DOCSLIB.ORG

Nanking Massacre 1 Nanking Massacre

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nanking Massacre 1 Nanking Massacre Nanking Massacre 1 Nanking Massacre "Rape of Nanking" redirects here. For Iris Chang's book, see The Rape of Nanking (book). "Nankin Jiken" redirects here. For the 1927 Nankin Jiken, see Nanjing Incident. Nanking / Nanjing Massacre Rape of Nanking Massacre victims on the shore of the Yangtze River with a Japanese soldier standing nearby Chinese name Traditional Chinese 南 京 大 屠 殺 Simplified Chinese 南 京 大 屠 杀 Transcriptions Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Nánjīng Dàtúshā Japanese name Kanji 1. 南 京 大 虐 殺 2. 南 京 事 件 Transcriptions - Traditional Hepburn 1. Nankin Daigyakusatsu 2. Nankin Jiken Nanking Massacre 2 Nanking Massacre Battle of Nanking (1937) Nanking Safety Zone International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone Japanese war crimes Contest to kill 100 people using a sword International Military Tribunal for the Far East Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal Historiography of the Nanking Massacre Nanking Massacre denial Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall Japanese history textbook controversies Films The Battle of China Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre City of Life and Death Don't Cry, Nanking The Flowers of War John Rabe Nanking Tokyo Trial The Truth about Nanjing Books American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking The Good Man of Nanking The Rape of Nanking Tokyo The Nanking Massacre or Nanjing Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanking, was a mass murder and war rape that occurred during the six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanking (Nanjing), the former capital of the Republic of China, on December 13, 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. During this period, hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed soldiers were murdered by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army.[1][2] Widespread rape and looting also occurred.[3][4] Historians and witnesses have estimated that 250,000 to 300,000 people were killed.[5] Several of the key perpetrators of the atrocities, at the time labelled as war crimes, were later tried and found guilty at the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, and were subsequently executed. Another key perpetrator, Prince Asaka, a member of the Imperial Family, escaped prosecution by having earlier been granted immunity by the Allies. The event remains a contentious political issue, as various aspects of it have been disputed by some historical revisionists and Japanese nationalists,[2] who have claimed that the massacre has been either exaggerated or wholly fabricated for propaganda purposes. As a result of the nationalist efforts to deny or rationalize the war crimes, the controversy surrounding the massacre remains a stumbling block in Sino-Japanese relations, as well as Japanese relations with other Asia-Pacific nations such as South Korea and the Philippines. An accurate estimation of the death toll in the massacre has not been achieved because most of the Japanese military records on the killings were deliberately destroyed or kept secret shortly after the surrender of Japan in 1945. The International Military Tribunal of the Far East estimates more than 200,000 casualties in the incident;[6] China's official estimate is about 300,000 casualties, based on the evaluation of the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal. Estimates from Japanese historians vary widely, in the vicinity of 40,000–200,000. Some historical revisionists even deny that a widespread, systematic massacre occurred at all, claiming that any deaths were either justified militarily, accidental Nanking Massacre 3 or isolated incidents of unauthorized atrocities. These revisionists claim that the characterization of the incident as a large-scale, systematic massacre was fabricated for the purpose of political propaganda.[7][8] Although the Japanese government has admitted to the acts of killing of a large number of noncombatants, looting and other violence committed by the Imperial Japanese Army after the fall of Nanking,[9][10] a small but vocal minority within both the Japanese government and society have argued that the death toll was military in nature and that no such crimes ever occurred. Denial of the massacre (and a divergent array of revisionist accounts of the killings) has become a staple of Japanese nationalism.[11] In Japan, public opinion of the massacres varies, and few deny the occurrence of the massacre outright.[11] Nonetheless, recurring attempts by negationists to promote a revisionist history of the incident have created controversy that periodically reverberates in the international media, particularly in China, South Korea, and other East Asian nations.[12] Military situation In August 1937, the Japanese army invaded Shanghai where they met strong resistance and suffered heavy casualties. The battle was bloody as both sides faced attrition in urban hand-to-hand combat. By mid-November the Japanese had captured Shanghai with the help of naval bombardment. The General Staff Headquarters in Tokyo initially decided not to expand the war due to heavy casualties and low morale of the troops. However, on December 1, headquarters ordered the Central China Area Army and the 10th Army to capture Nanking, then-capital of the Republic of China. Relocation of the capital After losing the Battle of Shanghai, Chiang Kai-shek knew that the fall of Nanking would simply be a matter of time. He and his staff realized that they could not risk the annihilation of their elite troops in a symbolic but hopeless defense of the capital. In order to preserve the army for future battles, most of them were withdrawn. Chiang's strategy was to follow the suggestion of his German advisers to draw the Japanese army deep into China utilizing China's vast territory as a defensive strength. Chiang planned to fight a protracted war of attrition by wearing down the Japanese in the hinterland of China.[13] Leaving General Tang Shengzhi in charge of the city for the Battle of Nanking, Chiang and many of his advisors flew to Wuhan, where they stayed until it was attacked in 1938. Strategy for the defense of Nanking In a press release to foreign reporters, Tang Shengzhi announced the city would not surrender and would fight to the death. Tang gathered about 100,000 soldiers, largely untrained, including Chinese troops who had participated in the Battle of Shanghai. To prevent civilians from fleeing the city, he ordered troops to guard the port, as instructed by Chiang Kai-shek. The defense force blocked roads, destroyed boats, and burnt nearby villages, preventing widespread evacuation. The Chinese government left for relocation on December 1, and the president left on December 7, leaving the fate of Nanking to an International Committee led by John Rabe. The defense plan fell apart quickly. Those defending the city encountered Chinese troops fleeing from previous defeats such as the Battle of Shanghai, running from the advancing Japanese army. This did nothing to help the morale of the defenders, many of whom were killed during the defense of the city and subsequent Japanese occupation. Nanking Massacre 4 Approach of the Imperial Japanese Army Japanese war crimes on the march to Nanking Although the Nanking Massacre is generally described as having occurred over a six-week period after the fall of Nanking, the crimes committed by the Japanese army were not limited to that period. Many atrocities were reported to have been committed as the Japanese army advanced from Shanghai to Nanking. According to one Japanese journalist embedded with Imperial forces at the time, "The reason that the [10th Army] is advancing to Nanking quite rapidly is due to the tacit consent among the officers and men that they could loot and rape as they wish."[15] Novelist Ishikawa Tatsuzo vividly described how the 16th Division of An article on the "Contest to kill 100 people the Shanghai Expeditionary Force committed atrocities on the march using a sword" published in the Tokyo Nichi between Shanghai and Nanking in his novel Ikiteiru Heitai (Living Nichi Shimbun. The headline reads, "'Incredible Soldiers), which was based on interviews that Tatsuzo conducted with Record' (in the Contest to Cut Down 100 People) [16] —Mukai 106 – 105 Noda—Both 2nd Lieutenants troops in Nanking in January 1938. [14] Go Into Extra Innings". Perhaps the most notorious atrocity was a killing contest between two Japanese officers as reported in the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun and the English language Japan Advertiser. The contest was covered much like a sporting event with regular updates on the score over a series of days.[17][18] In Japan, the veracity of the newspaper article about the contest was the subject of ferocious debate for several decades starting in 1967.[19] In 2000, a historian concurred with certain Japanese scholars who had argued that the contest was a concocted story, with the collusion of the soldiers themselves for the purpose of raising the national fighting spirit.[20] In 2005, a Tokyo district judge dismissed a suit by the families of the lieutenants, stating that "the lieutenants admitted the fact that they raced to kill 100 people" and that the story cannot be proven to be clearly false.[21] The judge also ruled against the civil claim of the plaintiffs because the original article was more than 60 Sword used in the "contest" on years old.[22] The historicity of the event remains disputed in Japan.[23] display at the Republic of China Armed Forces Museum in Taipei, Flight of Chinese civilians Taiwan As the Japanese army drew closer to Nanking, Chinese civilians fled the city in droves. The people of Nanking fled in panic not only because of the dangers of the anticipated battle but also because they feared the deprivation inherent in the scorched earth strategy that the Chinese troops were implementing in the area surrounding the city. On July 31, the Kuomintang (KMT) had issued a statement that they were determined to turn every Chinese national and every piece of their soil into ash, rather than turn them over to the opponent.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How Russia Tried to Start a Race War in the United States
    Michigan Journal of Race and Law Volume 24 2019 Virtual Hatred: How Russia Tried to Start a Race War in the United States William J. Aceves California Western School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl Part of the Communications Law Commons, Internet Law Commons, and the Law and Race Commons Recommended Citation William J. Aceves, Virtual Hatred: How Russia Tried to Start a Race War in the United States, 24 MICH. J. RACE & L. 177 (2019). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol24/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of Race and Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VIRTUAL HATRED: HOW RUSSIA TRIED TO START A RACE WAR in the UNITED STATES William J. Aceves* During the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the Russian government engaged in a sophisticated strategy to influence the U.S. political system and manipulate American democracy. While most news reports have focused on the cyber-attacks aimed at Democratic Party leaders and possible contacts between Russian officials and the Trump presidential campaign, a more pernicious intervention took place. Throughout the campaign, Russian operatives created hundreds of fake personas on social media platforms and then posted thousands of advertisements and messages that sought to promote racial divisions in the United States. This was a coordinated propaganda effort.
    [Show full text]
  • Hirohito the Showa Emperor in War and Peace. Ikuhiko Hata.Pdf
    00 Prelims H:Master Testpages Enigma 6/6/07 15:00 Page i HIROHITO: THE SHO¯ WA EMPEROR IN WAR AND PEACE 00 Prelims H:Master Testpages Enigma 6/6/07 15:00 Page ii General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito photographed in the US Embassy, Tokyo, shortly after the start of the Occupation in September 1945. (See page 187) 00 Prelims H:Master Testpages Enigma 6/6/07 15:00 Page iii Hirohito: The Sho¯wa Emperor in War and Peace Ikuhiko Hata NIHON UNIVERSITY Edited by Marius B. Jansen GLOBAL ORIENTAL 00 Prelims H:Master Testpages Enigma 6/6/07 15:00 Page iv HIROHITO: THE SHO¯ WA EMPEROR IN WAR AND PEACE by Ikuhiko Hata Edited by Marius B. Jansen First published in 2007 by GLOBAL ORIENTAL LTD P.O. Box 219 Folkestone Kent CT20 2WP UK www.globaloriental.co.uk © Ikuhiko Hata, 2007 ISBN 978-1-905246-35-9 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the Publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library Set in Garamond 11 on 12.5 pt by Mark Heslington, Scarborough, North Yorkshire Printed and bound in England by Athenaeum Press, Gateshead, Tyne & Wear 00 Prelims H:Master Testpages Enigma 6/6/07 15:00 Page vi 00 Prelims H:Master Testpages Enigma 6/6/07 15:00 Page v Contents The Author and the Book vii Editor’s Preface
    [Show full text]
  • The Rape of Nanking: a Historical Analysis of the Aftershocks of Wartime Sexual Violence in International Relations
    FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y SOCIALES The Rape of Nanking: a historical analysis of the aftershocks of wartime sexual violence in international relations. Autor: Ester Brito Ruiz Quinto Curso del Doble Grado de ADE y Relaciones Internacionales Director: Jose Manuel Saenz Rotko Madrid Junio 2018 Ester Brito Ruiz international relations. The Rape of Nanking: a historical analysis of the aftershocks of wartime sexual violence in in violence sexual wartime of aftershocks the of analysis historical a Nanking: of Rape The Index 1) Abstract & Key words. 2) Methodology & Research Design. 3) Introduction. 4) Historiography and debates on Nanking. 5) Historical analysis and drivers of the Second Sino-Japanese war and interbellum change in protocols against foreign combatants and civilians. a. Conditioning Japanese political factors. b. Economic drivers. c. The role of the international order. 6) The route to Nanking a. Introduction: planning and intent of Japanese imperial forces when entering Manchuria. b. Road to Nanking: the advance of the imperial army, Loot all, kill all, burn all imperative. c. The entry into the city and mass killings. d. Rape in Nanking and beyond the capital. e. Torture inflicted upon combatants and civilians. f. The weeks following the fall of Nanking. 7) Radicalization of the Japanese imperial army: understanding historical warfare practices and theories of violence. 8) Rape as a weapon of war. 9) Other war crimes and implications of Japanese Imperialism 10) Historical memory of Nanking a. Significance of diverging historical memory in politics b. China: the century of humiliation narrative c. Japan: the historical aggressor-victim dilemma 1 11) Historical impact of Nanking on current international relations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Treatment of Prisoners of War by the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy Focusing on the Pacific War
    The Treatment of Prisoners of War by the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy Focusing on the Pacific War TACHIKAWA Kyoichi Abstract Why does the inhumane treatment of prisoners of war occur? What are the fundamental causes of this problem? In this article, the author looks at the principal examples of abuse inflicted on European and American prisoners by military and civilian personnel of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy during the Pacific War to analyze the causes of abusive treatment of prisoners of war. In doing so, the author does not stop at simply attributing the causes to the perpetrators or to the prevailing condi- tions at the time, such as Japan’s deteriorating position in the war, but delves deeper into the issue of the abuse of prisoners of war as what he sees as a pathology that can occur at any time in military organizations. With this understanding, he attempts to examine the phenomenon from organizational and systemic viewpoints as well as from psychological and leadership perspectives. Introduction With the establishment of the Law Concerning the Treatment of Prisoners in the Event of Military Attacks or Imminent Ones (Law No. 117, 2004) on June 14, 2004, somewhat stringent procedures were finally established in Japan for the humane treatment of prisoners of war in the context of a system infrastructure. Yet a look at the world today shows that abusive treatment of prisoners of war persists. Indeed, the heinous abuse which took place at the former Abu Ghraib prison during the Iraq War is still fresh in our memories.
    [Show full text]
  • Park Statue Politics World War II Comfort Women Memorials in the United States
    Park Statue Politics World War II Comfort Women Memorials in the United States THOMAS J. WARD & WILLIAM D. LAY i Park Statue Politics World War II Comfort Women Memorials in the United States THOMAS J. WARD AND WILLIAM D. LAY ii E-International Relations www.E-IR.info Bristol, England 2019 ISBN 978-1-910814-50-5 This book is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license. You are free to: • Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format • Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material Under the following terms: • Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. • NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission. Please contact [email protected] for any such enquiries, including for licensing and translation requests. Other than the terms noted above, there are no restrictions placed on the use and dissemination of this book for student learning materials/scholarly use. Production: Michael Tang Cover Image: Ki Young via Shutterstock A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. iii E-IR Open Access Series Editor: Stephen McGlinchey Books Editor: Cameran Clayton Editorial Assistants: Xolisile Ntuli and Shelly Mahajan E-IR Open Access is a series of scholarly books presented in a format that preferences brevity and accessibility while retaining academic conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching About the Nanking Massacre Yale Divinity School Library School Divinity Yale
    Teaching About the Nanking Massacre Yale Divinity School Library School Divinity Yale Also includes— The First War Hawks: The Invasion of Canada in 1812 A National Council for the Social Studies Publication Number 45 September 2012 www.socialstudies.org Middle Level Learning 44 ©2012 National Council for the Social Studies Teaching About the Nanking Massacre to Middle School Students Justin Villet In 1937, the Japanese Empire declared war on China. That • How can instruction be used to avoid creating stereo- December, the Japanese Army invaded and captured the types? Chinese capital of Nanking (also “Nanjing”). In what can only • Would students be able to contextualize these events, be described as one of the most inhumane events in the modern or, to put it bluntly, would they care at all? world, more than 200,000 Chinese were killed and more than 20,000 women were raped in less than a year.1 East Asian scholar Vera Schwarcz, in her contribution American public schools do not seem to devote much time to the book Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing, wrote, to the Nanking Massacre, taking a much more Eurocentric “[O]nly by delving into the crevices of helplessness and dread view of World War II. will [people] be able to pass on the true gift of historical When I was in high school, the Japanese invasion of Nanking consciousness.”2 Historical consciousness, however, should was still a new topic in the curriculum. I recall the eleventh grade be balanced with a realization that subject matter can sometimes English class looking at posters in the library that had been be hurtful to students, that material presented in class should assembled by a civic group that wanted to promote awareness be developmentally appropriate, and that teachers must be about the event.
    [Show full text]
  • The History Problem: the Politics of War
    History / Sociology SAITO … CONTINUED FROM FRONT FLAP … HIRO SAITO “Hiro Saito offers a timely and well-researched analysis of East Asia’s never-ending cycle of blame and denial, distortion and obfuscation concerning the region’s shared history of violence and destruction during the first half of the twentieth SEVENTY YEARS is practiced as a collective endeavor by both century. In The History Problem Saito smartly introduces the have passed since the end perpetrators and victims, Saito argues, a res- central ‘us-versus-them’ issues and confronts readers with the of the Asia-Pacific War, yet Japan remains olution of the history problem—and eventual multiple layers that bind the East Asian countries involved embroiled in controversy with its neighbors reconciliation—will finally become possible. to show how these problems are mutually constituted across over the war’s commemoration. Among the THE HISTORY PROBLEM THE HISTORY The History Problem examines a vast borders and generations. He argues that the inextricable many points of contention between Japan, knots that constrain these problems could be less like a hang- corpus of historical material in both English China, and South Korea are interpretations man’s noose and more of a supportive web if there were the and Japanese, offering provocative findings political will to determine the virtues of peaceful coexistence. of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial, apologies and that challenge orthodox explanations. Written Anything less, he explains, follows an increasingly perilous compensation for foreign victims of Japanese in clear and accessible prose, this uniquely path forward on which nationalist impulses are encouraged aggression, prime ministerial visits to the interdisciplinary book will appeal to sociol- to derail cosmopolitan efforts at engagement.
    [Show full text]
  • Praca Doktorska.Pdf (7.461MB)
    UNIWERSYTET ŁÓDZKI WYDZIAŁ STUDIÓW MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH I POLITOLOGICZNYCH Izabela Plesiewicz-Świerczyńska WYKŁADNIE IDEOLOGICZNE STOSUNKÓW JAPOŃSKO-AMERYKAŃSKICH W LATACH 1853–1941 ORAZ ICH IMPLEMENTACJA POLITYCZNA Praca doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem dr hab. Jolanty Młodawskiej-Bronowskiej, prof. nadzw. UŁ Łódź 2017 SPIS TREŚCI Nota redakcyjna……………………………………………………………….. .................... 3 WSTĘP………………………………………………………………………… .................... 5 ROZDZIAŁ 1 Inspiracje ideologiczne formuł konceptualnych w sferze międzynarodowych stosunków politycznych między Japonią a USA ................................ 24 1.1 Doktryna izolacjonizmu w okresie sakoku w Japonii od XVII do XIX wieku ............. 24 1.2 Geneza i charakterystyka doktryny izolacjonizmu w Stanach Zjednoczonych po zaistnieniu na forum międzynarodowym w 1776 roku ........................................... 39 1.3 Rozwój japońskiego ekspansjonizmu drogą do dominacji nad krajami Azji Południowo-Wschodniej ............................................................................................... 51 1.4 Argumenty zwolenników rozszerzania wpływów politycznych i ekonomicznych Stanów Zjednoczonych w świecie ................................................................................ 58 1.5 Imperializm japoński jako teoretyczna wykładnia konfliktów i wojen ........................ 68 1.6 Opinie elit politycznych USA na temat ideologii im perialistycznej w praktyce ......... 76 1.7 Filozoficzne zaplecze japońskiego nacjonalizmu ........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tsutomu Nishioka Kanji Katsuoka
    Basic Research on Chinese Comfort Women：A Critique of Chinese Comfort Women Group for Research on Chinese Comfort Women Representative: Tsutomu Nishioka Kanji Katsuoka Minoru Kitamura Yoichi Shimada Shiro Takahashi (Listed according to the order in which their contributions appear in this report) June 17, 2016 General Statement/Overview of the Chinese Comfort Women Issue: Four Serious Flaws in Chinese Claims Tsutomu Nishioka, Representative, Group for Research on Chinese Comfort Women (Professor, Tokyo Christian University) Introduction On December 31, 2015, CNN quoted Chinese Professor Su Zhiliang in reporting that the actual total number of comfort women was 400,000, of which 200,000 were Chinese women forced into unpaid prostitution. This was reported immediately after the announcement that an agreement had been reached between Japan and South Korea on the comfort women issue. While the unfounded and slanderous accusation that there were 200,000 sex slaves has spread worldwide, some Chinese professors are now claiming that there were in fact double that number. Su Zhiliang—who is the head of the Research Center for Chinese "Comfort Women" at Shanghai Normal University and co- authored in 2014 the English-language book entitled Chinese Comfort Women—is disseminating the accusation that the Japanese military had a total of 400,000 comfort women, out of which 200,000 were Chinese, and that many of these women were murdered. He played a key role in the submission of an application for documents related to Chinese comfort women to be registered as part of UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in June 2014. However, the registration was withdrawn because of advice that the application should be filed jointly with other relevant countries.
    [Show full text]
  • THE GLOBALIZATION of K-POP by Gyu Tag
    DE-NATIONALIZATION AND RE-NATIONALIZATION OF CULTURE: THE GLOBALIZATION OF K-POP by Gyu Tag Lee A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Cultural Studies Committee: ___________________________________________ Director ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Program Director ___________________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date: _____________________________________ Spring Semester 2013 George Mason University Fairfax, VA De-Nationalization and Re-Nationalization of Culture: The Globalization of K-Pop A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University By Gyu Tag Lee Master of Arts Seoul National University, 2007 Director: Paul Smith, Professor Department of Cultural Studies Spring Semester 2013 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2013 Gyu Tag Lee All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION This is dedicated to my wife, Eunjoo Lee, my little daughter, Hemin Lee, and my parents, Sung-Sook Choi and Jong-Yeol Lee, who have always been supported me with all their hearts. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation cannot be written without a number of people who helped me at the right moment when I needed them. Professors, friends, colleagues, and family all supported me and believed me doing this project. Without them, this dissertation is hardly can be done. Above all, I would like to thank my dissertation committee for their help throughout this process. I owe my deepest gratitude to Dr. Paul Smith. Despite all my immaturity, he has been an excellent director since my first year of the Cultural Studies program.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diaspora of Korean Children: a Cross-Cultural Study of the Educational Crisis in Contemporary South Korea
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2007 The Diaspora of Korean Children: A Cross-Cultural Study of the Educational Crisis in Contemporary South Korea Young-ee Cho The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Cho, Young-ee, "The Diaspora of Korean Children: A Cross-Cultural Study of the Educational Crisis in Contemporary South Korea" (2007). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1244. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1244 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE DIASPORA OF KOREAN CHILDREN: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF THE EDUCATIONAL CRISIS IN CONTEMPORARY SOUTH KOREA By Young-ee Cho B.A Economics / East Asian Languages and Cultures, Indiana University, 1986 M.B.A. International Marketing, Indiana University, 1988 Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Montana Missoula, MT Summer 2007 Approved by: Dr. David A. Strobel, Dean Graduate School Dr. Roberta D. Evans, Chair School of Education Dr. C. LeRoy Anderson Dept of Sociology Dr. John C. Lundt Dept of Educational Leadership & Counseling Dr. William P. McCaw Dept of Educational Leadership & Counseling Dr. John C.
    [Show full text]
  • John W. Dower. Embracing Defeat. Japan in the Wake of World War II
    John W. Dower. Embracing Defeat. Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999. 676 pp. $29.95, cloth, ISBN 978-0-393-04686-1. Reviewed by Mark Selden Published on H-Asia (October, 1999) Embracing Defeat, John Dower's magisterial refashion another society as a democratic nation. chronicle of Japan under U.S. occupation, is the "Initially," Dower tells us with characteristic inci‐ summa of his four important studies of twentieth- siveness and irony, "the Americans imposed a century Japan and the U.S.-Japan relationship.[1] root-and-branch agenda of 'demilitarization and Its sweep is ambitious, ranging from political and democratization' that was in every sense a re‐ diplomatic history to innovative attempts to lo‐ markable display of arrogant idealism-both self- cate the Japanese people in the fow of change, in‐ righteous and genuinely visionary." (p. 23) Draw‐ cluding the frst efforts to chart cultural and social ing on a wealth of archival, documentary and dimensions of the era. Central to the work, and to published sources to illuminate kaleidoscopic Ja‐ the continuing debate about the occupation, are panese and American perspectives, he highlights three intertwined political issues whose resolu‐ MacArthur's arrogance and peccadilloes while tion would profoundly affect Japan's postwar positively assessing American contributions to an course: the emperor, the constitution and democ‐ enduring democratic political transformation. ratization, and the war crimes tribunals. In taking "Never," he concludes, "had a genuinely demo‐ discussion of these and other issues far beyond cratic revolution been associated with military the official record, Dower offers fresh social and dictatorship, to say nothing of a neocolonial mili‐ cultural perspectives on Japan and the U.S.-Japan tary dictatorship .
    [Show full text]