L'arte Surrealista

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L'arte Surrealista 06_Saggio_Schwarz_VI:06 Benedetti* 14-09-2009 16:00 Pagina 1 Arturo Schwarz L’Arte surrealista: “Rivelare alla coscienza la potenza della vita spirituale” (Breton) Le arti visive sono solo una delle componenti del- Da qui l’interesse del surrealista per ogni fenome- la costellazione surrealista, dove continua a predominare no che aiuti a scoprire il nostro io più profondo. Si spie- l’esigenza della fedeltà al “modello interiore”. Nell’ar- ga dunque l’importanza data al sogno, agli stati psico- te dei surrealisti non vi è posto per una ricetta estetica patologici, alla scrittura e alla pittura automatica ese- o un clichè figurativo: niente accomuna la pittura di Max guite senza alcun controllo o censura di carattere etico Ernst, Masson, Man Ray, Miró o Tanguy (per citare so- o estetico. Questa indagine rivelerà il ruolo iniziatico del- lo alcuni dei partecipanti alla prima collettiva surreali- la donna e dell’amore. La conoscenza del Sé, infatti, im- sta del 1925); niente salvo una comune esigenza idea- plica la presa di coscienza del fatto che siamo tutti, a li- le, appunto quella d’essere fedeli a se stessi, certamen- vello psichico, androgini, maschio e femmina allo stes- te non la preoccupazione di fare una “bella pittura”. so tempo. Essere governati esclusivamente dal principio Le esigenze estetiche passano in secondo ordine dal femminile o dal principio maschile significa essere uni- momento che primeggia la volontà di esprimere, con la laterali e quindi esistere nell’errore. Non è un caso che maggiore autenticità possibile, i propri sogni e deside- tutte le divinità siano androgine: l’essere solo maschio ri, la propria visione del mondo. È un fatto occasiona- o solo femmina significa essere solo la metà della per- le anche se non irrilevante che tale esigenza abbia pro- fezione; la perfezione è raggiunta soltanto quando il ma- dotto alcuni tra i maggiori capolavori dell’arte moder- schile e il femminile convivono armoniosamente in un na e contemporanea. Quello che conta, per il surreali- solo essere. Per dirla con Mao, la donna rappresenta l’al- sta, è la valenza iniziatica ed eversiva dell’opera. Il cri- tra metà del cielo oppure, per citare un testo della Kab- terio che permette di decidere se un’opera plastica è sur- balah, la donna è il futuro dell’uomo così come l’uomo realista, “è forse necessario ripeterlo?… non è di ordi- è il futuro della donna. Si raggiunge questa consape- ne estetico”, confermerà Breton aggiungendo: “Quel- volezza soltanto se si ha la fortuna di amare follemen- lo che qualifica l’opera surrealista è, prima di tutto, lo te ed essere ricambiati con uguale passione. Solo in que- spirito con il quale è stata concepita. Se si tratta di un’o- sto modo, infatti, l’amante, identificandosi con il pro- pera plastica, il valore che le diamo può essere funzio- prio partner, potrà scoprire l’altra sua metà. È utile, a ne o del sentimento di vita organica che libera… o del questo punto, soffermarsi sul ruolo che assumono la don- segreto di una nuova simbologia che porta in sé”174. na e l’amore nell’arte come nella poesia surrealista. 174André Breton, “Comète surréa- Il Surrealismo, l’abbiamo già ricordato, non è sta- L’amore, l’arte e la poesia sono strumenti di co- liste” in André Breton. Essais et to e non è una nuova scuola letteraria, una nuova cor- noscenza privilegiati e devono essere perseguiti per se témoignages, A la Baconnière, rente artistica o un nuovo movimento politico. Il Sur- stessi, senza un secondo fine utilitario. Breton disse che Neuchatel 1947, p. 101. 175 Breton, Entre tie ns 1913-1952, realismo è un’altra filosofia di vita che ha fatto sua l’in- non ha cercato la felicità nell’amore “ma l’amore”175 tout Gallimard 1952, trad. it. a cura di giunzione scolpita sul corridoio del tempio di Apollo a court, ed esclama: “Ho anche conosciuto la pura luce: Livio Maitan e Tristan Sauvage 176 [Arturo Schwarz], Storia del Sur- Delphi: gnothi seaton, conosci te stesso. Il surrealista ha l’amore dell’amore” . Dieci anni dopo, scriverà anco- re alism o 1919-1945, Schwarz l’ambizione smisurata di cambiare il mondo e la vita e, ra: “Il mondo intero si illuminerà di nuovo perché ci Editore, Milano 1960, p. 199. 176 Breton, Introduction au di- per riuscire, intuisce che è necessario, in primo luogo, amiamo, perché una catena di illuminazioni passa at- scours sur le peu de réalité, Gal- capire se stesso. Infatti, non si può pretendere di tra- traverso di noi”177. Si tratta dell’amore-illuminazione. limard, Paris 1927, p. 13. 177 Breton, L’amour fou, Galli- sformare il mondo e la vita se prima non si cambia se Questo concetto, che corre come un filo rosso lungo tut- mard, Paris 1937, trad. it. a cura stessi. Ciò implica conoscersi, esplorare il proprio in- ti gli scritti surrealisti (come nella letteratura kabbalistica di Ferdinando Albertazzi, L’a- mour fou, Einaudi, Torino 1980, conscio che, come la parte sommersa dell’iceberg, rap- e in quella alchemica), è sovversivo al massimo grado. p. 106. presenta i nove decimi della personalità. Esso spiega la lotta contro l’amore – in quanto affer- 1 06_Saggio_Schwarz_VI:06 Benedetti* 14-09-2009 16:00 Pagina 2 mazione di individualismo e dedizione ad una persona e sul piano estetico, come dialettica fra “imitazione” e – che vige, non soltanto da oggi, in tutte le società to- “invenzione”. Così, all’inizio del Novecento, un pittore talitarie: “Ogni nostra teoria deve occuparsi della re- aveva davanti a sé, molto schematicamente, due dire- staurazione dell’amore, la sola passione bandita dai ci- zioni possibili: perseverare nello stile della tradizione, del- vilizzati”178. Queste parole non sono state scritte da un l’“ordine”, accettando un ruolo di semplice epigono, op- surrealista, ma da Charles Fourier nel 1816. pure rinnovare radicalmente i termini dell’espressione Se l’amore è associato alla conoscenza e all’intui- artistica, scegliendo la strada dell’“avventura”. zione poetica, è naturale che la poetica e l’estetica del Le prime esperienze all’inizio del secolo scorso te- surrealismo siano collocate sotto il segno del femmini- stimoniano un nuovo atteggiamento spirituale, da par- le. Breton chiederà “che l’arte faccia posto risolutamente te dei fauves – le “Belve”: come furono chiamati in mo- alla presunta ‘irrazionalità’ femminile e strenuamente do dispregiativo dal critico d’arte Louis Vauxcelles quan- consideri nemico irriducibile tutto ciò che, nella traco- do Derain, Vlaminck, Matisse ed altri esposero insieme tanza di spacciarsi per sicuro e per fondato, porta in al Salon d’Automne di Parigi del 1905. Questi artisti ri- realtà il segno dell’intransigenza maschile, la quale, in fiutarono il formalismo cromatico degli impressionisti che materia di rapporti umani su scala internazionale, og- era sfociato nelle pedantesche ricerche dei divisionisti e gi [1944] possiamo vedere chiaramente di cosa sia ca- dei neo-impressionisti. Mentre questi ultimi si sforzavano pace”179. di giungere a soluzioni cromatiche di un estremo natu- Nel suo celebre saggio del 1928, Il Surrealism o e ralismo, in assoluta fedeltà alle apparenze del reale, i fau- la pittura, Breton rilevava che l’assegnare all’arte soltanto ves orientarono le proprie ricerche in una direzione net- una funzione mimetica ne snaturava e ne limitava la na- tamente antitetica: quanto più i loro colori erano infe- tura: “Un’idea molto limitata dell’im itazione, indicata deli all’inerte fenomenologia della visione e quanto più all’arte come fine, è all’origine di un grave equivoco che il loro accostamento di colori accesi risultava anti-con- vediamo prolungarsi sino ai nostri giorni. Partiti dal pre- venzionali, tanto più i fauves sentivano di essere vicini supposto che l’uomo sia capace soltanto di riprodurre, ai loro ideali espressivi. più o meno felicemente, l’immagine di ciò che lo toc- Due anni più tardi, nel 1907, vennero i cubisti, Pi- ca, i pittori si sono mostrati sin troppo concilianti nella casso, Braque, Juan Gris e altri che si richiamavano al- scelta dei loro modelli”180. la lezione del Cézanne della maturità. Essi rifiutarono Torniamo all’inizio del secolo scorso per capire per- sia il mimetismo cromatico degli impressionisti, sia l’e- ché l’arte surrealista abbia rappresentato una rottura co- sasperazione della tavolozza dei fauves, i quali si erano sciente 181 e radicale di una tradizione plurimillenaria. Nel limitati a contestare la scala cromatica dei loro prede- 1933, Max Planck aveva diagnosticato il momento di cessori. Per i cubisti la rivoluzione doveva investire non 178 Charles Fourier, Le Nouveau crisi generale di tutti i valori che l’umanità stava viven- tanto il colore quanto il volume – le linee di forza che monde amoureux (1816), in Œu- vres complètes, Éditions Anthro- do: “È un momento di crisi, nel senso letterale della pa- strutturano il modello. Subentra quindi l’intento di va- pos, Paris, vol. VII, p. 326. rola. Si direbbe che in ogni ramo della nostra civiltà ma- lorizzare, anziché il colore, la struttura del modello – scel- 179 Breton, Arcane 17 / Enté 182 d’ajours, Sagittaire, Paris 1947; teriale e spirituale siamo arrivati ad una svolta critica” . to tra i più banali del quotidiano –, struttura che andava trad. it. a cura di Laura Xella, Ar- Anche l’artista – o forse, l’artista prima d’ogni altro – è scomposta nei suoi elementi geometrici. Da qui l’utilizzo cano 17, Guida Editori, Napoli insorto contro le tavole del conformismo tradizionale e di colori volutamente spenti – marroni e grigi, in pre- 1985, pp. 47-48. 180 Breton, Le Surréalisme et la ha fatto del proprio lavoro una testimonianza diretta del- valenza – dato che lo scopo era quello di rivelare l’in- peinture (1928), trad.
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