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IJIR Paper Template Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-5, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in The impact of mining on the Environment in Gwanda District Zimbabwe: A case study of Blanket Mine 1Maligana Mathe and 2Anthony Phiri 1,2Zimbabwe Open University, Faculty of Science and Technology Box MP1119. Mount Pleasant. Harare. Zimbabwe Abstract: Environment has been an essential source reflect the high dependence on minerals in various for the livelihood of people and other living things. countries. An environment is our surrounding and that South Africa used to have large gold surrounding includes the air, water and the soil. deposits and the country economy was heavily These three components of the environment were supported by mining as it was predominantly its subjected to anthropogenic impacts due to mining biggest earner of foreign currency. Gold mining has and consequently polluted the environment. Mining contributed about 27.4% revenue for the Republic of has always been the major sustaining activity but South Africa and the sector employed about 56% of with negative impacts on the environment; as a South Africa’s workforce, [10]. For countries like result, the physical environment in Blanket Mine Zimbabwe, Botswana and other African nations, area was adversely affected. Due to the challenges mining has been the backbone of their economies. In that people found themselves in as a result of mining Ghana mining contributed 42% to the country’s it was essential to investigate the anthropogenic foreign earner and by then it was a leading foreign causes of air pollution, land pollution as well as the earner [8]. It was reported that gold earning in Ghana degradation of land in a mining area at Blanket increased to US$600 million and the country also Mine in Gwanda. The analysis of the data was accounted about 90% of mineral output surpassing guided by the objectives of the study. It was found cocoa earnings hic hued to be the main foreign out that mining activities in Blanket Mine have earner in Ghana, [2]. Basing on these findings, there altered the ecosystem in a physical and chemical was no doubt that mining contributed immensely aspect of the environment. towards the welfare of the people as well as the foreign earnings. Key terms: anthropogenic causes; pollution, mining, In Gwanda, gold production arena was environmental impact; Blanket Mine dominated by foreign owned company named Caledonia Mining Company, which bought Blanket 1. INTRODUCTION Gold Mine from Kinross Gold Corporation in 2006. To realize economic growth, many countries resort to Caledonia Mining Company was known to be the extraction of various natural resources and the producing about half of the gold tapped from most common activity being mining. As a result, Gwanda District. According to [10] the company mining was important in Gwanda because it was produced 37 tons from the three mines in 2003. Most found to have had two effects, it offered jobs and gold mines in Zimbabwe are on the green stone belt, also contributed to the country’s GDP earnings. [8]. Zimbabwe’s huge economic potential was Research showed that in 1998, North America earned mineral based because of the mineral deposits she more than US$70 billion from the sale of minerals has and that dated back to the pre-colonial times. In and the mining sector also employed about a million 2009, several local people were granted mineral people, [10]. It was noted that in Peru, the mining rights for the exploration of gold. That led to the industry contributed about 50% of their yearly export partitioning and fencing that took place in the incomes. It was also recorded that in 1993, the mines district. One issue that was not taken into contributed $240 million was received in taxes in consideration was that mining has impacted the Peru. $400 million was used for construction, $280 environment negatively. The study investigated the million was used on imports and more than 11% was impact caused by mining on the ecosystem. from the Gross Domestic Product [1]. Such statistics Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 503 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-5, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in The study established that the extraction of managed and effectively co-ordinated. Africa has minerals’ increased investment which was achieved had a lot of wars that resulted from the discovery of at the expense of the environment, and the social cost precious stones. A few examples were Sierra Leone, to the communities around Blanket Mine. For DRC, and Zimbabwe with the discovery of the example in, March 2013 there was a public outcry Marange Diamonds fields. The economic gains of against Blanket Mine when cyanide was found in the mining by a country were that employment was main source of water for Gwanda town which forced created and the country earned foreign currency residents to go for weeks without drinking water. through the sale of the mineral resources. Studies The Authorities in the mine and the Minister of that had been conducted and they looked at the Minerals and Water conceded that the mining environment and socio-economic impact of mining activity was inherently a major polluter and a source on the environment. It was found that some mines of the cyanide that was found in water, [15]. had put in place measures to mitigate their impact on the environment and the people’s livelihood. 2. OBJECTIVES THAT GUIDED THE The study was significant as it took a broad RESEARCH WERE: investigation on the environment and socio- economic impact that resulted from mining at • Assess the impact of the mining industry on Blanket Mine. The paper would help reduce the the ecosystem. prevalence of hazards caused by mining in Gwanda • Determine prevalence of disasters that and the findings were valuable to other regions and resulted from mining in Blanket Mine. other countries that have resources to be mined or • Examine interventional measures Blanket those that also extracted mineral resources from the Mine put in place to promote sound earth. Legislatures and policy makers would find the livelihood of residents in the surrounding issues important in policy debate, which may inform communities policy making. 3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS OF THE 6. METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA STUDY: Several methods of collecting data from the • What types of negative impacts were respondents were used. The idea was to capture their associated with mining at Blanket Mine? awareness and how they perceived mining regarding • To what extent does mining impact on the its impact on the environment as well as on the environment? health of people in the mining area. Data was • What mitigation measures were put in place collected using primary sources as they provided first by Blanket Mine to contain the hand and vivid information on how mining impinged environmental challenges on the biotic and abiotic components of the environment. 4. ASSUMPTIONS 6.1 SOURCES OF DATA AND DATA The extraction of minerals had both benefits to the COLLECTION nation state as well as to individuals as it created employment for the people. It is assumed that mining These methods included, conducting of interviews to activity contributed towards the country’s economic Blanket Mine community and some mine workers. In development. On the other end mining activities addition, there were interviews that were extended to involve a lot of digging, earth moving as well as Blanket Mine officials as well as the residents in the treating the ore with chemicals which lead to huge mine and in Gwanda town. There were also degradation of the environment. All forms of interviews with other opinion leaders in the pollution existed in a mining area and because the surrounding areas such as from Sigodo village which focus of the miner was the economic gain the is less than a kilometer from the mine. Field environment is not taken into consideration. It is observations were undertaken in the mine area and assumed that mining is good but the question can be outside the mining area to establish if there were on health of the people as well as the state of the symptoms of the environmental pollution. environment. Community workshops were also used to collect data, on the environmental impact of mining 5. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY activities in Gwanda District. Mining has been an important business venture for any country rich in minerals. Economic gains can be realized if the extraction of minerals was well Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 504 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-5, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in 6.1.1 THE OBSERVATION METHOD methods of collecting data so to generate credible data. Observation was seen as an interactive method of gathering data [9], and the researcher spent a 6.1.3. COMMUNITY WORKSHOP METHOD substantial period of time among the community to a point that he was more like a member of the A community workshop was also used as a data community in the study. [6] defined participatory collecting tool. The method was relevant when observation by saying, “…research method that aims conducting an environmental impact assessment. to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given Observations on the respondents were made and group of individuals and their practices through an recorded in a debating manner which also proposed intensive involvement with people in their natural the way forward to sustainable management of the environment.” The method enabled an in-depth data environment. Responses from the community collection. Observation method was relevant to this workshop were recorded using a recording device. study because Environmental Impact Assessment This enabled the researcher to electronically store the relied on observation in collecting data.
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