WOMEN IN SPORT VOLUME VIII OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SPORTS MEDICINE AN IOC MEDICAL COMMITTEE PUBLICATION IN COLLABORATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SPORTS MEDICINE EDITED BY BARBARA L. DRINKWATER WOMEN IN SPORT IOC MEDICAL COMMISSION SUB-COMMISSION ON PUBLICATIONS IN THE SPORT SCIENCES Howard G. Knuttgen PhD (Co-ordinator) Boston, Massachusetts, USA Francesco Conconi MD Ferrara, Italy Harm Kuipers MD, PhD Maastricht, The Netherlands Per A.F.H. Renström MD, PhD Stockholm, Sweden Richard H. Strauss MD Los Angeles, California, USA WOMEN IN SPORT VOLUME VIII OF THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SPORTS MEDICINE AN IOC MEDICAL COMMITTEE PUBLICATION IN COLLABORATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SPORTS MEDICINE EDITED BY BARBARA L. DRINKWATER ©2000 by distributors Blackwell Science Ltd Marston Book Services Ltd Editorial Offices: PO Box 269 Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4YN 25 John Street, London WC1N 2BL (Orders: Tel: 01235 465500 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ Fax: 01235 465555) 350 Main Street, Malden MA 02148 5018, USA USA 54 University Street, Carlton Blackwell Science, Inc. 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No part of is available from the British Library this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or ISBN 0-632-05084-5 transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, Library of Congress photocopying, recording or otherwise, Cataloging-in-publication Data except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act Women in sport / edited by Barbara L. Drinkwater; in collabo- 1988, without the prior permission ration with the International Federation of Sports Medicine. of the copyright owner. p. cm. — (The encyclopaedia of sports medicine; v. 8) Includes index. First published 2000 ISBN 0-632-05084-5 1. Woman athletes — Health and hygiene. I. Drink- Set by Excel Typesetters Co., Hong Kong water, Barbara L., 1926– II. International Federation of Printed and bound in Great Britain Sports Medicine. III. Series. by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall RC1218. W65 W664 2000 617.1¢027¢082 — dc21 The Blackwell Science logo is a 99-057719 trade mark of Blackwell Science Ltd, registered at the United Kingdom For further information on Trade Marks Registry Blackwell Science, visit our website: www.blackwell-science.com Contents List of Contributors, vii 7 Psychological Aspects of Training, 108 j.l. duda Forewords, x 8 Nutrition, 120 a.c. grandjean, j.s. ruud and Preface, xi k.j. reimers Part 1: History Part 4: The Masters Athlete 1 Women and the Olympic Games, 3 g. pfister 9 Cardiorespiratory Function in Masters Athletes, 135 c.l. wells Part 2: Physiology of the Female Athlete 10 Muscle Function in Masters Athletes, 144 m.e. cress 2 Factors Influencing Endurance Performance, Strength, Flexibility and 11 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 158 Coordination, 23 w.m. e y k.d. mittleman and c.m. zacher 3 Effects of the Menstrual Cycle and Part 5: Medical Issues Oral Contraceptives on Sports 12 Preparticipation Examination, 169 Performance, 37 m.d. johnson c.m. lebrun 13 Gender Verification, 183 4 Environmental Challenges, 62 a. ljungqvist e.m. haymes 14 The Pregnant Athlete, 194 Part 3: Training the Female Athlete m.f. mottola and l.a. wolfe 5 Physiological Aspects of Training, 77 15 Musculoskeletal Injuries, 208 m.l. o’toole e. arendt and l. griffin 6 Biomechanics, 93 16 Cardiovascular Issues, 241 j.a. crussemeyer and j.s. dufek p. sangenis v vi contents 17 Physical Activity and Risk for Breast 30 Women’s Role in National and International Cancer, 250 Sports Governing Bodies, 441 p.s. freedson, c.e. matthews and k. fasting p.c. nasca Part 8: Sport-specific Injuries: 18 Diabetes and Sport, 265 b.n. campaigne Prevention and Treatment 31 Swimming, 453 19 Sport and Bone, 280 n. constantini and i. vuori and a. heinonen m. cale¢-benzoor 20 Women with Disabilities, 301 32 Track and Field, 470 k.p. depauw a. nattiv 21 Exercise-related Anaemia, 311 33 Rowing, 486 s.s. harris j.a. hannafin 22 Nutritional and Pharmacological 34 Gymnastics, 494 Ergogenic Aids, 321 a.d. smith p.m. clarkson and m.m. manore 35 Figure Skating, 510 23 Sexual Harassment and Abuse, 342 j.m. moran c. brackenridge 36 Cycling, 535 l. lamoreaux Part 6: The Female Athlete Triad 24 Body Composition, 353 37 Tennis, 550 w.m. kohrt c.l. otis 25 Eating Disorders, 364 38 Basketball, 564 j. sundgot-borgen s.w. ryan 26 Amenorrhoea, 377 39 Soccer, 575 l.a. marshall m. putukian 27 Osteoporosis, 391 40 Canoeing and Kayaking, 600 j. gibson k. kenal and p. trela 41 Alpine Skiing, 613 Part 7: Psychosocial Issues r. agostini 28 The Young Élite Athlete: the Good, the Bad and the Ugly, 409 42 Softball, 626 m.r. weiss, a.j. amorose and m.m. baker j.b. allen Index, 647 29 Ethical Issues, 430 a. schneider List of Contributors R. AGOSTINI MD, Virginia Mason Medical N. CONSTANTINIMD, Ribstein Center for Center, 904 7th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98104, Sport Medicine Sciences and Research, Wingate USA Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel J.B. ALLENMS, School of Physical Education, Sport M.E. CRESSPhD, Gerontology Center and and Leisure, De Montefort University, Bedford MK40 Department of Exercise Science, University of Georgia, 2BZ, UK Athens, Georgia 30602-6554, USA A.J. AMOROSEPhD, Memorial Gym, Curry School J.A. CRUSSEMEYERPhD, Department of of Education, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Kinesiology and Physical Education, California State Virginia 22903, USA University, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, California 90840-4901, USA E. ARENDTMD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 350 Variety Club Research Center, 401 East K.P. DePAUW PhD, Graduate School, Washington River Road, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-1030, USA M.M. BAKERMD, Center for Bone and Joint Surgery, 832 Georgiana Street, Port Angeles, B.L. DRINKWATERPhD, Pacific Medical Center, Washington 98362, USA 1200 12th Avenue South, Seattle, Washington 98144, USA C. BRACKENRIDGEMA, Leisure and Sport Research Unit, Cheltenham and Gloucester College of J.L. DUDAPhD, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Higher Education, Swindon Road, Cheltenhan GL50 University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 4AZ, UK 2TT, UK M. CALE¢-BENZOORPT MSc, Ribstein Center J.S. DUFEKPhD, Human Performance and Wellness for Sport Medicine Sciences and Research, Wingate Inc., 3265 Chambers Street, Eugene, Oregon 97405, USA Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel W.M. EY Med, Executive Director, Womensport West, B.N. CAMPAIGNEPhD, Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Perth, Western Australia, Australia (Dr W.M. Ey Corporate Center, Drop Code 2044, Indianapolis, Indiana unfortunately passed away during publication of this 46285, USA volume) P.M. CLARKSONPhD, Department of Exercise K. FASTINGPhD, Norwegian University of Sport Science, Totman Building, University of Massachusetts, and Physical Education, Sognsveien 220, PO Box 4014, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA Kringsja N-0806, Oslo, Norway vii viii list of contributors P.S. FREEDSONPhD, Department of Exercise A. LJUNGQVISTMD, PhD, Swedish Sports Science, University of Massachusetts, 110 Totman Confederation RF, Idrottens Hus, S-12387 Farsta, Gymnasium, Box 37805, Amherst, Massachusetts Sweden 01003-7805, USA M.M. MANOREPhD, Department of Family J. GIBSONMD, Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Cameron Research and Human Development, Arizona State Hospital, Windygates, Fife KY8 5RR, UK University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA A.C. GRANDJEANEdD, International Center for L.A. MARSHALLMD, Virginia Mason Clinic, Sports Nutrition, 502 South 44th Street, Room 3007, 1100 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98111, USA Omaha, Nebraska 68105-1065, USA C.E. MATTHEWS PhD, Division of Preventive and L. GRIFFINMD, Suite 705, 2001 Peachtree Road NE, Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA J.A. HANNAFINMD, PhD, Sports Medicine and K.D. MITTLEMANPhD, DesignWrite Inc., 189 Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East Wall Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA 70th Street, New York, New York 10021, USA J.M. MORAN MD, Summit Injury Management S.S. HARRIS MD, MPH, Palo Alto Medical Clinic, Inc., 605 Discovery Street, Victoria, British Columbia Department of Sports Medicine, El Camino Real, Palo V8T 5G4, Canada Alto, California 94301, USA M.F. MOTTOLAPhD, Department of Anatomy and E.M. HAYMESPhD, Department of Nutrition, Food Cell Biology, School of Kinesiology, University of and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Western Ontario, Thames Hall, London, Ontario N6A Tallahassee, Florida 32306-1493, USA 3K7, Canada A. HEINONENPhD, President Urho Kaleva P.C. NASCAPhD, Department of Biostatistics and Kekkonen, Institute for Health Promotion Research, PO Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, 110 Totman Box 30, Fin-335000 Tampere, Finland Gymnasium, Box 37805, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-7805, USA M.D. JOHNSONMD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, A. NATTIV MD, UCLA Department of Family USA Medicine, Room 50-071, Center for the Health Sciences, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095- K. KENALMD, University of Utah Health Network, 1683, USA Greenwood Medical Center, 7495 South State Street, Midvale, Utah 84047, USA C.L. OTIS MD, WTA Tour, 1247 Devon Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA W.M. KOHRTPhD, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Colorado Health M.L.