tssN 011È1765

Ouinnat salmon runs, 1965-78, in the Glenariffe Stream, River,

by M. Flain

Fisheries Research Division Occasional Publication No. 28 Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) Ouinnat salmon runs, 1965-78, in the Glenariffe Streâtr, , New Zealand

by M. Flain

Fisheries Research Division Occasional Publication No. 28 1982

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) Published by the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries 1982

ISSN 011È1765

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) Contents

Page

Introduction 5 Historical background 5 Previous work 5 Objectives of the Glenariffe trap 5 Methods ... 6 Tagging 6 Scales and otoliths 6 Lengths 7 Results 8 Discussion 9 Summary... 11 References t2 Acknowledgments t2

Appendix L 13

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) q' ,è"" /- cò" J LoTt , , -l llq4

¡^o¡olrtLÐ

Chrislchurch

Highbonk r

Fig. 1: Location of the Glena¡iffe salmon trap and adjacent spâwning areas.

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) lntroduction

Historical background Finlay (1931) on age and growth of salmon from the Quinnat salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; Hobbs (7937), on mortality to (Walbaum), were successfully introduced into New the emergent alevin stage; Stokell (1961, 1962) on Zealand from North America 80 years ago. Ova the taxonomy of the quinnat, with some information were obtained from the Baird Station on the on its age and growth; and Parrott (1977), also on age and growth. Mcloud River, a tributary of the Sacramento River, California, and they were raised at a government The results of Finlay and Parrott, though based rearing station on the Hakatararnea River, a largely on material from only a single year, are tributary of the Waitaki River on the east coast of consistent with those of this study. the . The first shipment of eggs arrived January 1901, and between then and 1907, in of the Glenariffe trap 5 importations were made, totalling some 5 million Objectives eggs. Of these, L.7 million were raised and released, To obtain biological information on successive 90Vo as fry and the remainder as fish up to 2 years runs of salmon, an adult trap was built on the old (Ayson 1908). Fish from runs established on the Glenariffe Stream, a tributary of the Rakaia River River were subsequently stripped and (Fig. 1). Some reasons for choosing the Glenariffe used for propagation into other rivers until 1942 were that the Rakaia is a major salmon river on the when the station was closed down. east coast of the South Island, the Glenariffe Stream is a main spawning area, and therefore sufficient fish The introduction of quinnat salmon was funded by samples were assured, the stream is reasonably the New Zealand Government, with the intention of stable, and the site is close enough to the main establishing a commercial canning industry. Rod Christchurch laboratory to be serviced from there. selling licences were issued from 7922 to L952 and netting licences for certain rivers were issued from An adult trap was operating by February 1965, in 1925 to 1952. However, sportsmen had quickly time to sample the spawning run of that year. The adopted this new fish, and a conflict of interests success of this trap led to the construction of a more between sporting and commercial factions elaborate one, for both adults and fry. This was developed. Sportsfishermen, through their societies, working by February 1966 and offered additional made representations to government to have research possibilities, some of which are still in commercial licences revoked (Cunningham 1972). progress (Galloway 1976). The initial research They considered that the runs were too small to objectives dealt with here are as follows: support commercial exploitation and that rod selling L. To monitor, over a number of years, the adult licences breached the sporting ethic. Government salmon run in the Glenariffe Stream for complied with their requests on the understanding information on numbers, weights, lengths, sex that the societies supplied a minimum of 750 salmon ratio, and age. for sale, and that the proceeds from this be used to research and manage the fishery. At this time large 2. To determine whether the numbers of fish passing numbers of salmon were creating a problem by through the Glenariffe trap could be used as an attempting to run up the tail race of a small hydro index of the total run in the Rakaia River. scheme at Highbank on the Rakaia River. This 3. To compare the age structure of angler-caught provided a ready supply of fish, some of which were fish and the spawning run into Glenariffe. trapped and sold, but after a few years a change in the operating schedule of the station caused this 4. To compare numbers of spawning fish with those progeny. source to fail and subsequently no salmon were sold. of returning 5. To compare age and growth of adult quinnat salmon in a New Zealand run with those in an Previous work equivalent North American run. In 1964 the Freshwater Fisheries Advisory As the investigation proceeded it became Council voted to initiate long-term research into apparent that work should also be done on: quinnat salmon and the outcome of this decision was 1. The effects of floods on the size of spawning runs. the Glenariffe salmon trap. Before this little was known about the life history of this species in New 2. T\e importance of the duration of f¡eshwater Zealand waters. Previous work has been done by residence for the survival of juveniles.

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) Methods

Tagging Alter 1967 otoliths were stored in a disinfectant solution (New Zealand Government Stores Board During the 1965-66 spawning runs the date, Pynol 1455). They were prepared by being rinsed in weight, fork length, and sex were recorded for all clean water, stained in fluoresceine, and rinsed again fish that passed through the trap. In addition, L fish in clean water. They were then ¡ead in high intensity in 10 was tagged with a "Floy,'spaghetti tag inserted transmitted light with thc naked eye. Figure 3 shows in front of the dorsal fin. typical 2-, 3-,4-, and S-year otoliths, stained and Initial recoveries of the viewed by this method. The dark bands represent 30Vo). From 1967 all the sulnmer growth and the light bands winter growth. the trap were tagged with This was confirmed by taking samples throughout inserted through the bon the year and observing the chronology of band quicker to apply than Floy tags and, being locally formation. produced, were cheaper. This method increãsed tag When juvenile salnon emerge from the gravel in recovery rate to about 60Vo and is still being used. July-August the otoliths are present as small, light, central platelets (when viewed in transmitted light). The dark summer growth ring starts forming in Scales and otol¡ths about September and continues through to about March the following yeat. The otoliths of a small Scal taken from fish as they were number of adults which returned in autumn showed being re stored in scale envelopes. the start of a winter growth ring on their edges. This They means of a Nikon profile small amount of growth constituted an overlap into projec a x50 objective lens, The the growth of the next year and was disregarded. scales were difficult to collect, and subject to eroded Age was read as the number of complete dark- edges which made aging from them suspect. stained rings to the end of the last summer's growth, Consequently, their collection at Glenariffe was a time which coincides with the start of the spawning stopped after 1966*. Instead, otoliths were taken run. barrier Otoliths were of little use determining ng the in the early life history of the fish, as growth resh or the bands werè diffuse. Ffowever, precise rotten carcasses, needed little cleaning prepara- the nature of the circuli in and scales, particularly tion, and, because they are not absorbeã, lere in the first year's growth, reliable for aging. facilitated the interpretation of early life history. Gilbert (1914), Rich (7920), and Clutter and The otoliths lie in a hollow in the cranium, surrounded by a clear membranous sac. They were removed from carcasses by carefully dividing the head along the dorsal midline (Fig. 2). In 1965 and 1966 otoliths were stored in formalin, which caused them to become opaque. The most successful method of retrieving these samples was to soak them for at least a week in a 3Vo (by weight) solution of trisodium orthophosphate (NarPOo. t2H2O), which cleared most of them. Reading growth rings was facilitated by staining otoliths in a saturated solution of fluoresceine at room tempera- tu¡e for at least 2 days (or until no further uptake of stain occurred). Reimmersion in fresh water removed stain more rapidly from less heavily stained areas and further lmproved the ease of reading.

+Ilowever, scales collected from angler-caught fish (which were usually fresh run) were useful in determining the early life history of the fish. Fig. 2: Position of otoliths in the head of a quinnat seln6¡¡.

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) 3, The ocean type showed all of the first year's growth as widely spaced circuli, indicating rapid growth over the whole year. This pattem is taken to mean that these fish passed from fresh to saline water at an early stage and then grew rapidly.

Lengths

Fork lengths were measured to the nearest centimetre while the fish were being tagged. However, early in the programme it became apparent that a length measurement based on the skeleton would also be useful, as it would allow data to be collected from battered and decomposing carcasses. The distance from the front of the orbit to

4 yeots the end of the hypural fan was chosen as the best 3 yeors measurement to take because it eliminated second- 2 yeors ary sexual differences (such as the long lower jaw of ì yeor the male) and also excluded the tail rays and snout, Centrol plotelet which are often damaged or missing from carcasses.

From measurements made in 1967 a relationship was developed which allowed the distance from the orbit to the hypural fan to be converted into fork 5 yeors length estimates. In 1970, to obtain an adequate 4 yeors sample from a very small adult run, it was necessary 3 yeors to use fish which had lost their tags. The fork lengths 2 yeorc of these fish were determined by the above 1 yeor conversion factor. The sex of the carcasses was also Cenlrol plolelel noted. From 1970 until 1977 these "lost-tag" fish were included as part of the sample for age composition of the runs and also in the length- frequency calculations. Data from 1978 do not include lost-tag fish. Converted carcass lengths were used to obtain length-frequency data on fish from other spawning tributaries sampled from 1970 to 7975.

Fig. 3: 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year otoliths as seen in transmitted light. Comparison of age readings from scales and otoliths of the same fish in several samples showed that aging from both structures gave the same results Whitesel (1956) all used scales for interpreting early (unpublished data) and agreed with ages obtained growth in North American Pacific salmon, and from length-frequency data. This \ryas in keeping Finlay (1931), Stokell (1962), and parrort (1971) did with the findings of Clutter and Whitesel (1956) and the same for New Zealand stocks. From the scales of Kim and Roberson (1968) for sockeye salmon, quinnat salmon I recognised 3 types of first year's Orucorhynchus nerka (Walbaum). growth (after Rich (1920)). 1. The stream type showed a compact first-year Anglers' catches were sampled from the Rakaia River growth pattern of closely spaccd circuli, which in 1967,1968, and1973-75. Scales were taken indicates slow growth in fresh water. from these fish and could be aged reliably, as the fish were usually fresh run; often otoliths were also 2. A¡ intermediate type showed a nucleus in which a taken. variable amount of first year's growth had stream pattern circuli and the remainder, to the annual Samples from other river systems (see Table 4 in check, had more widely spaced circuli, indicating Appendix 1) were obtained from anglers and were more rapid growth in saline water. aged by use of scales and/or otoliths.

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) Results

Results are presented in Tables 1-9 in Appendix Table 7 was derived from data in Tables 1 and 6 to 1. estimate how many returning adults in each year class originated from specific brood years. Because Data from the Glenariffe trapping operations the aged fish recovered each year represented only a from 1965 to 1978 are given in Table L. The portion of the total salmon run that passed through 1965 occurrence of a 2-year-old male in the 81-85- the trap (Table 6), a means of scaling up the sample cm length-frequency group is almost certainly an to the total run of the year was developed. error. In this, and similar instances, the sample was checked as far as possible. IIowever, where For a given year the number of fish in a given corrections could not be made, probable er¡ors have length group of a particular age class (Table 1) was been included in the table. In less extreme instances multiplied by the proportion they represented of the there are explanations other than errors; for total number of that length that passed through the example, the potential for considerable variation in trap, For example, in 1966 a total of 50 fish in the growth in this species (Flain 1971). It is also possible 56-60-cm length group passed through the trap. that some fish from freshwater stocks in Lake Four of these were known tobe2-year-olds (3 males Coleridge in the Rakaia catchment might have and L female) and 1 a 3-year-old (female). Therefore strayed into the Glenariffe run. Coleridge fish have a it was assumed that 40 of the total number in this much slower growth rate than normal sea-run fish length group were 2-year-old fish and L0 were 3- (unpublished data). year-olds. These subtotals for each length group were summed for each year class to give the Most of the data in Table 3 were from fish taken estimated contribution of that year class to the total near the mouth of the Rakaia River. Aging was from run through the trap for that year. scales, or sometimes both scales and otoliths. A direct multiplication of the recovered sample Most of the spawning areas mentioned in Table 4 data incorporates bias for the following reasons: are shown in Fig. 1. The mouths of the Rangitata o most of the 2-year-old fish are males; River and the Waitaki River are about 60 and 120 o these smalle¡ fish are less readily recovered km respectively south of the Rakaia. (increased size resulted in increased recovery In Table 6 the progeny of any particular brood rate, despite decreased numbers); year can be followed progressively through success- o males fight and tend to tear out tags, whereas ive age classes. The table shows that most adults females do not. return as 3-year-olds. The 1965 and 1966 samples carcasses without tags were small, as only 1 fish in L0 was tagged and Inclusion of data from minimised, this bias. recoveries of the spaghetti tags were low. From 1967 but did not eliminate, all fish were tagged, and from 1970 to t977 all the Because the run of a particular year is a composite carcasses recovered, including those which had lost of fish from previous brood years (2, 3, 4, and 5 their tags, were included in the length-frequency years earlier), the numbers of returning adults for a data and were used for aging. The age structure and particular brood year in Table 7 are composites, numbers derived for an "aveÍage run" (1967-78) are derived from data of subsequent years. For example, included at the bottom of the table. The 1965 and the 403 2-year-old returning adults for 1965 were 1966 results only were supplemented by scale estimated from 1967 data, the 3-year-olds from 1968 readings. data, and so on.

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) Discussion

The first aim of the Glenariffe trapping operation Comparisons of age structure in angler-caught has been achieved. Data for adults and juveniles samples with data obtained f¡om netting (Finlay have been obtained over an extended period (Table 7937 and unpublished netting results), carcass 1). The data indicate that to use the Glenariffe, or recovery data, and the Glenariffe material indicate for that matter any spawning stream, as an indicator that anglers' catches are not selective. In view of the for the total run in the Rakaia River, would be type of gear used and the area fished, there appears unsound, Samples taken for comparison of age to be no reason to believe otherwise. structures of spawning runs from the Glenariffe and quinnat salmon occur in North Hydra waters*, and from anglers' catches in the The largest runs of American rivers, where they have been present for Rakaia and other rivers, showed marked differences years. They associated with, and in certain years, particularly the 7973-74 and t97Ç many are presumably adapted characteristics of these 75 runs. The Hydra waters sample is similar to the to, rivers, which are often long (1600 km), with many angler-caught sample, but the Glenariffe sample is lakes and tributaries, and often with substantial not. The explanation appears to be that anglers fish the main river where the run is composed of estuarine areas. Quinnat salmon are a recent to New Zealand, where the rivers are contributions from several spawning areas. Hydra introduction short (200 km), have few lakes or stable tributaries, waters is considerably larger than the Glenariffe and are prone to severe flooding, and have either small is more stable. estuaries or none at all. There is much evidence to show that adult quinnat The source of the New Zealand quinnat is a return to their stream of origin in North America typical, long, quinnat rive¡, Rutter (1904) showed degree of fidelity (Simon and Larkin with a high that there was a large outmigration of fry from the as yet, has not been demonstrated in 1972). This, spawning streams in the Sacramento system, but that however, there New Zealand. If homing is assumed, they were months old by the time they had into individual ê5 would be years when the runs reached the river mouth. He also showed that to rearing areas of the Rakaia would spawning and survive the transition to salt water juveniles needed the differing severity of differ, as a result of to be at least 50-60 days old. This is related to a juveniles in each environmental factors acting on the certain stage of physiological development that catch should reflect more closely area. The anglers' juveniles must reach to cope with the change from major spawning area and it the age structure of the fresh to salt water. In the Sacramento this this. appears to do development would occur during the time taken by the fry to reach the river mouth. Other workers have Further support for homing is given by compari- indicated the importance of this development period sons with samples from other river systems, as in (Campbell 1963, Hallock and Fry 1967, Otto 797t). 1969-:70 and 7973-74 (Table 4), where there are major differences in the age structure of runs from Woolland (1974) showed that as many as 95Vo of. different rivers. Such differences would be difficult juveniles leave Glenariffe as fry. They are poor to explain unless fish were returning to their river of swimmers and pass into a very unstable and short origin. To effectively monitor the run in a river such main river. The time taken to travel from the as the Rakaia, which has several major spawning tributary to the mouth is likely to be days rather than areas, it is necessary to know what is happening in months, especially if, as is common during the time each of these areas. A trap on only one spawning of outmigration, hot north-west winds melt the snow area cannot therefore be used as a reliable indicator on the main divide and cause violent floods. of strengths of runs in the main river. It can be and Estuarine areas which Rutter (1904) considered has been used to develop an understanding of what important in allowing juveniles to adjust from fresh occurs in one areat. to salt water are virtually absent from New Zealand salmon rivers. Therefore it is unlikely that the outmigrant fry, despite their large numbers com- +Local pared with those that remain in the tributary name fo¡ the waters around Hydra Island, in the Rakaia the runs of River. streams, normally contribute much to returning adults in the Rakaia. This is borne out by tRecent work on nose-tagged salmon has shown greater than gOVo homing in New T,ealand salmon. (D' Lucas pers. comm., the low incidence of ocean type nuclei in scales of and Lucas (1980, 1981a, 1981b)). returning fish (Table 5).

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) In 1975, to test these hypotheses further, an present-day North American runs being depressed artificial lake with controlled outlets was created up when compared with the age composition of earlier stream of the Glenariffe trap, to provide additional ¡uns. These factors were escape of smaller fish from holding water for juveniles. Fry outmigrants were ocean gill nets, which favours earlier maturing fish, transferred from the trap into this lake and were and increased mortality of olde¡ fish from held there until they had grown to smolt size (8- commercial netting and trolling. Their size and 9 cm), when they were marked and liberated. extended residence in the sea prejudice their Initially the mark was an adipose fin clip, but later chances of return. this was combined with a coded wire tag implanted As hatchery releases have assumed greater in the nose. Another lake down stream from the first significance in maintaining runs on modified North was added in 1978, as were raceways at the American rivers, it appears that hatchery practice Glenariffe trap site. The increased numbers of has also contributed to earlier maturing runs. juveniles raised in this manner have made a Comparisons between the age structures of New significant cont¡ibution to the numbers of returning Zealand and North American spawning runs should adults, and by use of the trap facilities for recapture therefore be made with the river of origin (the it is possible to measure its effectiveness as an Sacramento) before and after the change in age enhancement technique*. structure of North American spawning runs. Work The Glenariffe Stream is spring fed and by New by Snyder (1931b) was suitable for such compari- Zealand standards it floods relatively infrequently. sons. However, he does refe¡ to the selectivity of the Records of flows at Glenariffe have been kept since net-caught samples, in which small fish were able to trapping began. Years such as 1968, t969,and1973 escape. In his results the proportions of the 2-yezr- were times of stable conditions during and after the olds (Table 8) should obviously have been larger. spawning runs and this is reflected by the number of Recent published material was not so suitable. returning fish (Table 7).By contrast, in November Wright and Bernhardt (1972) and Wright, Kolb, and 7967 and August-September 1970 the Glenariffe Brtx (7972) provided age and growth data of fish Stream flooded violently (Flain 1970, Hughes t969). caught in the sea near the mouth of the Sacramento These floods occurred when most of the juveniles River and included all fish that, from inspection of had emerged from the redds (Galloway 1976) and their gonads, were going to spawn in the year of the effect of the floods is clear when returns for these capture. The significant features from the compari- years are examined. The returns for L971 are sons in Tables 8 and 9 are: anomalous, Stream conditions were stable, but the 1. The presence in the North American runs of 6- returns were low, The numbers in all the year classes year-old fish, which are entirely absent in New are depressed, which indicates that mortalities Zealand stocks. occurred when the fish were massed. Massing occurs in fresh water, but there was no evidence, such as 2. T\e high proportion of S-year-old fish in the dead juveniles collecting at the fry trap, to suggest North American runs and their consistently low an exceptional mortality rate in the nursery stream. occurrence in the New Zealand runs. What happens to young fish in the main river and at 3. The dominance of 4-year-olds in North American the river mouth before they disperse, if they runs, whereas in New Zealand it is mostly 3-year- disperse, is now under investigation, Concentrations olds that dominate. of predators, such as kahawai, Anipis trutta (Bloch 4. The occasional occurrence extremely large and Schneider), which occur in large schools off the of proportions of 2-year-old male jacksT in North river mouth when juvenile salmon pass into the sea, American runs. may have an effect,

Godby (7921), Finlay (1931), and Parrott (7971) rln L981, 497 (20.5Vo) of the run of 2426 adutts were marked fish. were aware that the adult runs in New Zealandwere t"Jacks" is a colloquial term and is imprecise. It always refers to predominantly 3-year-old fish, as opposed to males and in New Zealand runs, where the 2-year-old returning predominantly 4-year-olds in equivalent North adults are mostly males, it refers to 2-year-old males. The ratio American runs. Scale material and length-frequency of retuming 2-yearold adult males to females is 25:1 (Table 6), data from much earlier samples indicate that this whereas in all other year classes the ratio is aPProximately 1:1, except for the S-year-olds whose numbers are too few to give a pattern was established immediately after introduc- valid ratio. tion and continues to the present day. Age and In North America the term can mean 2-year-old males, but in growth cunparisols betweer New Zsalarrd arlú süluc 1urìs thc c¿rlicst rcturrrs of spawrring fish a-r'c 3-ycar.olds, a North Ame¡ican runs are difficult for 2 reasons. disproportionate number of which are males, and these are also referred to as jacks. Gilbert (1914) refer¡ed to 2-year-old fish as Firstly, there is a lack of published comparable data. grilse and 3-year-olds as jacks or sachem. He also ¡ecotded that Secondly, Snyder (1931a) and Van Hyning (1973) no mature female king (quinnat) salmon less than 4 years old had have shown that several factors resulted in the age of been found.

10

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) Van Hyning (1973) documented an instance in that this is not so. Comparison of equivalent year which 88% of 8800 fish at the Rock Island dam were classes shows that, though there is some variation jacks. Similar figures have been documented for between years, the New Zealand stocks show similar other North American rivers, but so far nothing gro"vth rates to those of North America. It has been comparable has been observed in New Zealand suggested that New Zealand fish are smaller because runs. Initial results showing the occurrence of 2- they grow more slowly. This is not so; it is only year-old precocious females in the Glenariffe because they are younger that they are smaller. spawning runs were considered most unusual. Wright's figures (Table 8) show that they are also Stokell (1961, 1962) asserted there had been a present in North America. decline in size of the quinnat in New Zealand. Comparisons of Finlay's (1931) results with the Because of the previous lack of comparative age- Glenariffe material do not substantiate this (Table growth data for New Zealand runs, growth rates for 9). Scale readings from material dating from 1925 to New Zealand quinnat have been regarded as slower the present, and collected from several New Zealand than those of North American fish. Table 9 shows rivers, show no evidence of a decline in growth rates.

Summary

The dominant age class of quinnat salmon in the returns for 7973 probably result from stable river runs of the Rakaia River is normally 3-year-olds. conditions. The next most dominant age class is 4-year-olds, which may occasionally exceed the 3-year-olds. The Comparisons of the Rakaia River runs with those 2-year-old fish are mostly males and can occasionally in North America show that growth rates for exceed the 4-year-olds in number. Five-year-old fish equivalent age classes are much the same, but that are rare and none older have been found. New Zealand fish mature earlier. The reasons for earlier maturation in New Zealand are unknown. The anglers' catch is considered non-selective and From evidence available, the age structure and is taken rnostly from the main river. In years when growth rates of New Zealand stocks have remained the age composition of the angler-caught material is constant. more similar to samples from Hydra waters than The contribution of various juvenile stages to the from the Glenariffe, it appears that Hydra waters adult runs is inferred from scale analysis. It is contributed more to the total Rakaia run than did concluded that the majority of fry are lost. They pass the Glenariffe. Distinct differences in the age into a short, unstable main river, are not strong composition of spawning runs hto these 2 areas are swimmers, and soon reach the river mouth where reflected in the anglers' catch. These observations, they die because they are unable to cope with the and major differences in age structure of runs into transition to salt water. The 5Vo of fry that remain in other rivers in the same year, point to a definite the stable nursery streams provide, on average, homing instinct under New Zealand conditions. This nearly 99Vo of the returning adults. If floods do not precludes using a single spawning area to monitor occur, more fry may survive in the main river. This the total run in any entire river system. has yet to be investigated. There is considerable variation in the total By inference, fry retention should increase the numbe¡s of returning adults from a particular brood. numbers of returning adults in New Zealand rivers. Floods and their effects on emerged juveniles are This management method is currently being tested considered to be responsible for the 2 years of low at Glenariffe. Some fry are being held in 2 lakes returns (1967 and 7970), but the low 1971 return is above the trap and others are being held and fed in without a satisfactory explanation. The very high raceways before release.

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Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) References

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(Eds.) 7972:T'he stock concept March, 1930: 4443. in Pacific salmon. H. R. MacMillan Lecrures in Fishe'ies, Uniuersity of British Columbia, Vancouuer. 231 p. FlaIu, M. 1970: salmon and the snow of November Quinnat Sr.ryorn, J. O. 1931a: Tagging and marking. 5. Report from 796'7. Reoiew, Tussock Grasslands and Mounta¡n Lands Califomia Division of Fish and Game. Annual Meeting, Instirute, No. 19: 55-8. International Pacific Salmon Federation: 734. An unusual quinnat salmon Oncorhynchus tshawy- Salmon of the Klamath Rive¡ California. Fisheries rsclra (Walbaum). Eighty-fifth Annual Report and Balance Bulletin, Ditsision of Fish and Game of Califomia, No. 34. Sheet the yeü ended 31st August, 1971, Ashbu¡ton -1971' for 130 p. Acclimatisation Sociery. (7 page, not numbered.) -1931b' Gellownv, J. R. 1976: Salmon ¡esea¡ch at Glenariffe. Fish¿ri¿s SToKELL, G. 1961: The decline of the king salmor' Oncorhynchus Research Ditsisíon Information Leaflet, N.Z. Ministry of tchawytscha [sic] in New Zealand. In Abstracts of Agriculrure and Fisheries, No. 8. 17 p. symposium papers, 10th Pacific Science Congress, Gu-nrnr, C. H. 1914: Age at maturity of the Pacific coast salmon Honolulu, 1961, p. 241. (Deüvered at symposium on of the genus Oncorhynchus. Bulletin of the U.S. Bureau of preservation of faunas and habitats.) Fisheries 32: IJ2. Pacific salmon in New Zealand. Transactions of the Gooav, M. H. 7927: The acclimatisation of fish in Canterbury. In Royal Society of N.Z. 2 (21): 181-90. Speight, R., Wall, 4., and Laing, R. M. (Eds.), "Natural -L967V,l'N HvNING, J. M. 1973: Factors affecting the abundance of fall History of Canterbury", pp. 22640. Simpson and chinook salmon in the Columbia River. R¿s¿a¡ch Reports Williams, Christchurch. of the Fish Commission of Orcgon 4 (1): LÅ7. HALLocK, R. J., and Fnv, D. H. J¡. 1967: Five species of salmon, Woorrlxo, J. Y. I974: Appendix 3: Studies on juvenile quinnat Oncorhynchus, in the Sacramento River, Califo¡nia. salmon at Glena¡iff e 797 3--' l preliminary observa- Califomia Fish and Game 53 (1): 5-22. tions. Chai¡man's Reporl, Freshwater-some Fisheries Aduisory Honns, D. F. 1937: Natural reproduction of quinnat salmon, Council, Thirtieth Meeting-Tokaanu: 3945. brown and rainbow trout in ce¡tain New Zealand waters. Wnrcn'r, S., and BERNHARDT, J. 7972: Maturity rates of ocean- Fisheries Bulletin, N.Z. Marine Department, No. ó. 104 p. caught chinook salmon. Bullenn, Pacific Marine Fisheries HuGHEs, J. G. (Comp.) 1969: The snow of Novembe¡ 1967. Commission, 8: 49-59. Reuiew, Tussock Grasslands and Mountain Lands WRrcxT, S., Kor-r, R., and Bn¡x, R. 7972: Size and age Instirute, No. 16: 48-83. cha¡acteristics of chinook salÍron taken by Washington's Krrvr, W. S., and RoBERsoN, K. 1968: On the use of otoliths of commercial troll and ocean sport fisheries, 1963-1969. sockeye salmon for age determination. In Burgner, R. L. Bulletin, Pacific Marine Físheries Commission, 8: 3147. (Ed.), Further studies of Alaska sockeye salmon, pp.I49- 68. Uniuersity of Washington Publícations in Fisheries, New Series, Vol. 3.

Acknowledgments

I thank the staff of the Christchurch Fisheries have also aided the work. I also thank Dr K. R. Research Division laboratory, nearly all of whom Allen (CSIRO), Dr D. Scott ( University), have assisted with this work. Many members of and Dr R. M. McDowall (Fisheries Research acclimatisation societies, the New Zealand Salmon Division) for reading the manuscript. Anglers' Association, and the general angling public

12

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) Appendix 1

TABLE l: Length, age, sex, and trapping data for adult salmon, Glenariffe, 1965-78

Nunbers recovereal (by age (yrs) and sex) Fork lengti 34 (cm) MFMF t965 36-40 4L-45 1 I 46-50 3 I 51-55 203 1 56-60 32 L2 5 I 6r-65 42 37 I 66-70 66 150 I 1 1r-75 t66 419 2 76-80 239 458 4 8l-85 I91 L2T 11 86-90 6B 20 3 9l--95 "t 96-100 lol- 10 5 to6-110 lrr-115 116-r20 total Mean length S. D. Mean weight (g)

1966 36-40 I 4L-45 5 46-50 6 5 r-55 26 56-60 464 I 6l-65 53 15 2 66-70 33 47 4 '7 r-7 5 36 88 1 '7 76-AO 63 16l 8l-85 105 r25 5 86-90 79 93 2 9I-95 65 36 96-100 353 lot-lo5 4 106-110 2 1r1-ll5 ll-6-120 Total l'lean length S.D. Mean weight (g)

L967 36-40 4r-45 3 I 46-50 52 25 5l-55 984 4A2 56-60 rBO 12 822 6 l-65 IIO 51 40 1 66-70 68 74 4 2 1r-75 92 r98 2 76-80 170 274 1 5 B l-85 165 92 2 l8 B6-9 0 51 21 T2 I 9l-95 35 'l 22 96-100 6 4 r0 l-r05 2 1 106-110 I 1rl-115 l16-120 Total 47 38 Mean length 89.3 g2-4 S.D. 4.29 6.35 l4ean weight (g) 1597 6542

t3

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) TÀBLE 1¡ Length, age, sex, æ¿l trapping data for adult salmon, clena¡iffe, 1965-78 (Çtd,)

Total run through trap Nunbers recovered (by age (yrs) ed sex) Fork length (by sex) 34 ( cm) MF M

1968 36-40 4L-45 46-50 I 3 1 5I-55 30 3 14 2 I 56-60 68 I 34 I 5 2 61-65 7L 29 24 L7 13 66-70 B9 r42 3 47 53 1 I 7L-75 190 565 LO2 267 4 76-aO 410 738 235 40r 2 81-85 446 252 270 99 L2 5I 86-90 168 44 6l r.5 45 L6 91-95 l1 2 6 2 96-I00 I I 101-105 106-1I0 111-1I5 LL6-L2O Total 1492 1783 79 I 74t 851 66 I00 Meil length 7't .2 76.2 58.9 59.0 7A.7 76.3 87.1 82.1 s.D. 8.61 4 .79 4 -59 6.01 4.24 3.66 4.20 Mean (g) weight 5597 56A4 2429 2723 54t7 52IA 6728 6157

1969 31-35 3 2 36-40 I 4I_45 3 t 46-50 6 3 5I-55 26 9 1 56-60 43 13 152 54 61-65 43 22 I L4 11 23 66-70 68 97 3 31 39 813 7L-75 1l-6 26L 55 ttg 11 26 76-80 254 448 94 116 60 r45 81_85 346 368 70 15 168 22L 86-90 233 72 1I 136 49 91_95 5S4 383 96-100 31 2r 101-to5 106-110 111-11-5

Total 1207 L2A6 412 242 304 426 46I l-1 !4ean lengtlr 79.O 77 .9 56.2 59.O 76.4 74.4 a4,4 81.0 68.0 87.0 s.D. 9.62 5.59 7.6A 0.00 6.7L 4.54 5.17 4.45 Mean (g) weight 5471 5119 2256 2600 5052 4930 62A3 5954 3000 7050

1970 36-40 4I-45 I I 46-50 7 6 51-55 23 T? 56-60 454 31 1 2 61-65 398 24 I 73 66-70 29 26 6 15 13 7r-75 31 45 25 19 2 I 76-80 4L 53 30 37 6 4 81-85 55 40 2? 15 14 I4 86-90 39 43 144 22 29 9r-95 42 28 2 28 23 96-100 25 2 20 101-I05 5 4 106-110 t11-tI5 l-16-120 Tota1 342 247 852 L27 91 I1 Mean length 75.A 79.4 58.4 60.5 76.A 76.4 87.0 91.0 s.D. 14.25 8.45 5.55 1..50 8.78 5.61 Mean weight (g) 5533 6232 2460 4225 5445 5597 6600 8450 -

L4

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) TÀBLE 1: Lengt¡, age, sex, ancl trapping data for adult salnon, Glenaríffe, 1965-78 (ctal.)

Total run throqgh trap Nunbers recovered (by age (yrs) and sèx) Fork Lengtå (by sex) 34 (m) MF

19?1 31-35 2 1 36-40 3 4r-45 I 1 46=50 L2 11 51-55 91 4 682 52 56-60 169 16 996 II 5 I 61-65 140 49 62 40 25 I1 66-70 96 126 62 58 96 II 7r-75 t46 300 109 r75 T2 76-AO 235 4L7 155 263 T2 81-85 2A3 148 I 204 85 714 86-90 104 29 705 15 10 91-95 242 9 15 1 96-r00 4 3 I01-105 I 1 106-1r0 rr1-115 TotaI 1315 109r 665 656 46 31 Meil lengt¡ '12.7 75.4 77.7 75.1 87.8 83.0 S. D. rr.63 5.84 7.44 5.32 e,49 6.26 Mean '.reight (g) 4540 507r 5594 5L85 73A7 652A

I972 36-40 4r-45 7 4 46-50 463 2At 51-55 887 552 56-60 70 47 302 1 61-65 \24 155 6 2 5 66-70 25"1 527 2 6 20 7r-75 4I7 615 10 93 76-AO 2AL 182 81 94 8I-85 IT4 76 7L 59 86-90 25 25 91-95 21, 1 I 96-100 101-105 106-1r0 1lt -I15 116-120 Total 1431 1613 I Mean length 70.4 70.9 78.O s .D. 9.0r 5.34 Mea weight (g) 3714 3924 5450

]-973 36-40 4L-45 3 t L 46-50 L2 7 51-55 I3 9 56-60 39 5 20 3L 61-65 I6 7 1 62 1 66-70 38 10 16 2I 7L-75 51 27 30 98 76-AO 66 36 236 2A L6 8r-85 36 2 6 232 86-90 5 I 1 4L 9r-95 96-I00 10 1-105 106-110 11L-I15 TotaI 264 160 38 77 55 67 29 Mean length 70.2 72.r 54.6 73. r 7r.3 79.2 76.5 s.D. I0.69 4,A4 4.29 7 .O3 3.74 4.62 5.06 Mean weight (9) 3957 4433 L966 4249 4306 5190 5090

15

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) TÀBLE 1¡ Length, age, sex, æd trapping data for adult salmon, Gtenariffe, 1965-78 (ctal.)

Total run t¡rough trap Nunbers recovèred (by age (yrs) anal sex) Fork length (by sex) 2 3 4 5 (cnt)!{FMFMFM!'l'lF

1974 36-40 4r-45 I 46-50 4 3 51-55 37 26 56-60 59 5 35 5 4 61-6547L427452r1 66-70222476611 7r-75 22 39 14 16 4 2 76-A0 32 51 15 26 2 B 8L-85 34 20 21 6 7 4 86-9015187459 91-9s2L11r

27517298973601727L2 Mean length 67.3 75.3 58.4 60.2 76,6 76.2 A2,5 81.O 69,0 73.0 rr.53 7.52 4.70 2.25 A.I2 5.lO 7 .36 't.O4 - 1.00 Mean vreight (g) 3886 5422 2542 2906 5316 5474 6267 6591 3700 5175

1975 36-40 2 I 4r-45 3 1 46-50 32 r 20 51-55 96 5 70 4 2 56-60 207 16 r44 5 7 4 61-65 203 73 96 lr 25 27 66-70 rO2 r35 19 42 60 1L-75 114 26r I 1 80 r27 1 76-80 223 25L 3 r28 r24 r 4 ar-85 l.67 59 r25 29 3 6 86-9035227t2r 91-95 2 | 1

1186 803 355 21 437 372 7 L2 Mean length 68.6 ?3.2 58.5 60.4 77.o 73.9 85.o 80.9 10.87 5.92 5.19 4.22 6.88 5.35 4.2L 3.23 Mean weight (g) -*

L976 36-40 1 1 4r-45 1 I 46-50816r 5L-55 4A 5 27 I 56-60 79 19 34 r 4 5 61-65 37 4A 9 l- 10 24 66-70 76 249 2 41 131 2 'lL-75 210 667 2 r2L 302 9 76-80 366 46L 190 199 7 34 8t-45 204 6't ro3 2L L7 18 86-90 36 4 r8 I 12 1 91-95 I r 96-r00 10I-105 106-110 lII-115 116-120 Totar 1066 1522 81 2 4A7 686 -37 64 Ì4ean length 74.2 73.5 56.6 60.0 77.O 73.1 83.6 7A.4 s.D. 8,88 4.7r 5.12 l.O0 5.26 4.55 3.68 3.47 Mean weight (g)

* AnaLysis discontinued. 16

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) TABLE 1: Lengtl¡, age, sex, æd trapping data for adult salmon, Glenariffe, 1965-78 (ct¿l.)

Total run through trap Nunbers recovered (by age (yrs) andl sex) Fork length (by sex) 2 3 4 5 (cn)MFMFMFÀ1I'MF

1977 36-40 2 2 4L-45 6 1 46-50 2I 15 51-55 IOO 2 57 2 56-60 140 13 76 4 5 61-65 85 r7 38 )' 12 7 66-70 29 50 3 16 16 2 7I-75 58 156 20 70 2 4 76-80 L32 29A 70 l-23 4 19 81-85 224 165 90 52 34 44 86-90 166 73 4A 3 56 4L 91-95433224 96-100 4 r I I01-105 IO6-IIO 111-1r5 r16-l-20 Torar lolo 777 192 5 264 274 L2r 110 ¡4ean Length 73-4 77.6 56.5 58.0 79.6 76.4 a7 '3 83'4 s.D. 13.48 6.Lg 4.77 2.r9 7 -26 5.03 4.r9 4-.39 Mean weight (9)

1978 36-40 2 4r-45 4E-50 12 9 5r-55 44 20 2 56-60 7A 6 33 2 2 6r-65 rO5 11 45 2 2 3 66-7c 61 32 19 12 I 7L-75 55 104 23 42 76-A0 88 275 33 101- I 8l-85 20L 336 78 L34 I 86-90 186 106 84 33 3 6 91-9557u32347 96-1007L32 ror-105 1 r r06-110 III-115 Ì16-120 ToÈal 889 888 126 2 27]. 326 lr L4 Mean length 76.4 8O.O 60.0 64-5 83.3 79'9 92'O 90'3 s.D. L2.35 5.68 5.61 o.5o 7-47 5'2A 5.98 3.20 Mean weight (9)

17

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) TÀBLE 2! Lengthr, age, ad sex data for adult sal¡on, Ifydra waters, L97O-76 (no ¿lata f.oî 1972)

Nunbers recoveted (by age (yrs) ætt sex) 452 Fórk lengt¡ M I4FMFMF (m) 1970 19't). 46-50 I 51-55 1 5 56-60 4 4 61-65 1 411 66-70 2 r42 7I-75 7r7 1 76-80 616 81-85 204L 86-90 1812 91-95 10 1 96-IO0 101-105 I 106-tI0

Total 9 251874282J. 151663934 Mean length 61.6 83.7 76.2 96.8 88.1 I02.5 76-o 57.9 62.0 a2.9 76.4 94.3 82.8

1973

41-45 1 46-50 1 51-55 22 56-60 51 2 61-65 2L 31 66-70 4I2 1 710 7 I-75 6185 132IL2 76-80 20527 16464 81-85 10L45 45246L7 86-90 3].2 4l I 18 L'Ì 91-95 4 L4226 96-100 IL2 101-105 4

Total 10L4736 L40 109 63 46 ¡.!ean 1êngth 56.9 50.0 76.5 72.7 a2.6 76.9 9r.7 85.6

1975 L976 46-50 51--55 6 56-60 14 6I-65 J-7 1 66-70 5 23 7L-75 212 76-æ I 10292 81-85 6 15 16 86-90 53 5t 91-95 7 t 96-100 3 IO1-105 I

Total 42 4 LO2 II4 15 L2 13346122 Mear¡ lengt¡ 61,1 60.8 81.7 76.O 91.8 S3.9 58.0 6I.0 8I.O 77.8 92.5 80.0

* Fórk lengtt¡s d€rived by use of conversion factor (see netho¿ls).

18

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) TÀBLE 3: lengtlì, age, ild sex data for adult salmon from anglersr catches' Rakaia River, 1966-76 (no ¿lata for 1968-69, L969-7O, L97O-7]-. L97I-721

Nunibers recovered (by age (yrs) md sex) 452 Forklengtå 14 F M F M F M F M F M F M F ( m) 1966-61 1967-68

31-35 36-40 4I-45 46-50 51-55 2 ! 56-60 L 2 6r-652111 66-7025r41 7L-755973 76-80 9 I8 10 5 81-8554643 86-904L311 9t-95 3 1 r 96-100 t 2 r01-105 Tota15254044222aL442 Mean tengrh 58.0 7a.9 75.I 94.3 9O.O 97.O 61.0 75.7 76.6 A4.5 91.0

2342345 MFMFMFMFMFMFM¡' t9'12-73 1973-74

31-35 2 36-40 I 2 4L-45 1 46-501311 51-55 1 6 56-6031L72 61-65139464 66-7023r1224LO41 7r-75 13 lL 3 3 16 15 I 76-A016457r244862 81-8s92742724511 86-902L2225882L1 9r-9552].4L2 96-100 I 6 4 t0r-10s 2 Total a 2 46 30 19 18 35 5 116 106 42 51 I Mean length 55.5 59.0 76.3 72.3 78.8 77.7 55'6 60.0 79.3 77,9 e9'2 88.1 89.0

L9'74-75 1975-76

31-35 36-40 I 4L-45 I 46-50 3 1 I 5r-55 l0 I 56-6029L213 6l-65161310118 66-70542L1116 7L-75 2 r0 53 I 13 41 4 76-8011327L1514464 81-8550322815334 86-9048L473L21 9l-95221611 96-100 2 r 101-105

Total 66 6 I73 19o L4 22 I 47 105 5 L4 Mean lensth 58.7 56.2 78.0 75.3 89.9 83.1 57.3 77,9 74.6 83.6 79.9

19

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) TABLE 4¡ Àge structure of Ìüs from different areas of the Rakaia River and from other rivers

Conposition (*) by age (years) of runs No. of Date Ärea 2 3 45 fish

1966-6? clenariffe 20.2 7r.1 8.3 0.4 1026 Rakaia æg1ers 6.3 81. 3 10.0 2,5 80 1967-68 clenariffe 4.4 86.6 9.0 0.0 r838 Rakaia Ðgl-ers 4.O 84. 0 L2.O 0.0 50

1969-70 Glenariffe 18.1 45.3 36.2 0.4 4AL Hydra waters 5.? 2'l -4 65.0 1.9 157 Waimakariri 4-4 36.4 0.o 453 Waitaki 7.A a2.'l 9.1 0.4 23L

)_970-7 )- clenariffe 15.6 79.7 4.7 0.0 L657 Hydra waters 12.4 42.2 5-4 0.0 L29 Rangitata 9.4 68. 5 2L.7 0-4 2?6 waiùaki 5.4 60.8 33.5 0.4 27A

LD?I-72 clenariffe 73.7 20.6 O.O4 2279 Waitaki 19.1 56.0 25-O 0.O s4

t972-73 c].enariffê 14-3 49.6 36.1 0.0 266 Rakaia anglers 7.4 62.5 30.I 0.0 136 Hydra waters 8.2 61. 9 29.9 0.0 134 Miluka Point 6.3 65.6 2A.L 0.0 32 Rilgitata 13 .6 52,5 32.2 I.7 59

L973-74 clenariffe 37 .3 46.3 15.3 r.1 2A7 Rakaia mglers 11.4 62.5 25.9 0.2 413 Eydra waters l0 .9 6I-9 27.I 0.0 402 DoubLe Hill flats 33. 6 47.7 19.3 0.o 140 Irliluka Point L2.6 7 r.5 r5.9 0.0 207 Ragitata 3.6 63.9 32.5 0.0 83

L974-75 clenariffe 3I.2 67.2 r.6 0.o 1204 Rakaia anglers 16.0 76-4 7.6 0.0 525 Iiydra waters 16. 0 75.O 9.O 0.O 288 Double HiII flats 24-3 72 -4 3.3 0.O 2L4 Miluka Point 12 .8 82.A 4.4 0. o 273

t975-76 c.Ienariffe 6.1 86.4 7.4 0.O 1357 Rakaia mglers 4.6 a5.2 ro.2 0.o 196 Hydra waters 3.8 92-3 3.8 0. 0 105 Double Hill flats 25.O 75.O 0.0 0.0 20 l,tiluka Point 9.8 83.7 6.5 0. O 92

TÀBI,E 5: Incidence of scalè nucleus Èypes in angler-caught fish fron tåe Rakaia River

Incidence of nucleus types (å) Date Strem Intemediate Ocean Total No

L967 2A -4 69.1 2.5 81 1968 l-9 .6 80.4 o.o 51 I973 r7.8 42.2 0.0 135 197 4 34 .0 66.O o.0 4L2 I975 19.1 80. 4 0.6 525 L976 14. O 8s. 5 0.5 193

23.2 'Ì6.4 o.4 L397

20

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) (tagged) saÌmo¡ from the Gl-enariffe rus. l-96?-78

NuÍibers recovered in each age class (and I of total)

smples j.nfl-uenced. by small nìÌnber of fish tagged æd high loss of tags. silples influenced by differential loss of tags. Flood (Novenìber). Lost-tag nãterial i¡cluded, Compound. flood (August, Septenbèr).

TÀBLË 7:

Brood year 2

1965 841 403 2 1966 560 143 o L96't 1033 90 I 1968 r492 IL4 0 1969 t207 362 5 1970 382 r84 0 197r 1315 63 0 L972 143 r 156 U 1973 264 564 0 1974 275 158 L975 II86 344 L976 1066 245 I977 l0l0 1978 889

Average 925

Flood. + Co¡npoual flood. Unexplained (see ter(t).

27

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) TÄBLE 8: Age structures of North Àmerican and New Zealand quj-nnat salmon nrns

Sacramento washington Waimakariri Age River Coast River clenariffe, Rakaia River class Snl'der (193I) wright (1972) Finlay (1931) (yrs) 19-9* I92L* 1970-71t I92A I ?65+ 1966+ 1967 1968 L)u9 L970 L97I 1972 1913 1974 1975 Ie76 19'77 1978 e. t g g o¡ å B E'¿ ? å å t S å S å t Males 2 0-7 7 -2 9.6 1-3 12. I 22 -5 37.3 9-4 7.L 28-2 26.2 1) L ?ì q 52.6 44.4 14.4 32.1 29 -O qÁ q 3 35.6 29.4 5Ì.9 79.9 56.3 83.5 38.3 40.7 69.4 7 r.4 42 .8 ?q ? cô ? 41 .I 68.8 4 39.7 35.6 34-7 10.6 10.7 20.o 6.4 1.r 54.4 30.8 4.4 L6.2 33.3 7.7 0.8 5.4 20.2 2.I 5 2r-9 28-4 3.7 2-2 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0-2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.4 0.0 0-0 0.0 0.0 6 2-l 0.5 0.t 0.0 o.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.o 0.0 0.0 o.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - ; nunbers 116 388 940 r79 841 560 1033 1492 ]-201 3A2 13t5 t43I 264 215 t186 1066 1010 819 Females E 2 0.o 0.0 0.7 0.0 2-4 L.2 2.O O.2 0,3 2.4 r.3 o.4 0.0 7-6 4.7 0.3 1.5 0.5 E õ 3 15.2 4-2 38.6 80.8 89.1 79.6 89.6 90.5 41.6 55.9 94-O 77 .3 70.0 65.7 92.1 9r.6 12.6 96.O F o 4 54-4 48.1 55 -4 r7 .1 8.6 L9.r 8.4 9.4 58.0 4r.3 4-7 22.2 30.0 24-4 2.6 8.1 25-9 3.6 ^ 5 25-9 41 .O 5.1 t.5 o.0 0 .2 0.0 0.0 0.L o-4 0-0 0.1 0.0 2-3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 4-5 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0-0 0.0 ñ Total ú 2 nunbers 3O9 903 6A9 21L 1279 572 139 1783 1286 247 1091 1613 160 r72 803 1522 777 lr ,lz Netting allowed smalL fj-sh to escape. E T Ocean caught fish, stj-]I growing at tine of capture. / SmaL1 smpl-es, figures estinated from known lengths and stildard deviations. zÈ Ej ?

rn{ TABLE 9: Fork Lengths (cn) of North American and New Zealand quinnat salnon r. r. 2 o Fl S acrilento !.lashington waimakariri A9e River Coast River cLenariffe, Rakaia River v Snyder (193I) wright (1972) Finlay (1931) z ñ (yrs) 19l-9 * L92I* 19 70- 7 1+ 1928 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1913 1974 L975 r9t6 L911 1978

ñN Males 58 . 60-0 F 2 61.0 55.0 52 .4 49.2 57 .6 56.6 56-9 58.9 56.2 58.4 57.6 53.5 54-6 4 58.5 56.6 56.5 3 66 69.9 7 r-6 7A.6 72.O 75.3 76-A 7A.7 76-4 76.A 77.7 1I.4 73.L 76 77 -O 77 .O 79 -6 83. 3 z -5 -6 U 4 89.0 92.7 86. t 42.6 70. I 94-O 89.3 87.1 A4.4 90-6 87.8 80. r 79 -2 82.5 85.0 83.6 87.3 92.O I 5 107.3 109.3 100 .0 9L.4 - 102.5 - 68.0 8?.0 69.O € 6 lrt_ 7 rt3.5 103.5 Females 2- 57.0 - 59.3 60.5 60.7 59.0 59.0 60.5 59 -9 54.8 60.2 60-4 60.0 58.0 64.5 q 3 65.7 80.4 14 -6 73.2 '75.6 't5 .4 15.4 76 .3 74.4 16.4 75. r 69.6 71.3 16.2 7 3 -9 ?t ? aa l lq 4 91.0 95.0 8s .0 84. I 79.7 85.0 A2.4 82 -L 8t.0 86. 4 83.0 76.5 76 -5 81.0 80.9 1A -4 83.4 90.3 5 99. r 102.2 94 .5 90.8 - 90.0 87.0 9r.0 _ 1A ô - 73. 0 6 101.4 104.9 t0r.5 { Nettj.ng â rllowed small fish to escape. C) t Oceil caught fish, stiu growing at time of capture. I I No fish recorded in this category. È

Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982) lssN 011È1765

Ouinnat salmon runs, 1965-78, in the Glenariffe Streâtn, Rakaia River, New Zealand

by M. Flain

Fisheries Research Division Occasional Publication No. 28 Fisheries Research Division occasional publication no. 28 (1982)