DOCSLIB.ORG

Snow and Ice Blocking of Tunnels

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Snow and Ice Blocking of Tunnels Norwegian University of Department of Hydraulic and Science and Technology Environmental Engineering NTNU SNOW AND ICE BLOCKING OF TUNNELS By Leif Lia A dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor Engineer Trondheim, Norway, March 1998 IVB Report B2-1998-1 DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. Abstract 1 Abstract Hydropower development in cold regions causes a number of concerns about operational reliability and dam safety. Diversion tunnels in a hydropower scheme have to be operated in a cost-effective way. The reliability of spillways influences overall dam safety, consequently this thesis presents analyses of snow and ice blocking of spillways and diversion tunnels. Diversion tunnels with free water surfaces are more frequently exposed to snow and ice problems than submerged tunnels. A review of design practice agree with this statement, and the variation in spillway design practice in different cold regions is the reason why snow and ice blocking does not cause concern everywhere. As spillways are rarely in operation, experience acquired from diversion tunnel operation is used to solve problems related to spillways. Aufeis forms when a shallow flow of water freezes onto an ice cover. Aufeis build-up causes problems in civil engineering, e.g. blocking of culverts, roads, channels and tunnels. The initiation of aufeis is not sufficiently described in the literature, and thermal growth combined with declining discharge is the best description that matches the observations presented in this thesis. Growth and melting of aufeis are both predictable, and the rates depends on the heat flux and meltwater temperature respectively. Drift snow forms a compact and strong snow pack. This means that snow drifts are able to dam water. The heat balance in the snow causes freezing and creation of impermeable ice sheets when water saturates it. If the heat balance is negative this penetration stops. If the heat balance is positive, permeability in the snow determines the time required for water to penetrate the snow plug. This plug requires shear strength to withstand the water pressure. Shear strength is calculated from density. In this thesis, studies of temperature distribution in tunnels are performed by air temperature measurements in six tunnel spillways and five diversion tunnels. These measurements lasted for two consecutive winters. The air throughflow tunnels is used as it causes cooling of both rock and water. In open spillway tunnels, frost reaches the entire tunnel. In spillway tunnels with walls, the frost zones reach -100 m from the downstream end. In mildly-inclined diversion tunnels (S0< 1% and 1, > 500 m), a frost free zone is located in the middle of the tunnel, and snow and ice problems were only observed in the inlet and outlet. Severe aufeis accumulation is observed in the frost zones. Finite element models (FEM) are used to calculate the heat transfer from rock ii Abstract to air, water and ice. A prediction model for the calculation of aufeis build-up is based on the results from the calculations, combined with local field observation data. FEM is also used for calculations of the water penetration of snow plugs based on the heat balance. The required time for water to enter the blocked tunnel or channel is calculated, and in most cases this is between 20 - 50 days. Empirical observations indicated that the required time was 30 - 60 days. With T = 0°C in the snow pack the required time is -1 day. Sensitivity analyses are carried out for temperature variations in rock, snow, water and air. A set of systematic field observation were performed in order to make a modest contribution to the assessments of snow and ice blocking. Previously little has been reported on this topic. Snow and ice blocking were detected in several places, adding valuable knowledge to this area. The most frequently observed blocking event was blocking by snow drifts in the intake or outlet. Aufeis build-up was observed in both spillways and tunnels, at most it blocked two-thirds of the cross section. This amount of ice reduces the discharge capacity severely. Consequently, work in this area is of considerable interest for hydropower companies. Risk analysis (RA) has recently been developed for dam safety engineering. The method is useful for both dam safety improvements and the classification of dams. A case study for the spillway at Dravladalen is described in this thesis. Event trees for snow and ice blocking of spillways in general are presented, and the reliability of the RA method is discussed. Solutions which can reduce the snow and ice problems are proposed in this thesis. In order to eliminate aufeis build-up in the downstream end of a spillway, a solution with an insulating wall and a deep ditch in the tunnel bed is proposed. For channels exposed to drift snow, several improvements of the cross section are proposed. Measures to reduce of the amount of snow at specific points include snow fences and relocation of the intakes/outlets. An improved system of monitoring and inspections can detect the blockage problems, and adds knowledge to this field of research as well. Preface in Preface This report gives a summary of studies, field observations and measurements undertaken to understand the phenomena involved in snow and ice blocking of tunnels. I have been a doctoral student at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, during the period 1994 to 1998, with a scholarship from NTNU. The research has been financed by support from several hydropower companies. I would like to thank in particular Lyse Kraft, Statkraft and the Norwegian Electricity Federation (EnFo) for funding and interest in my work. Without their contributions no research would have been carried out. I also thank the engineers and employees at Norwegian hydropower companies who have assisted me. They have welcomed me and helped me in all possible ways to perform countless visits to tunnels and spillways. Much of the knowledge presented in this thesis is acquired from the outdoor operators in the hydropower companies. Special thanks go to my advisor Adjunct Professor Torkild Carstens at the Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, NTNU. I thank him for his advice, discussions in physical processes, review of ideas, constructive criticism of the thesis and belief in my work. He has taught me a lot about the importance of understanding the physics involved in hydraulic and cold regions engineering. I also thank Professor Dagfinn K. Lysne for taking care of hydraulic engineering education. I would like to thank friends and colleagues at the Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering for making it such a good place of work. They have created the working atmosphere which I have been looking forward to participate in every morning. In particular I want to thank Lars Jenssen for his valuable feedback in the final part of the study, and for having no mercy in his criticism. Thanks go to Knut Alfredsen for technical advice and tolerance in the office we shared. I am very grateful to Eirik Fyhn at Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, who has prepared my sketches. The figures represent a valuable part of this thesis. I would like to thank Stewart Clark in the Student and Academic Division at NTNU for his valuable advice on the English language. IV Table of content Abstract ..................................................................................... i Preface ................................................................................... iii Nomenclature ..................................................................... viii 1. Introduction ......................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The thesis..................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Background ................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Spillway design............................................................................................ 3 1.4.1 Norway ..................................................................................................... 4 1.4.2 Sweden ....................................................................................................... 4 1.4.3 Canada ..................................................................................................... 5 1.4.4 The USA ..................................................................................................... 5 1.4.5 Austria....................................................................................................... 5 1.4.6 ICOLD.......................................................................................... 6 1.5 Diversion tunnel design............................................................. 6 1.5.1 Economic optimization............................................................ '............. 6 1.5.2 Austria....................................................................................................... 7 1.5.3 Norway ....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Benthic Community Response to Iceberg Scouring at an Intensely Disturbed Shallow Water Site at Adelaide Island, Antarctica
    Vol. 355: 85–94, 2008 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published February 26 doi: 10.3354/meps07311 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Benthic community response to iceberg scouring at an intensely disturbed shallow water site at Adelaide Island, Antarctica Dan A. Smale*, David K. A. Barnes, Keiron P. P. Fraser, Lloyd S. Peck British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OET, UK ABSTRACT: Disturbance is a key structuring force influencing shallow water communities at all latitudes. Polar nearshore communities are intensely disturbed by ice, yet little is known about benthic recovery following iceberg groundings. Understanding patterns of recovery following ice scour may be particularly important in the West Antarctic Peninsula region, one of the most rapidly changing marine systems on Earth. Here we present the first observations from within the Antarc- tic Circle of community recovery following iceberg scouring. Three grounded icebergs were marked at a highly disturbed site at Adelaide Island (~67° S) and the resultant scours were sampled at <1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 30 to 32 mo following formation. Each iceberg impact was catastrophic in that it resulted in a 92 to 96% decrease in abundance compared with reference zones, but all post- scoured communities increased in similarity towards ‘undisturbed’ assemblages over time. Taxa recovered at differing rates, probably due to varying mechanisms of return to scoured areas. By the end of the study, we found no differences in abundance between scoured and reference samples for 6 out of 9 major taxonomic groups. Five pioneer species had consistently elevated abundances in scours compared with reference zones.
    [Show full text]
  • River Ice Management in North America
    RIVER ICE MANAGEMENT IN NORTH AMERICA REPORT 2015:202 HYDRO POWER River ice management in North America MARCEL PAUL RAYMOND ENERGIE SYLVAIN ROBERT ISBN 978-91-7673-202-1 | © 2015 ENERGIFORSK Energiforsk AB | Phone: 08-677 25 30 | E-mail: [email protected] | www.energiforsk.se RIVER ICE MANAGEMENT IN NORTH AMERICA Foreword This report describes the most used ice control practices applied to hydroelectric generation in North America, with a special emphasis on practical considerations. The subjects covered include the control of ice cover formation and decay, ice jamming, frazil ice at the water intakes, and their impact on the optimization of power generation and on the riparians. This report was prepared by Marcel Paul Raymond Energie for the benefit of HUVA - Energiforsk’s working group for hydrological development. HUVA incorporates R&D- projects, surveys, education, seminars and standardization. The following are delegates in the HUVA-group: Peter Calla, Vattenregleringsföretagen (ordf.) Björn Norell, Vattenregleringsföretagen Stefan Busse, E.ON Vattenkraft Johan E. Andersson, Fortum Emma Wikner, Statkraft Knut Sand, Statkraft Susanne Nyström, Vattenfall Mikael Sundby, Vattenfall Lars Pettersson, Skellefteälvens vattenregleringsföretag Cristian Andersson, Energiforsk E.ON Vattenkraft Sverige AB, Fortum Generation AB, Holmen Energi AB, Jämtkraft AB, Karlstads Energi AB, Skellefteå Kraft AB, Sollefteåforsens AB, Statkraft Sverige AB, Umeå Energi AB and Vattenfall Vattenkraft AB partivipates in HUVA. Stockholm, November 2015 Cristian
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Frost Damage in Concrete - Experimental Studies of Destruction Mechanisms
    Internal frost damage in concrete - experimental studies of destruction mechanisms Fridh, Katja 2005 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Fridh, K. (2005). Internal frost damage in concrete - experimental studies of destruction mechanisms. Division of Building Materials, LTH, Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 LUND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LUND UNIVERSITY Division of Building Materials INTERNAL FROST DAMAGE IN CONCRETE Experimental studies of destruction mechanisms Katja Fridh Report TVBM-1023 Doctoral thesis Lund 2005 ISRN LUTVDG/TVBM--05/1023--SE(1-276) ISSN 0348-7911 TVBM ISBN 91-628-6558-7 Lund Institute of Technology Telephone: 46-46-2227415 Division of Building Materials Telefax: 46-46-2224427 Box 118 www.byggnadsmaterial.lth.se SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Preface The work presented here was carried out at the Division of Building Materials at the Lund Institute of Technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Snow and Ice Control Around Structures - George D
    COLD REGIONS SCIENCE AND MARINE TECHNOLOGY - Snow and Ice Control Around Structures - George D. Ashton SNOW AND ICE CONTROL AROUND STRUCTURES George D. Ashton Consultant, Lebanon, NH 03766 Keywords: ice jams, ice control, flooding, snow drifting, snow loads, river ice Contents 1. Introduction 2. Nature of ice jams 2.1. Frazil Ice 2.1.1. Hanging Dams 2.1.2. Blockage of Intakes 2.2. Breakup Ice Jams 3. Control of ice jams 3.1. Frazil Ice Jams 3.2. Breakup Ice Jams 3.2.1. Ice Suppression 3.2.2. Dikes 3.2.3. Ice Booms 3.2.4. Ice Control Structures 3.2.5. Ice Removal 3.2.6. Ice Breaking 3.2.7. Ice Weakening 3.2.8. Blasting 4. Other Ice Control Techniques 4.1. Air Bubbler Systems 4.1.1. Requirements 4.1.2. Limitations 4.1.3. Operation 4.2. Other Ice Control Techniques 5. Snow control around structures 5.1. Buildings 5.1.1. Snow UNESCOLoads on Roofs – EOLSS 5.1.2. Blowing Snow 5.2. Roads 5.2.1 Snow Fences 6. Conclusion SAMPLE CHAPTERS Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Two main topics are treated here: control of ice jams including mitigation measures, and control of snow accumulations around structures. The nature of ice jams is described and the difference between jams formed of frazil ice and jams formed of broken ice is ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) COLD REGIONS SCIENCE AND MARINE TECHNOLOGY - Snow and Ice Control Around Structures - George D. Ashton discussed. Also discussed are various ice control techniques used for specific problems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Ice on Stream Flow
    LIBRARY COPY DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTI8 SMITH, DIKECTOK WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 337 THE EFFECTS OF ICE ON STREAM FLOW BY WILLIAM GLENN HOYT WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1913 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction____________________________________ 7 Factors that modify winter run-off_______________________ 9 Classification_________________________________ 9 Climatic factors_______________________________ 9 Precipitation and temperature____________________ 9 Barometric pressure__________________________ 17 Chinook winds________________________________ 18 Geologic factors________________________________ 19 Topographic factors______________________________ 20 Natural storage_____________________________ 20 Location, size, and trend of drainage basins____________ 22 Character of streams_________________________ 22 Vegetational factors_____________________________. 23 Artificial control _________________________________ 23 Formation of ice______________________________^____ 24 General conditions ________________________________ 24 Surface ice __ __ __ ___________________ 24 Method of formation____________________________. 24 Length and severity of cold period__________________ 25 Temperature of affluents________________________'__ 26 Velocity of water and. character of bed_______________ 27 Fluctuations in stage__________________________ 27 Frazil______________________________________ 28 Anchor ice_____________________ __________ 29 Effect of ice on relation of stage to discharge_________ ______ 30 The
    [Show full text]
  • An Experimental Study of Ice-Bed Separation During Glacial Sliding Benjamin Brett Etp Ersen Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2012 An experimental study of ice-bed separation during glacial sliding Benjamin Brett etP ersen Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons, and the Geophysics and Seismology Commons Recommended Citation Petersen, Benjamin Brett, "An experimental study of ice-bed separation during glacial sliding" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 12701. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12701 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An experimental study of ice-bed separation during glacial sliding by Benjamin Brett Petersen A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Geology Program of Study Committee: Neal R. Iverson, Major Professor Igor Beresnev Carl E. Jacobson Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2012 Copyright © Benjamin Brett Petersen, 2012. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii ABSTRACT iv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Ice-bed separation 1 1.2 Sliding models 2 1.3 Hydrology models 5 1.4 Quarrying 8 1.5 Experimental studies of cavitation 9 1.6 Motivation and objectives 10 CHAPTER 2. METHODS 12 2.1 The ring-shear device 12 2.2 Procedure 19 2.3 Data processing 25 CHAPTER 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing the Confluence Zone Between Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets Along the Rocky Mountain Foothills, Southwest Alberta
    This is a repository copy of Reconstructing the confluence zone between Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets along the Rocky Mountain Foothills, southwest Alberta. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/105138/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Utting, D., Atkinson, N., Pawley, S. et al. (1 more author) (2016) Reconstructing the confluence zone between Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets along the Rocky Mountain Foothills, southwest Alberta. Journal of Quaternary Science, 31 (7). pp. 769-787. ISSN 0267-8179 https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2903 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Reconstructing the confluence zone between Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets along the Rocky Mountain Foothills, south-west Alberta Daniel J. Utting1, Nigel Atkinson1, Steven Pawley1, Stephen J.
    [Show full text]
  • Snowterm: a Thesaurus on Snow and Ice Hierarchical and Alphabetical Listings
    Quaderno tematico SNOWTERM: A THESAURUS ON SNOW AND ICE HIERARCHICAL AND ALPHABETICAL LISTINGS Paolo Plini , Rosamaria Salvatori , Mauro Valt , Valentina De Santis, Sabina Di Franco Version: November 2008 Quaderno tematico EKOLab n° 2 SnowTerm: a thesaurus on snow and ice hierarchical and alphabetical listings Version: November 2008 Paolo Plini1, Rosamaria Salvatori2, Mauro Valt3, Valentina De Santis1, Sabina Di Franco1 Abstract SnowTerm is the result of an ongoing work on a structured reference multilingual scientific and technical vocabulary covering the terminology of a specific knowledge domain like the polar and the mountain environment. The terminological system contains around 3.700 terms and it is arranged according to the EARTh thesaurus semantic model. It is foreseen an updated and expanded version of this system. 1. Introduction The use, management and diffusion of information is changing very quickly in the environmental domain, due also to the increased use of Internet, which has resulted in people having at their disposition a large sphere of information and has subsequently increased the need for multilingualism. To exploit the interchange of data, it is necessary to overcome problems of interoperability that exist at both the semantic and technological level and by improving our understanding of the semantics of the data. This can be achieved only by using a controlled and shared language. After a research on the internet, several glossaries related to polar and mountain environment were found, written mainly in English. Typically these glossaries -with a few exceptions- are not structured and are presented as flat lists containing one or more definitions. The occurrence of multiple definitions might contribute to increase the semantic ambiguity, leaving up to the user the decision about the preferred meaning of a term.
    [Show full text]
  • Ice Crystal Growth Through Nonbasal Plane Adsorption of Antifreeze Proteins
    Blocking rapid ice crystal growth through nonbasal plane adsorption of antifreeze proteins Luuk L. C. Olijvea,b, Konrad Meisterc, Arthur L. DeVriesd, John G. Dumane, Shuaiqi Guof,g, Huib J. Bakkerc, and Ilja K. Voetsa,b,h,1 aInstitute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; bLaboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; cInstitute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands; dDepartment of Animal Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; eDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556; fProtein Function Discovery Group, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7l 3N6; gDepartment of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7l 3N6; and hLaboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands Edited by Pablo G. Debenedetti, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved January 26, 2016 (received for review December 14, 2015) Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are a unique class of proteins that bind AFPs also target different—sometimes multiple—ice crystal planes, to growing ice crystal surfaces and arrest further ice growth. AFPs including prism, pyramidal, and basal faces (Fig. 1) (13). Recent have gained a large interest for their use in antifreeze formula- Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations confirm this tions for water-based materials, such as foods, waterborne paints, specificity (14–16). and organ transplants. Instead of commonly used colligative AFPs exhibit two forms of activities.
    [Show full text]
  • CAT — Creative Authors' Treasury
    SCIO WRITERS CLUB December 2016 Volume 5, Issue 2 Elementary CAT — Creative Authors’ Treasury Winter Edition— Inside this issue: Winter Snow Winter Snow 1 Winter is Coming Winter Snow Winter Oh, so much snow Thank You 2 Who would ever know how I Like People No, no, no too much snow, why? Our river is going to over flow from snow So much depends The Winter Sorrow 3 It’s too much for our shovels to handle The Cabin We can have snow, not too much Winter Snow is falling down fast Acrostic Poems 4 It is vast Sled 6 By Noah Little Pigs 9 Ginger Bread Guys Winter is Coming Brrr feel that cold wind Snowathysis 10 That means winter is coming Snow 12 With its great Christmas cheer The Winter Race So get out your coats Puzzle Page 13 Because winter is on the way. The Snowman 14 By Lillian Cline Page 2 CAT — Creative Authors’ Treasury Winter Winter is here Winter is the coldest time of year Winter is like ice Winter is the best time of year Snow is cold Winter is cold all around I Like By Kiara Grover I like my family I like my brothers I like my life I like my friend Thank You I like the snow Thank you! I like Christmas Thank You, for being there for me Thank You, for loving me Thank You, for taking care of me By Cameron Halsey And most of all, thank You for keeping a smile on my face By Alivia Thomason People People There’s people just like you and me Short people, tall people, skinny people, fat people, bald people, hairy people, short hair people, Long haired people, fashion people, old people, young people, rich people, poor people, people with hats, people with no hats, smart people, people with a job, cool people, not cool people, mean people, nice people and so many more people like me don’t judge anyone no matter what By Emma Eck Page 3 So much depends upon The Cabin So much depends upon A Christmas present In the woods To cherish, and keep, Where it was snowing Until the end of time A cabin was lit up The best present ever With Christmas lights Oh thank you, Dad.
    [Show full text]
  • Open PDF File, 757.01 KB, for 302 Surface Ice Rescue.Pdf
    DEPARTMENT OF FIRE SERVICES Massachusetts Firefighting Academy SURFACE ICE RESCUE STUDENT GUIDE Ver. 51502 GENERAL DESCRIPTION Ice rescue presents unique problems for the firefighter that require specialized technical skills to solve them. Too many times in the past, firefighters themselves have fallen victim to the hazards of ice rescue. In most cases, this can be attributed to deficiencies in three areas: proper training, equipment, and knowledge. This course is designed to train the firefighter in the most current techniques in Ice Rescue. The primary objectives of this program are to execute the following: • Train the firefighter how to recognize ice characteristics, its strengths, and weaknesses • To provide the firefighter with the knowledge to understand how hypothermia can affect both the victim as well as the rescuer • Train the firefighter in proper techniques in planning and executing the appropriate rescue procedures and equipment using REACH, THROW, AND GO methods • To provide the firefighter with a greater sense of competency in dealing with Ice rescues REFERENCES Ice Rescue Manual, Pennsylvania Fish Commission Ice Rescue Manual, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Watercraft Fire Service Rescue Practices, IFSTA, Fifth Edition Cold Water Rescue, Connecticut Firefighting Academy METHOD OF INSTRUCTION Lecture, Audio/Video, and Practical Exercises Surface Ice Rescue Student Guide Page 1 SEGMENTS OF INSTRUCTION INTRODUCTION Why Ice Rescue? SECTION I Recognizing Ice Characteristics • Ice development • Ice classification
    [Show full text]
  • Article Sources and Dynamics, Other Seasons (Ducklow Et Al., 2015; Kim Et Al., 2015, 2019)
    Biogeosciences, 16, 2683–2691, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2683-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Collection of large benthic invertebrates in sediment traps in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica Minkyoung Kim1, Eun Jin Yang2, Hyung Jeek Kim3, Dongseon Kim3, Tae-Wan Kim2, Hyoung Sul La2, SangHoon Lee2, and Jeomshik Hwang1 1School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea 2Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, South Korea 3Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, 49111, South Korea Correspondence: Jeomshik Hwang ([email protected]) Received: 18 February 2019 – Discussion started: 6 March 2019 Revised: 4 June 2019 – Accepted: 18 June 2019 – Published: 11 July 2019 Abstract. To study sinking particle sources and dynamics, other seasons (Ducklow et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2015, 2019). sediment traps were deployed at three sites in the Amund- Biogeochemical processes related to biological pump in the sen Sea for 1 year from February–March 2012 and at one Amundsen Sea have been investigated by recent field cam- site from February 2016 to February 2018. Unexpectedly, paigns (Arrigo and Alderkamp, 2012; Yager et al., 2012; large benthic invertebrates were found in three sediment traps Meredith et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2017). deployed 130–567 m above the sea floor. The organisms in- Sediment traps were deployed in the Amundsen Sea to cluded long and slender worms, a sea urchin, and juvenile study sinking material flux and composition. Sampling oc- scallops of varying sizes.
    [Show full text]