The 365-Day Garden with Margaret Roach: the Plants

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The 365-Day Garden with Margaret Roach: The Plants I select plants to serve a mix of design & ecological functions: • EPHEMERALS AND OTHER EARLY BIRDS (herbaceous woodlanders and minor bulbs, the opportunists...plus early pollen/nectar sources); • AN ARMY OF SOLDIERS (durable, unfussy plants with a long season of interest, such as ferns or Hakonechloa or colorful conifers); • LATE-SHOW STARS (e.g., asters, Solidago or Ilex verticillata, w/late sustenance); • IMPERFECT BUT IRRESISTIBLE TYPES with short peaks, but that you cannot live without (for me, that would include lilacs, Martagon lilies…); • TRUE POWERHOUSE PLANTS, of course, are the ones that fit into more than one category above (e.g., Viburnum, crabapples…). Some to talk about: NATIVE EARLYBIRDS/EPHEMERALS Salix (willow) Caulophyllum thalictroides (blue cohosh) Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal) ... and a mass of it Mertensia virginica (bluebells) Uvularia grandiflora (merrybells) Jeffersonia diphylla (twinleaf) I LOVE RED (at each layer and season of garden) Trillium grandiflorum (wakerobin) Pulmonaria rubra Lilium martagon ‘Claude Shride’ Lonicera sempervirens Aesculus pavia (red buckeye) Doublefile viburnum (V. plicatum tomentosum cultivar)...a no-no now Viburnum setigerum Malus ‘Ralph Shay’ Ilex verticillata (winterberry, with viburnums, in “biohedge” or “edge”) Not-red winterberry (such as ‘Winter Gold’ and aurantiaca) Red chairs (viewing purple Lespedeza thunbergii) I LOVE GOLD Eranthis hyemalis Gold-leaf Corylopsis spicata Lindera benzoin (earliest to flower in yellow, latest to go gold) Hylomecon japonicum Charles Price, troublemaker and teacher (underplanting in progress) The awkward first birthday of an underplanting Sheets of Hylomecon and more…division’s rewards Stylophorum detail Hakonechloa macra ‘All Gold,’ Stylophorum diphyllum join Hylomecon WHICH BRINGS UP NEAR-NATIVES LIKE... Aesculus parviflora (bottlebrush buckeye) Fothergilla major Chionanthus virginicus (fringetree, female in fruit) LEAVES FIRST (and what happens when we change their color?) Astilboides tabularis (yellow-green color, but also bold scale and texture) Ferns: Autumn fern and Japanese painted Anthocyanins in emerging species peony (Paeonia mlokosewitschii) …and in Jeffersonia diphylla… Variegation: Cornus sericea ‘Silver and Gold’ (yellow offseason twigs) Cornus sericea ‘Sunshine’ (red twigs in offseason) MISC. STUFF: My weekly podcast, my website, and my latest book are all called A Way to Garden. Oblong Books (Rhinebeck/Millerton NY) has signed copies of the latter (and all my books). I have a weekly e-newsletter, too. .

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The Developmental and Genetic Bases of Apetaly in Bocconia Frutescens
Arango‑Ocampo et al. EvoDevo (2016) 7:16 DOI 10.1186/s13227-016-0054-6 EvoDevo RESEARCH Open Access The developmental and genetic bases of apetaly in Bocconia frutescens (Chelidonieae: Papaveraceae) Cristina Arango‑Ocampo1, Favio González2, Juan Fernando Alzate3 and Natalia Pabón‑Mora1* Abstract Background: Bocconia and Macleaya are the only genera of the poppy family (Papaveraceae) lacking petals; how‑ ever, the developmental and genetic processes underlying such evolutionary shift have not yet been studied. Results: We studied floral development in two species of petal-less poppies Bocconia frutescens and Macleaya cordata as well as in the closely related petal-bearing Stylophorum diphyllum. We generated a floral transcriptome of B. frutescens to identify MADS-box ABCE floral organ identity genes expressed during early floral development. We performed phylogenetic analyses of these genes across Ranunculales as well as RT-PCR and qRT-PCR to assess loci- specific expression patterns. We found that petal-to-stamen homeosis in petal-less poppies occurs through distinct developmental pathways. Transcriptomic analyses of B. frutescens floral buds showed that homologs of all MADS-box genes are expressed except for the APETALA3-3 ortholog. Species-specific duplications of other ABCE genes inB. frute- scens have resulted in functional copies with expanded expression patterns than those predicted by the model. Conclusions: Petal loss in B. frutescens is likely associated with the lack of expression of AP3-3 and an expanded expression of AGAMOUS. The genetic basis of petal identity is conserved in Ranunculaceae and Papaveraceae although they have different number of AP3 paralogs and exhibit dissimilar floral groundplans.
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