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CHAPTER 1 General Introduction 1 a Degrande The real voyage of discovery lies not in seeking new land, But in seeing with new eyes Marcel Proust Promotors : Prof. dr. ir. P Van Damme Department of Plant Production, Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agronomy and Ethnobotany Dr. S Franzel World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya Dean : Prof. dr. ir. H Van Langenhove Rector : Prof. dr. P Van Cauwenberge ii Ann M.I. DEGRANDE Adoption Potential of two Agroforestry Technologies: Improved Fallows and Domestication of Indigenous Fruit Trees in the Humid Forest and Savannah Zones of Cameroon Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences iii Adoptiepotentieel van twee Land-en Bosbouwtechnieken: Verbeterd Braakland en Domesticatie van Inheemse Fruitbomen in de Vochtige Bos- en Savannestreken in Kameroen Illustrations: Front cover: Patrice Ondobo with honey from beehives in his calliandra fallow plot Back cover: Diversity of indigenous tree products in a Cameroonian market Correct citation: Degrande A. 2005. Adoption Potential of two Agroforestry Technologies: Improved Fallows and Domestication of Indigenous Fruit Trees in the Humid Forest and Savannah Zones of Cameroon. PhD-thesis. Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium. 245p. ISBN 90-5989-099-X The author and the promoters give the authorization to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. 1 CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii SAMENVATTING v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi RESUME xv FIGURES xx TABLES xxii TEXT BOXES xxviv ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xxv CHAPTER 1 General Introduction 1 A Degrande CHAPTER 2 The Fundamentals of Diffusion and Adoption 5 A Degrande CHAPTER 3 Evaluating Agroforestry Technologies with Farmers: Approaches and Tools 31 A Degrande, Z Tchoundjeu, S Franzel and J Kanmegne CHAPTER 4 Farmer Livelihoods in the Humid Forest and Savannah Zones of Cameroon 63 A Degrande, K Schreckenberg, C Mbosso and C Mfoumou CHAPTER 5 Adoption Potential of Improved Tree and Shrub Fallows 111 A Degrande, J Kanmegne, S Franzel and P Van Damme CHAPTER 6 Adoption Potential of Tree Domestication 147 A Degrande, Z Tchoundjeu, P Mbile and P Van Damme i CHAPTER 7 General Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research and Development Activities 185 A Degrande REFERENCES 203 ANNEX 1 Diagram of treatments in a tree fallow on-station trial, Yaoundé, Cameroon 223 ANNEX 2 Cost-benefit analysis of rotational hedgerow intercropping compared to natural fallow, humid forest zone, Cameroon 224 ANNEX 3 Diagram of hedgerow intercropping cycle with and without cassava 228 ANNEX 4 Cajanus cajan shrub fallow cycle 229 ANNEX 5 Cost-benefit analysis of cajanus shrub fallow compared to natural fallow, humid forest zone, Cameroon 230 ANNEX 6 Cost-benefit analysis of a vegetative propagation unit 233 ANNEX 7 Glossary 239 CURRICULUM VITAE 243 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was accomplished with the support of many people, but mentioning them all would be impossible. The research work was carried out over a period of 10 years as part of the World Agroforestry Centre’s African Humid Tropics Regional Programme. Therefore, many institutions gave their financial support: BMZ, DFID, ICRAF, IFAD, USAID, VVOB and the Government of Cameroon. I am particular grateful to Prof Dr ir Patrick Van Damme, my promoter and Dr Steve Franzel, co-promoter who have guided me throughout this thesis with their valuable comments, encouragements and criticism. I am indebted to Dr Zac Tchoundjeu, regional coordinator of ICRAF-AHT for his patience and encouragements and for giving me time off to write. Many thanks also to Dr Tony Simons, 'Trees and Markets’ theme leader at ICRAF, for encouraging me to start this Ph.D., and to Dr Bahiru Duguma, former regional coordinator of ICRAF-Humid Lowlands of West Africa, for initiating me into the world of research. During the research, I enjoyed the company of many colleagues from ICRAF but also from other research institutions. To my colleagues of the first hours, and to those who just joined the team, thank you for the motivation and useful contributions. A word of thank to all the students who helped me in collecting data. I also want to acknowledge the assistance of the staff of the Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agronomy and Ethnobotany, University of Gent, and in particular I wish to thank Annita for her sympathy. I am particularly thankful to two colleagues, with whom I have been sharing office. As they know, more than once, brainstorming started in the office but continued after working hours in a more relaxing environment. Jacques and Peter, know that without the excellent stress- releasers, this work would never have seen the light! I hope that through this work I have paid a modest tribute to all the farmers, with whom I have been interacting. Special thanks go to Patrice, Guillaume and Emmanuel for their genuine contributions to better insights and comprehension of rural life and their ever- lasting enthusiasm and engagement to bring up their communities. I also recognise the friendship of Eddy, Thomas, Jeanette, Antoine, Tabe, Carine, Charlie, Clement, Serge, Louis, Rene, Solange, and many more … You are the people who helped me chase the lonely moments and who turned Cameroon from a foreign country into my second home. I am also grateful to the people who looked after me, and took care of the house when I was on the road once again: Theodore, Janvier, Oumarou and Eveline. iii I cannot find the right words to thank my Mam and Dad. By showing the example of hard work, warm loving care, social engagement and love for nature, they have enabled me to take up this work and persevere. My sister Leen has been a faithful companion on my road as she accepted to share some challenging moments of my life in Cameroon. To Jan, Anja, Paul, Sylvie, Evelien, Tom, Sofie and Femke: thank you for making me still feel at home in Lovendegem although I have been working abroad for quite some time now. Finally, I would like to say many thanks to Bertin for his sense of criticism, his thirst for sustainable development, but most of all for his love and encouragements. I wish that together we would be proud of this achievement. iv SAMENVATTING Achtergrond en doelstellingen West- en Centraal-Afrika kampt met snelle bosdegradatie, verslechtering van de bodemvruchtbaarheid en schrijnende armoede. Het World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) voert daarom onderzoek uit naar land- en bosbouwtechnieken die als doel hebben de bosdegradatie en vermindering van de bodemvruchtbaarheid tegen te gaan. Van 1987 tot 1998 was het onderzoek gericht op de ontwikkeling van verbeterde braaklandtechnieken door middel van het planten van vluggroeiende en stikstoffixerende bomen en struiken die de bodemvruchtbaarheid sneller herstellen dan de spontane braakvegetatie. In 1999 herorienteerde ICRAF haar onderzoek in de vochtige tropen van Afrika. Nu is het centrum actief in de domesticatie van inheemse fruit en medicinale boomsoorten. Dit onderzoeksprogramma heeft als doelstelling het inkomen van de plaatselijke bevolking te verhogen, te stabiliseren en te diversifiëren en de gezondheidszorg in landelijke streken te verbeteren, en dit zonder de biodiversiteit en het milieu schade te berokkenen. De onderzoeksmethode die daartoe gebruikt wordt, legt de nadruk op de actieve participatie van de doelgroep in de ontwikkeling en evaluatie van nieuwe technieken met het oog op een hogere adoptiegraad. De evaluatie van het adoptiepotentieel van innovaties maakt integraal deel uit van een participatief en doelgroepgeoriënteerde onderzoeks- en ontwikkelingsmodel. Het verbetert de doeltreffendheid in de ontwikkeling en vulgarisatie van nieuwe technieken, helpt in de documentatie van de geboekte vooruitgang en levert nuttige informatie op die de onderzoeks- en vulgarisatieprogramma’s kan verbeteren. Het laat eveneens toe de politieke en andere factoren die leiden tot suksesvolle ontwikkeling van technieken te bepalen, evenals de factoren die het bereiken van de vooropgestelde doelstellingen belemmeren. De hier voorgestelde studie heeft als hoofddoelstelling het adoptiepotentieel van land- en bosbouwtechnieken door boeren in de vochtige bos- en savannestreken in Kameroen na te gaan. Tevens worden methodes ter verbetering en versnelling van deze adoptie voorgesteld. Verschillende aspecten die de adoptie van land- en bosbouwtechnieken beïnvloeden, worden bestudeerd, zich inspirerend op de literatuur i.v.m. “besluitvorming in het aanvaarden en adopteren van innovaties”: - de karakteristieken van de technieken zelf, namelijk biofysische doeltreffendheid en technische vereisten, graad van complexiteit, financiële rentabiliteit, aanvaardbaarheid, waarneming van de gebruikers betreffende voor- en nadelen, relevantie en verenigbaarheid met andere landbouwpraktijken; en - de bestaande landbouwsystemen en levensonderhoudstrategieën van de boeren, met het oog op het bepalen van interventiepunten voor de voorgestelde innovaties. v In de studie wordt ook aandacht geschonken aan de participatieve aanpak die gebruikt werd in de ontwikkeling van nieuwe land- en bosbouwtechnieken met de bedoeling de onderzoeksmethodes te verbeteren. Onderzoeksmethodes De manier waarop het adoptiepotentieel van landbouwtechnieken geëvalueerd wordt, is in de laatste decenia grondig geëvolueerd. De huidige kennis over het proces van besluitvorming i.v.m. innovaties en adoptie van
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