della Valle, Angelo Legrenzi, Gaetano Osculati, Felice De Vecchi e Filippo de Filippi, Cesare Brandi, solo per citare qualcuna tra le personalità che hanno viaggiato in Persia prima della Rivoluzione Islamica. Effettuare un confronto tra alcuni autori del passato per i quali il viaggio in Persia era una fatica, spesso un pericolo in cui le sofferenze del viaggio facevano da sfondo al viaggiatore, facendo diventare il peregrinare ancora più importante e alcuni autori contemporanei, per i quali il racconto del viaggio in Iran pur diventando, talvolta, un saggio storiografico, non arriva mai ad offuscare o a far svanire il fascino del viaggio, rappresentava un progetto troppo ambizioso per cui è stato necessario circoscrivere l’analisi ad un unico periodo, quello post Rivoluzione Islamica ma, poiché non si può parlare di Iran prescindendo dal suo passato di grande Impero, dalla sua trasformazione religiosa dal politeismo, al Mazdeismo, all’Islam, dai cambiamenti sociali avvenuti nel passaggio dalla monarchia Pahlavi alla repubblica Islamica dell’Iran nata dopo la Rivoluzione del 1979, sono numerosi i richiami alle esperienze dei viaggiatori del passato. Questo studio storico-culturale attraverso l’analisi e il confronto tra diversi reportage di viaggio, intende evidenziare come sia cambiata la visione dell’Iran da parte di alcuni viaggiatori italiani e come il viaggio in Iran tra il sacro e il profano abbia cambiato la personalità di questi viaggiatori. Per effettuare tale analisi sono stati presi in esame testi di giornalisti, turisti, letterati e avventurieri che hanno viaggiato attraverso l’Iran dopo il 1979. Relativamente alla trascrizione di termini, nomi, e luoghi sono stati utilizzati i segni dell’alfabeto latino il cui suono più si avvicina alla pronuncia in Farsi. Dal periodo di Khatami il flusso di viaggiatori diretti in Iran è aumentato e sono molti i giornalisti che, dopo essere stati in Iran, hanno elaborato dei reportage di vario genere. Non è stato facile scegliere i testi di riferimento per il confronto in quanto di Iran hanno scritto e scrivono veramente in tanti, quindi ho prediletto quei libri nei quali tutti gli autori, 1 in misura diversa, hanno raccontato della storia della Persia, della fine della monarchia, delle ricchezze petrolifere del Paese, del ritorno dell’Ayatollah Khomeini, della proclamazione di una nuova forma di governo, delle sanzioni per il nucleare che stavano via via diminuendo secondo gli accordi firmati nel 2015, poi disattesi dal presidente degli Stati Uniti Donald Trump, della società iraniana, dei problemi di disoccupazione, della pena di morte, del divario economico tra la popolazione. Qualcuno lo ha fatto con un lessico più freddo come Lilli Gruber e Alberto Negri, qualcun altro lo ha fatto con un discorso più fluido come Vanna Vannuccini o, ancora con parole più semplici come Fabrizio Cassinelli e Alberto Zanconato. Tutti però, nonostante abbiano scritto dei reportage giornalistici con temi talvolta difficili e inquietanti, ogni tanto non hanno potuto fare a meno di interrompere il loro racconto per prendere respiro tra le bellezze dei luoghi, tra le gente ospitale, tra le cose semplici della quotidianità. I giornalisti, insomma, hanno ceduto al fascino della cultura millenaria di un’antica Persia che può essere riscoperta ogni giorno nell’odierno Iran al punto tale che è stato impossibile per loro non lasciarsi trasportare da piacevoli sensazioni per imprimerle su un foglio di carta. Per quanto concerne i turisti, ho scelto degli autori che hanno viaggiato in Iran in periodi completamente diversi: Silvia Tenderini nel 1999, Barbara Nepitelli e Cesarina Trillini nel 2005 e Lorenzo Rossetti nel 2013, in tre momenti politicamente differenti e questa differenza si evince chiaramente durante la lettura anche se non sempre ci sono dei riferimenti espliciti. Silvia Tenderini si trova in Iran durante la presidenza di Khatami, quando il clima all’interno del Paese è apparentemente più disteso, ma i turisti rappresentano ancora una rarità. L’autrice parla molto poco del contatto con gli Iraniani anche se in diverse occasioni accenna alla loro gentilezza. Trovo, invece, molto forviante una sua affermazione «questo popolo, marchiato dalla fatalità del destino si aggrappa alla religione, ostenta la propria fede come unica e irrinunciabile, in un’allarmante e pericolosa intransigenza»1 perché sembra da riferire più ai sunniti wahabiti che non agli sciiti2. Si tratta di un’affermazione molto forte da parte dell’autrice che non trova reale 1 SILVIA TENDERINI, Viaggio in Persia tra storia e leggenda, Torino CDA&VIVALDA, 2005, p. 115. 2 Per approfondimenti su questa corrente radicale fondata da da Muhammad ibn ‛Abd al-Wahhāb a metà del diciottesimo secolo, il cui intento è riportare l’Islam all’autenticità dei primi tempi, diffuso soprattutto in Arabia Saudita, si vedano: TERENCE WARD, Per capire oggi il medio oriente. L’Isis spiegata ai giovani, Firenze, Libreria Editrice Fiorentina, 2017, FULVIO SCAGLIONE, Il patto con il diavolo, Milano, Rizzoli, 2 fondamento e sembra il frutto del pregiudizio. Inoltre è un’affermazione che contrasta molto con quanto detto dall’autrice stessa sulle moschee quando sostiene che vi si entri per trovare un attimo di tregua dalle vicissitudini quotidiane e dalle imposizioni del governo. La pericolosa intransigenza di cui parla Silvia Tenderini è certamente presente in Iran, ma non negli iraniani sciiti che, anzi, attraverso lo sciismo duodecimano appaiono assolutamente lontani dai fondamentalismi sunniti. Barbara Nepitelli e Cesarina Trillini si trovano in Iran all’inizio del primo mandato di Ahmadinejad, durante un periodo particolare in quanto l’era Khatami si è appena conclusa e Ahmadinejad si è imposto con una campagna elettorale tutta a favore dei più poveri e dei diseredati facendo loro grandi promesse. Alla naturale inclinazione degli iraniani per l’ospitalità, si somma l’entusiasmo derivante dalle promesse di miglioramento delle condizioni di vita proferite dal neo presidente e così le due viaggiatrici sono spesso coinvolte nelle festività locali e invitate ovunque. Rossetti, invece, viaggia in Iran alla fine del secondo mandato di Ahmadinejad, quando ormai quest’ultimo non è ben visto più da nessuno, nemmeno dalla Guida Suprema Ali Khamenei che tanto lo aveva voluto alla guida della presidenza negli anni precedenti.
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