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The Role of Defense Mechanisms of Israeli Society in Relationship to The Lesley University DigitalCommons@Lesley Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences Expressive Therapies Dissertations (GSASS) 2012 The Role of Defense Mechanisms of Israeli Society in Relationship to the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: From “1948 Repression” to Artistic Sublimation Keren Shechter Lesley University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/expressive_dissertations Part of the Art Therapy Commons, Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons, and the Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy Commons Recommended Citation Shechter, Keren, "The Role of Defense Mechanisms of Israeli Society in Relationship to the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: From “1948 Repression” to Artistic Sublimation" (2012). Expressive Therapies Dissertations. 42. https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/expressive_dissertations/42 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences (GSASS) at DigitalCommons@Lesley. It has been accepted for inclusion in Expressive Therapies Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Lesley. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Role of Defense Mechanisms of Israeli Society in Relationship to the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: From “1948 Repression” to Artistic Sublimation A DISSERTATION submitted by KEREN BARZILAY-SHECHTER In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy LESLEY UNIVERSITY September 2012 2 This page will contain the signed Dissertation Approval Form 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at Lesley University and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: __________________________ 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation provided me a special opportunity for personal, professional, and nationalistic growth. This process would never have been possible without the generosity and help of many people along the way, whom I would like to thank. First, I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, who dedicated several years of their time, energy, and expertise to this project, with a high degree of enthusiasm to which I can only aspire. I would like to express my deepest appreciation and love to my committee chair Professor Vivien Marcow-Speiser, director of the national, international, and collaborative programs at Lesley University, for her tremendous mentorship over the past eight years. Professor Marcow- Speiser is a role model for the ways to use expressive therapies in order to promote social justice and social change, and has been an ongoing inspiration to me. I am deeply grateful to my committee members, Professor Michele Forinash, director of the PhD program in the expressive therapies division at Lesley University, and Professor Irle Goldman, an adjunct faculty member at Lesley University and at Cambridge College, who devoted their time to help and support me and who made this process as gentle and enjoyable as possible. I would like also to thank the faculty and staff of the Expressive Therapies Division at Lesley University for their continued support, inspiration, and assistance. I am very blessed to be part of this wonderful group. Special thanks are due to Dr. Mitchell Kossak for his guidance and faith in my abilities, and to Dr. Yousef Al-Ajarma for his great friendship and the professional collaboration. There is not enough space to thank my parents, Naomi and Arie, and my parents in law, Sima and Moshe, for the unconditional love and acceptance they have shown me over the years. They have always have been there for me. Special thanks to my husband Erez and to our wonderful kids Gaya and Nerri. It is no overstatement to say that without them, I might have completed this project earlier but it wouldn’t matter as much as it does. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................10 Statement of Interest .............................................................................................................. 10 Purpose of the Study .............................................................................................................. 15 Research Questions ................................................................................................................ 15 LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................................................17 Section One: History of the Concept, “Defense Mechanism” ............................................... 17 The Developmental Hypothesis: Ongoing Development of Defenses in Individuals………19 The Ontogenetic Approach: Origin and Evolution of Each Defense……………...……….24 Normal and Pathological Aspects of Defense Mechanisms ...................................................27 Assessment of the Defenses………………………………………………………………....31 The Defense Mechanism Rating Scale……………………………………………………...32 Narrative codification…………………………………………………….…………………33 Working with the Defense Mechanisms .................................................................................36 Treating Defense Mechanisms ................................................................................................39 Possible Dangers in the Treatment of Defense Mechanisms………………………………..40 The Diagnostic Aspect of Defense Mechanisms ....................................................................41 Assessing the patient’s situation………..................................................…………………..41 Understanding the patient’s situation……………………………………………………….43 Predicting treatment results…………………………………………………………………44 Psychoanalysis, Defense Mechanisms and Expressive Therapies .........................................44 General notes regarding defense mechanisms and expressive therapies ...................................................................... 45Error! Bookmark not defined. Defense mechanisms and psychodrama ......................................................... 47 Defense mechanisms and dramatherapy ......................................................... 49 Defense mechanisms and music therapy ........................................................ 52 Section Two: The Role of Defense Mechanisms in the Israeli Psyche Historically and Within the Context of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict .......................................................... 55 The Transition from Defense Mechanisms of the Individual to those of Society ...... 57Error! Bookmark not defined. Viewing the Conflict as a “Defense Mechanism”: Psychological Benefits ............... 58Error! Bookmark not defined. Jewish History..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.60 The Holocaust .........................................................................................................................60 The Establishment of the State of Israel .................................................................................62 6 The Development of Israel .....................................................................................................64 METHOD ......................................................................................................................................71 Research Paradigm ................................................................................................................ 71 Research Protocol .................................................................................................................. 71 Research Participants ............................................................................................................. 72 Sampling ................................................................................................................................ 72 Interview Procedure ............................................................................................................... 73 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 74 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................76 Participants............................................................................................................................. 77 Dalia Peretz .....................................................................................................77 Dana Golan ......................................................................................................78 Hillel Levine ....................................................................................................79 Nir Eisikovits ..................................................................................................80 Zvi Lachman ...................................................................................................80
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