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Cayman--Eicosanoids.Pdf EICOSANOIDS vol. 20 Ei Eicosanoids 800.364.9897 www.caymanchem.com Introduction to Eicosanoids Paper wasps, as shown on the cover, are representative of stinging insects in that their sting injects a venom containing a mixture of bioactive compounds. However, the venom of vespids (wasps, hornets) differs from that of other insects, including the apids (honey bees, bumble bees). Vespid venom includes histamine, which causes swelling, pain, and itching, as well as components which stimulate mast cells to release histamine and the eicosanoids prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene C4. These bioactive lipids drive bronchoconstriction and edema, meaning that the wasp sting can be lethal if it occurs near the throat. Moreover, these mediators, with other components in wasp venom, contribute to the development of an allergic response. Sensitization to wasp venom can occur after a single sting, presenting the possibility of a potentially life-threatening anaphylactic reaction at some later date. The venom of bees contrasts with that of the wasp in that it contains abundant melittin, a peptide which directly associates with cellular membranes and stimulates the action of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). As described on page 48 of this catalog, cPLA2 plays a critical role in the release of arachidonic acid for the generation of eicosanoids. Bee venom also includes a small (19 kDa) PLA2, unique to bees, which contributes to an allergic response. However, allergy to bee venom requires being stung frequently by bees and, as a result, is less common than sensitivity to wasp stings. Notably, individuals who are allergic to wasp venom are rarely allergic to bee venom. The roles for eicosanoids in insect stings are indicative of the diversity of actions for these bioactive lipids. Cayman invites you to learn more about eicosanoids by offering you topical updates in this catalog. Of course, we are also creating a buzz by offering the latest reagents and assay kits for eicosanoid research. In addition, Cayman performs cGMP production of prostaglandins for human and veterinarian use; some of these active pharmaceutical ingredients are profiled in an article on page 28. To help make your research possible, we also offer our expertise and facilities through our Contract Services, where we analyze your samples, run your samples in our assays, and perform custom chemical syntheses. Visit our website, caymanchem.com, or call us to find out how we can work together to further your understanding of eicosanoids. [Ordering Information] [Table of Contents] EICOSANOIDS 2 2013 VOLUME 20 EICOSANOIDS 3 2013 VOLUME 20 Cayman Chemical www.caymanchem.com Cayman Chemical www.caymanchem.com Eicosanoids Leukotrienes – Something Old, Something New 4 Thomas G. Brock, Ph.D. [Products] 6 Biochemicals EP2 and EP4, Sibling PGE2 Receptors 16 Thomas G. Brock, Ph.D. APIs – Prostaglandins with a Purpose 28 Thomas G. Brock, Ph.D. Hypertension and Eicosanoids Ordering Information 38 Thomas G. Brock, Ph.D. Intracellular PLA2 activation and Orders are accepted by telephone, fax, mail, e-mail, or via the Cayman Chemical website. We will accept Use of Research Products functional cooperation telephone orders Monday through Friday from 8 AM to 6 PM EST. All orders received by 1 PM EST will be The products in this catalog are not for human or veterinary disease diagnosis or therapeutic drug use. They shipped the same day if stock is available (Monday through Thursday only). Confirming purchase orders should be used only by technically qualified individuals or those under their direct supervision. Any individual Olivia L. May, Ph.D. must be clearly marked as such to avoid possibility of duplication. working directly with these products should have free access to the applicable Safety Data Sheet (SDS) and 48 should read and understand it completely prior to use. Please contact our Customer Service Department or visit Domestic Shipments the specific product page on our website if you require additional copies of any SDS. In most instances we ship FedEx Standard Overnight Delivery (not available to all locations), with delivery by 3:30 PM of the next business day. Product availability may vary. Local delivery is available for the Ann Patent Disclaimer [Products] Arbor area only. Other shipping options will be considered upon request, but can be granted only under The end-user assumes full responsibility for appropriate licensing and/or non-infringement for any conditions that will ensure the quality of the product. Freight is prepaid and added to the invoice. Please proprietary claim or patent. inquire at the time of order for an estimate of the freight charges. If you wish us to ship collect, please 50 Antibodies supply a valid account number when ordering. Please address all orders to: Cayman Chemical Company Toll-free Phone: (800) 364-9897 1180 E. Ellsworth Road Fax: (734) 971-3640 Warranty and Limitation of Remedy Ann Arbor, MI 48108 USA E-mail: [email protected] [Products] Phone: (734) 971-3335 www.caymanchem.com Cayman Chemical Company makes no warranty or guarantee of any kind, whether written or oral, 53 Assay Kits Include the following information with your order: 1. Catalog number, description, size, and quantity desired. expressed or implied, including without limitation, any warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, non 2. Complete shipping address. (Delivery is not available to post office box numbers.) infringement, suitability, and merchantability, which extends beyond the description of the chemicals 3. A complete billing address. hereof. Cayman warrants only to the original customer that the material will meet our specifications at 4. A purchase order number or major credit card (Visa, MasterCard, or American Express), account the time of delivery. Cayman will carry out its delivery obligations with due care and skill. Thus, in no event will Cayman have any obligation or liability, whether in tort (including negligence) or in contract, number, and expiration date. [Products] 5. Name of the end user. for any direct, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, even if Cayman is informed about their possible existence. This limitation of liability does not apply in the case of intentional acts or negligence of Cayman, its directors or its employees. Buyer’s exclusive remedy and Cayman’s sole liability hereunder 61 Proteins Terms 1. U.S. funds only, drawn on a U.S. bank. shall be limited to a refund of the purchase price, or at Cayman’s option, the replacement, at no cost to 2. Net 30 days. Buyer, of all material that does not meet our specifications. Said refund or replacement is conditioned 3. F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. on Buyer giving written notice to Cayman within thirty (30) days after arrival of the material at its 4. Bank fees and wire transfer fees are not to be deducted from the invoice amount. destination. Failure of Buyer to give said notice within thirty (30) days shall constitute a waiver by Buyer of all claims hereunder with respect to said material. Neither party shall be liable to the other in any [Information] Returns manner for the failure of or delay in the fulfillment of all or part of their obligations, resulting from causes Products cannot be returned without prior authorization from Cayman Chemical Company. Please or circumstances beyond their reasonable control including, but not limited to, floods, fires, hurricanes, 62 Indices contact our Customer Service Department for return shipping instructions. Custom orders and tornadoes, earthquakes, other natural calamities and extraordinary weather, insurrections, wars, acts radioactive material cannot be accepted for return credit if due to a customer’s error. of terrorism, riots, embargoes, governmental refusals to issue approval for export, other governmental orders or restrictions, shortages of shipping vehicles, delays in transportation, inability to obtain supplies n Technical Assistance and materials, strikes, and lockouts. Technical assistance is available from 8 AM to 5:30 PM EST. If inquiring about a purchased product, please [Information] provide the catalog number, lot number, and date of purchase to our technical staff so they may answer your questions quickly. Technical assistance may be reached toll free at 888-526-5351, via e-mail at 75 Abbreviations [email protected], or on the web at www.caymanchem.com/techserv. For Laboratory Use Only. Not for human or veterinary diagnostic or therapeutic use. For current US pricing see www.caymanchem.com. For current European or other overseas pricing, see www.caymaneurope.com or contact your local distributor. [Article: Leukotrienes – Something Old, Something New] Figure 2. Following focal injury (dotted circle, left), scout neutrophils rapidly migrate from capillaries to the damage site (center). Subsequent swarming and clustering of additional neutrophils is mediated by LTB4. LEUKOTRIENES Something Old • Something New Injury Localized Response Swarming Response case for EIB, CysLT receptor antagonists are useful in treating experimental purinergic receptors and GPR99 shares features with P2Y1 receptors, although Dengue Virus infection. Also, the production of CysLTs in asthma may be it is not in that subfamily.25 That is, it remains possible that GPR99 dimerizes 16 regulated by a novel secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-X). This enzyme, with another unidentified protein, the true receptor for LTE4. The authors which is released from epithelial cells, is increased in the airways of patients with are careful not to over-interpret their data; however, it seems reasonable to EIB and initiates eicosanoid synthesis in target cells, including eosinophils. anticipate that GPR99 will prove to be a third CysLT receptor. n Primary Ligands by [Thomas G. Brock, Ph.D.] LTs in Your Head Receptor Alternative Names Ligands (binding affinity) Broadly speaking, LTB4 is produced by neutrophils and drives inflammation, LTB (0.154 nM), ATP in the form of leukocyte recruitment, while CysLTs, key mediators generated BLT LTB4R1, P2Y7, GPR16 LTB > ATP >> UTP = ADP 4 Leukotrienes (LTs) are well-known lipid mediators.
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