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Effects of Inflammation and Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition on Oxylipin Composition of Very Low-Density Lipoproteins in Isolated Perfused Rat Livers

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Effects of Inflammation and Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition on Oxylipin Composition of Very Low-Density Lipoproteins in Isolated Perfused Rat Livers DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14480 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effects of inflammation and soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition on oxylipin composition of very low-density lipoproteins in isolated perfused rat livers Rachel E. Walker1 | Olga V. Savinova2,3 | Theresa L. Pedersen4,5 | John W. Newman5,6 | Gregory C. Shearer1,3,7 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Abstract Park, PA, USA Oxylipins are metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids that mediate cardiovascular 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, New health by attenuation of inflammation, vascular tone, hemostasis, and thrombosis. York Institute of Technology College of Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) contain oxylipins, but it is unknown whether Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA the liver regulates their concentrations. In this study, we used a perfused liver model 3Sanford Research, University of South to observe the effect of inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and soluble Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA epoxide hydrolase inhibition (sEHi) on VLDL oxylipins. A compartmental model of 4 Advanced Analytics, Davis, CA, USA deuterium-labeled linoleic acid and palmitic acid incorporation into VLDL was also 5 Department of Food Science and developed to assess the dependence of VLDL oxylipins on fatty acid incorporation Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA rates. LPS decreased the total fatty acid VLDL content by 30% [6%,47%], and de- 6Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, creased final concentration of several oxylipins by a similar amount (13-HOTrE, 35% Western Human Nutrition Research [4%,55%], −1.3 nM; 9(10)-EpODE, 29% [3%,49%], −2.0 nM; 15(16)-EpODE, 29% Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, [2%,49%], −1.6 nM; AA-derived diols, 32% [5%,52%], −2.4 nM; 19(20)-DiHDPA, USA 31% [7%,50%], −1.0 nM). However, the EPA-derived epoxide, 17(18)-EpETE, was 7Sanford School of Medicine, University of decreased by 75% [49%,88%], (−0.52 nM) with LPS, double the suppression of other South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA oxylipins. sEHi increased final concentration of DHA epoxide, 16(17)-EpDPE, by Correspondence 99% [35%,193%], (2.0 nM). Final VLDL-oxylipin concentrations with LPS treat- Gregory Shearer, PhD, Department ment were not correlated with linoleic acid kinetics, suggesting they were indepen- of Nutritional Sciences 110 Chandlee dently regulated under inflammatory conditions. We conclude that the liver regulates Laboratory The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16801, oxylipin incorporation into VLDL, and the oxylipin content is altered by LPS chal- USA. lenge and by inhibition of the epoxide hydrolase pathway. This provides evidence for Email: [email protected] delivery of systemic oxylipin signals by VLDL transport. Funding information National Institutes of Health, Grant/ KEYWORDS Award Number: 7P20RR017662-07, compartmental modeling, fatty acid/metabolism, lipoproteins, perfusion, polyunsaturated fatty R56 HL131547 and U24 DK097154; US acids, soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor Department of Agriculture, Grant/Award Number: 2032-51530-022-00D and 2032- 51530-022-25D This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2021 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society. Physiological Reports. 2021;9:e14480. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/phy2 | 1 of 13 https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14480 2 of 13 | WALKER ET AL. 1 | INTRODUCTION diols, and mid-chain alcohols (Newman et al., 2007; Shearer & Newman, 2008). This specificity by lipoprotein class Oxylipins are produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids has been demonstrated in both animal and human models, (PUFA) by enzymes of the lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyto- with the HDL having the highest concentration (Newman chrome P450 (CYP450) families (Shearer, Harris, Pedersen, & et al., 2007, 2014), likely due to the phospholipid enrich- Newman, 2010). Oxylipins mediate inflammation, cell prolif- ment of this particle class. However, there is evidence that eration, and inflammatory resolution, among other processes VLDL oxylipin profiles undergo important changes during (Buczynski, Dumlao, & Dennis, 2009; Gabbs, Leng, Devassy, disease and postprandial states (Newman et al., 2007; Wang Monirujjaman, & Aukema, 2015; Shearer & Newman, 2009). et al., 2009). It is unknown whether hepatic inflammation Although the oxylipin products of arachidonic acid (AA) alters the VLDL oxylipin profile and how these alterations have been most extensively studied, products of linoleic acid could affect systemic inflammatory status. (LA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Epoxides are a key oxylipin class of interest, since they ω-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA-ω3), and docosahexaenoic are anti-inflammatory, and are abundant in the VLDL par- acid (DHA) also have unique functions (Gabbs et al., 2015; ticle. Biological transformation of most fatty acid epoxides Markworth et al., 2016). The CYP450 epoxygenase pathway is primarily accomplished through hydrolysis by soluble ep- produces fatty acid epoxides from AA, epoxyeicosatrienoates oxide hydrolase (sEH)-dependent hydrolysis to 1,2- or vici- (EpETrEs), which have anti-hypertensive and anti-inflamma- nal diols (Spector & Kim, 2015). Because of the beneficial tory functions (Oni-orisan et al., 2016; Spector, 2009; Spector effects of epoxides, sEH inhibitors have been investigated as & Norris, 2007). The DHA-derived epoxides, epoxydocosapen- potential targets for a wide array of diseases (Morisseau and taenoates (EpDPEs), have similar function to the EpETrEs, but Hammock, 2012), including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and some regioisomers are more potent (Ye et al., 2002). CYP450- chronic inflammatory diseases (Duflot, Roche, Lamoureux, derived metabolites of ω-3 PUFA can also suppress pathologic Guerrot, & Bellien, 2014), and have shown potential in animal retinal and choroidal neovascularization (Gong et al., 2016; models to reduce atherosclerosis (Ulu et al., 2008) and non- Shao et al., 2014; Yanai et al., 2014). The enzymes in both the alcoholic fatty liver disease (Wells et al., 2016). The changes LOX and CYP450 families can produce mid-chain hydroper- in VLDL fatty acid and oxylipin composition would provide oxides, and then alcohols, such as the AA-derived hydroxye- evidence that the liver plays an important role at the point of icosatetraenoates (HETEs), with additional biological activities synthesis in the altered VLDL of chronic metabolic conditions. (Shearer et al., 2010). To isolate the role of the liver deuterium-labeled fatty acids in Oxylipins can be esterified into phospholipids or tri- an isolated, perfused liver model will be used. glycerides and circulate in plasma lipoproteins to be used or stored by peripheral tissues (Shearer & Newman, 2009). In fact, the majority of oxylipins circulating in plasma are esterified in 1.1 | Hypotheses the lipoproteins (Newman, Pedersen, Brandenburg, Harris, & Shearer, 2014; Schebb et al., 2014; Shearer & Walker, 2018). In this study, we aim to demonstrate a role for the liver in modi- Oxylipins circulating in lipoproteins can be released by lipopro- fying VLDL composition by testing the following hypotheses: tein lipase and taken up directly into cells or bind to cell surface (a) circulating nonesterified PUFAs such as LA are precur- receptors (Shearer & Newman, 2008; Wang et al., 2009), pro- sors for VLDL-oxylipins; (b) hepatic conversion of PUFAs to viding a potential systemic signaling role for lipoprotein oxylip- VLDL-oxylipins is responsive to a pro-inflammatory stimuli ins (Shearer & Newman, 2009). Very low-density lipoproteins such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS); (c) stabilization of (VLDL), the primary carriers of plasma triglycerides, are syn- lipid epoxides by a sEH-inhibitor will increase VLDL-EpOME thesized in the liver, but it is unknown whether the liver regu- content; (d) that oxylipin content of VLDL is determined by lates the incorporation of esterified oxylipins into the VLDL. the kinetics of hepatic fatty acid uptake, but this correlation is There is evidence that VLDL particles can directly interact altered by LPS and sEH inhibition (sEHi). To test these hypoth- with endothelial cells, which can induce a pro-inflammatory eses, we used a perfused rat liver model and mechanistic kinetic response and alter cell membrane characteristics (Magnifico analysis by multi-compartmental modeling. et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2009; Wang, Sapuri-Butti, Aung, Parikh, & Rutledge, 2008), contributing to vascular dysfunc- tion. Oxylipins in VLDL could be a potential molecular expla- 2 | MATERIALS AND METHODS nation for the role of VLDL in inflammation. Each lipoprotein class has its own unique profile of oxylip- 2.1 | Animals and experimental design ins (Newman, Kaysen, Hammock, and Shearer 2007; Newman et al., 2014; Proudfoot et al., 2009; Shearer et al., 2018), and Male Sprague–Dawley rats, weighing 250 g, were purchased VLDL are especially important transporters of epoxides, from Charles River (N = 16) and kept under 12 hr light/dark WALKER ET AL. | 3 of 13 cycle with ad libitum access to food and water for 4–6 weeks. The aqueous component was isolated from erythrocytes One day before planned terminal experiments, rats were through centrifugation at 300g for 10 min.
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