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Machete Just Got Sharper: Venezuelan Government

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Machete Just Got Sharper: Venezuelan Government ESET Research White papers // July 2019 MACHETE JUST GOT SHARPER Venezuelan government institutions under attack How spies managed to steal gigabytes of confidential data over the course of a year TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction . 4 2. Delivery method . 4 3. Timeline of Machete’s latest version . 5 4. Targets . .6 5. Malware operators. 7 6. Technical analysis . 8 6.1 Downloader component . 8 6.2 Obfuscation . 9 6.3 Backdoor components . 10 6.4 Domain names . 27 7. Conclusion. 28 8. References . 29 9. IoCs . 30 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Tasks scheduled for the execution of components 22 Table 2 Domain names and related IP addresses 27 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Decoy (PDF file) in one of the Machete downloaders (blurred) 5 Figure 2 Countries with Machete victims in 2019 7 Figure 3 Example of a Spanish word in Machete’s code 7 Figure 4 Components of Machete 8 Figure 5 Configuration of a Machete downloader 8 Figure 6 Downloader code 9 Figure 7 Machete’s extra obfuscation 10 Figure 8 Example of Machete’s first layer of obfuscation 10 Figure 9 Executable py2exe components of Machete 11 Figure 10 Version check in GoogleCrash.exe 11 Figure 11 Code to encrypt/decrypt config 12 Figure 12 Main code of Chrome.exe 13 Figure 13 Code to create file listings 14 Figure 14 Code to access clipboard 14 Figure 15 File extensions to copy from removable drives 15 Figure 16 File extensions for physical exfiltration 16 Figure 17 Code on Hack Forums 16 Figure 18 Keys in a Spanish distribution 17 Figure 19 Code for geolocation 18 Figure 20 Code to upload files in Winde 19 Figure 21 Code to download a new configuration 19 Figure 22 Code to update file listings 19 Figure 23 Code to download and execute other binaries 20 Figure 24 Folders on the FTP server 20 Figure 25 Code for HTTP exfiltration 21 Figure 26 Configuration for self-extraction of python27 exe 22 Figure 27 Code for copying files 23 Figure 28 Archive names for different browsers 23 Figure 29 Code to obtain clipboard data 24 Figure 30 Code to obtain information about wireless networks 24 Figure 31 Downloads from C&C server 25 Figure 32 Code to move newest files 26 Figure 33 Part of encryption code 26 Figure 34 Code for sending files to the C&C server 27 Figure 35 Files spread in phishing emails 28 4 Machete just got sharper Venezuelan government institutions under attack EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Machete is a cyberespionage toolset developed by a Spanish-speaking group that has been operating since at least 2010. This group is very active and continues to develop new features for its malware, and implement infrastructure changes in 2019. Their long run of attacks, focused in Latin American countries, has allowed them to collect intelligence and refine their tactics over the years. ESET researchers have detected an ongoing, highly targeted campaign, with a majority of the targets being military organizations. Key points in this white paper: • In 2019, ESET has seen more than 50 computers compromised by Machete in various Latin American countries, with over 75% of them belonging to Venezuelan government institutions. • The group behind Machete uses effective spearphishing techniques. They know their targets, how to blend into regular communications, and which documents are of the most value to steal. Not only does Machete exfiltrate common office suite documents, but also specialized file types used by geo- graphic information systems (GIS) that describe geographic data for navigation and positioning purposes. • Machete has evolved from what was seen in earlier attacks. The main backdoor is still Python-based, but enriched with several new features such as a more resilient C&C communication mechanism, the use of Mozilla Location Service to geolocate compromised computers, and the possibility to exfiltrate data to removable drives when there is physical access to targets. • The group is very active. ESET has seen cases where stolen documents dated on one particular day were bundled with malware and used on the same day as lures to compromise new victims. For any inquiries, or to submit samples related to this white paper, contact us at: threatintel@eset com 1. INTRODUCTION Many events occurred in the first half of 2019 that have put Venezuela in the spotlight. From the uprising of the opposition against President Nicolás Maduro to plots in the government, the situation in Venezuela has been open to international scrutiny. There is, however, an ongoing case of cyberespionage against Venezuelan government institutions that has managed to stay under the radar. First described by Kaspersky in 2014 [1] and later, by Cylance in 2017 [2], Machete is a piece of malware found to be targeting high profile individuals and organizations in Latin American countries. In 2018 Machete reappeared with new code and new features. As of June 2019, ESET has seen over 50 victims being actively spied upon by Machete, with more than 75% of them being computers belonging to the Venezuelan govern- ment institutions. Several GBs of confidential documents and private information have been exfiltrated to a server controlled by the attackers. Machete has Latin American targets and has been developed by a Spanish-speaking group, presumably from a LATAM country. They are active and constantly working on very effective spearphishing campaigns. In some cases, they trick new victims by sending real documents that had been stolen on the very same day. They seem to have specialized knowledge about military operations, as they are focused on stealing specific files such as those that describe navigation routes. This white paper presents a technical analysis of the malware, as well as data related to these targeted attacks. 2. DELIVERY METHOD Machete relies on spearphishing to compromise its targets. In other words, very specific emails are sent directly to the victims, and they change from target to target. These emails contain a link to download (or an attachment with) a compressed file with the malware and a document that serves as decoy. Figure 1 is a typical PDF file displayed to a potential victim before compromise. To trick unsuspecting targets, Machete operators use real documents they have previously stolen; Figure 1 is a classified official document 5 Machete just got sharper Venezuelan government institutions under attack that is dated May 21st, 2019, the same day the related .zip file was first sent to targets. Figure 1 // Decoy (PDF file) in one of the Machete downloaders (blurred) The kind of documents used as decoys are sent and received legitimately several times a day by targets. For example, Radiogramas are documents used for communication in the military forces. Attackers take advantage of that, along with their knowledge of military jargon and etiquette, to craft very convincing phishing emails. 3. TIMELINE OF MACHETE’S LATEST VERSION In order to get a general idea of Machete’s capabilities to steal documents and spy on its targets, we’ll describe its main features as they appeared, in chronological order. April 2018 The first time the new version was seen. It features: • Coded in Python • Code is obfuscated to try to thwart analysis • First stage downloader fetches the actual malware • Takes screenshots • Logs keystrokes • Accesses the clipboard • Communicates with an FTP server • AES encrypts and exfiltrates documents • Detects newly inserted drives and copies files • Updates configuration or malware binaries • Executes other binaries • Retrieves specific files from the system • Logs are generated in English Some of these early versions cannot have their code or configuration updated from the remote server. However, the binaries seen since late April do have these capabilities. August 2018 An extra layer of obfuscation was added, using zlib compression and base64 encoding. It managed to evade detection by most security products. November 2018 6 Machete just got sharper Venezuelan government institutions under attack Two new features were added: • Geolocation of victims and information about nearby Wi-Fi networks • Retrieves user profile data from Chrome and Firefox browsers February 2019 Physical exfiltration to removable drives was added, but both features added in November 2018 were removed from the code. Also, logs were changed to Spanish. May 2019 On May 5th, 2019, subdomains used by Machete to communicate with the remote server were taken down. New samples with new features started to emerge on May 16th. New features: • Data are sent over HTTP if FTP connection fails • AES encryption algorithm was dropped and replaced by base64 encoding • Logs (of keys and clipboard contents) are not sent until they are larger than 10 KB • List of file extensions that are exfiltrated was reduced • There is no obfuscation after first layer of base64/zlib compression • There is no downloader June 2019 • Communication is over HTTP only, with a main and a fallback server • Machete components are Python scripts; py2exe binaries were removed from this version • Documents are AES encrypted and base64 encoded before being sent • Now retrieves user data from more browsers • Only Microsoft Office documents, JPEG images, .pdf documents and archives are exfiltrated • Code was rewritten to perform the same tasks (keylogging, taking screenshots, etc.) but using different libraries 4. TARGETS Machete is a highly targeted backdoor that has managed to stay under the radar for years. Emails with malicious attachments are only sent in small numbers. Operators behind Machete apparently already have information about individuals or organizations of interest to them in Latin America, how to reach them, and how best to trick them into getting compromised. Real documents are used as decoys, so it is not rare that victims never realize they were compromised and are even compromised again after Machete C&C servers change. Since the end of March up until the end of May 2019, ESET observed that there were more than 50 victim- ized computers actively communicating with the C&C server.
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