DOCSLIB.ORG

Clifford Mabhena

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Clifford Mabhena ‘Visible Hectares, Vanishing Livelihoods’: A case of the Fast Track Land Reform and Resettlement Programme in southern Matabeleland - Zimbabwe Clifford Mabhena Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Social Sciences (Development Studies) Faculty of Social Science and Humanities University of Fort Hare 2010 i Declaration This work has not been previously submitted in whole, or in part, for the award of any other degree. It is my work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this dissertation from the work of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. Signature Date ii Abstract: Land reform has been going on in Zimbabwe since the state attained independence from Britain in 1980 as a way of enhancing agrarian livelihoods for the formerly marginalized people. This study argues that, the Land Reform Programme in Southern Matabeleland rather than enhancing agrarian livelihoods, well established livelihoods have actually been drastically reduced. This has been exacerbated by the state programme of land re-distribution that prescribes a „one size fits all‟ model. Yet this is contrary to the thinking in development discourse that equitable land distribution increases rural livelihoods. As a way of gathering data this study utilized ethnography and case study methodologies. I spent two years interacting and interviewing purposively selected new resettles, communal residents, migrant workers and gold panners in this region. Results from this study confirm that, land reform has greatly reduced livelihoods, particularly agrarian livelihoods. Also, this research has found out that, the majority of residents now depend on off-farm livelihoods such as gold panning and migration to neighbouring South Africa. This thesis therefore concludes that, despite a massive expropriation of former commercial farms, people of Southern Matabeleland have not benefitted much as the village settlements (A1) and the small size farms (A2) have not received support from this live-stocking community. People in this region pin their hopes on livestock rearing to sustain their livelihoods and this study therefore recommends that, any agrarian transformation programmes should address the issues that promote livestock rearing. iii Acknowledgements Many thanks to all the fieldwork participants whose thoughts and perceptions form the bedrock of this study; and particularly my key informants Thabani Moyo, Dula Ncube, Ronnie Sibanda and Thabiso Mlilo for their interest, enthusiasm and commitment to seeing my fieldwork a success. I acknowledge the unwavering support given by the Provincial land officer, Mr. Moyo for allowing me to use his District Land Officers for Gwanda and Umzingwane districts as key contacts in conducting fieldwork in resettlement areas. Special thanks to Thabani Moyo for facilitating rapport with politically charged District Land Committees. I am deeply grateful to my supervisor Professor Leslie John Bank, for his guidance, patience and hard work throughout the years. Without his encouragement and invaluable comments this thesis would never have been written. For their intellectual input many thanks to Professor Gary Minkley and Dr Erik Hofstee. To Govan Mbeki Research and Development Centre I pay my gratitude for the financial support you provided to make this study possible. I do not know how to express deep gratitude I owe to my family in particular my wife Violet Mabhena (nee Zulu) and my daughter Ntombikayise Mabhena who endured long periods of separation while I was pursuing this study. I dedicate this thesis to you, and god bless you my darlings. Last but not least I thank my parents Jerick Mabhena and Cecelia Mabhena for encouraging me to pursue a study at this level whilst they are still alive. I thank you. iv Table of Contents Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. ii Abstract: ................................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ iv Matabeleland South Map ............................................................................................................. ix Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................ x CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION: CONTEXTUALISNG RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND LIVELIHOOD IN SOUTHERN MATABELELAND ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1:1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1:2 Debating Land Reform ...................................................................................................................... 3 1:3 Perspectives on Development .......................................................................................................... 8 1:4 The Top-Down and the bottom up paradigms ............................................................................... 13 1:5 Matabeleland and the dilemma of internal colonization ............................................................... 18 1:6 Sustainable Livelihoods paradigm .................................................................................................. 21 1:7 Agrarian livelihoods imposed.......................................................................................................... 26 1:8 Location of study districts in Matabeleland South ......................................................................... 32 1:9 The study area................................................................................................................................. 34 1:10 Research Methods: approaches and orientation ......................................................................... 39 1:11 Thesis map .................................................................................................................................... 44 Chapter Two .......................................................................................................................................... 47 Ethnicity and the Dynamics of Political Domination in Southern Matabeleland ................................. 47 2:1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 47 2:2 Making of Ethnicity before Independence ..................................................................................... 48 2:3 Chiefship and Ethnicity in Wenlock ................................................................................................ 50 2:4 Traditional structures as colonial agents ........................................................................................ 54 2:5 The problems of eviction ................................................................................................................ 56 v 2:6 Transition to independence and Gukurahundi ............................................................................... 58 2:7 Gukurahundi and revival of ethnicity ............................................................................................. 62 2:8 Development, Changing Authorities and Internal Colonialism 1980-1988 .................................... 64 2:9 Post-Unity and the development agenda 1987-2007 ..................................................................... 68 2:10 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................................................... 77 The Fast Track Land Reform and Resettlement Programme and its Consequences ............................ 77 3:1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 77 3:2 Land apportionment and uses before the Fast Track ..................................................................... 79 3:3 Politics of Land distribution and unsettled land in Southern Matabeleland .................................. 81 3:4 Fast-track land distribution in Southern Matabeleland .................................................................. 88 3:5 Land Reforms: a comparative assessment ................................................................................... 101 3:6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 108 Chapter 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 110 Living off the Land: Pastoral and Agrarian Livelihoods ....................................................................... 110 4:1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Zimbabwe Rapid Response Drought 2015
    Resident / Humanitarian Coordinator Report on the use of CERF funds RESIDENT / HUMANITARIAN COORDINATOR REPORT ON THE USE OF CERF FUNDS ZIMBABWE RAPID RESPONSE DROUGHT 2015 RESIDENT/HUMANITARIAN COORDINATOR Bishow Parajuli REPORTING PROCESS AND CONSULTATION SUMMARY a. Please indicate when the After Action Review (AAR) was conducted and who participated. The CERF After Action Review took place on 25 May 2016. The review brought together focal points from the following key sectors and agencies: Health and Nutrition: UNICEF and WHO, Agriculture: FAO, Food Security: WFP and WASH: UNICEF. Considering the importance of the lessons learnt element, some sectors which did not benefit from the funding did nevertheless participate in order to gain a better understanding of CERF priorities, requirements and implementation strategies. b. Please confirm that the Resident Coordinator and/or Humanitarian Coordinator (RC/HC) Report was discussed in the Humanitarian and/or UN Country Team and by cluster/sector coordinators as outlined in the guidelines. YES X NO Sector focal points were part of the CERF consultation from inception through to final reporting. In addition, a CERF update was a standing agenda item discussed during the monthly Humanitarian Country Team meetings. c. Was the final version of the RC/HC Report shared for review with in-country stakeholders as recommended in the guidelines (i.e. the CERF recipient agencies and their implementing partners, cluster/sector coordinators and members and relevant government counterparts)? YES X NO All
    [Show full text]
  • GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 31ST Ocromer, 1986
    _ ZIMBABWEAN GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Po a a Published by Authority ra Vol. LXIV, No. 56 31st OCTOBER, 1986 . Price 40c ’ General Notice 740 of 1986. The service to operate as follows— - . ; (a) depart Bulawayo Wednesday and Saturday 9 a.m., arrive i Se at ROAD MOTOR TRANSPORTATION ACT [CHAPTER262] Shashi 2.15 p.m.; i eae (b) depart, Bulawayo ¢ Friday and Sunday..5 p.m., arrive ‘ Applications in Connexion with Road Service Permits . Shashi 10.15 p.m.; , , (c) depart Shashi Monday and Thursday ~ 6 am., arrive Bula- ‘IN terms of subsection (4) of section 7 of the Road Motor wayo 11.15 a.m.; Transportation Act [Chapter 262], notice is hereby given that. (d) depart Shashi Saturday 3.am., arrive Bulawayo the applications detailed in the Schedule, for the issue or . 7.15 a.m.; amendment of road service permits, have been received for the (e). depart Shashi Sunday 7 a.m., arrive Bulawayo 12.15 p.m. consideration of the Controller of Road Motor Transportation. - Any person wishing to object to any such applicationmust lodge with the Controller of Road Motor Transportation, Kukura Kurerwa Bus Co. ' P.O. Box 8332, Causeway— a LOVNAIROBL go186. Permit: 14411. Motor-omnibus. Passenger-capacity: (a) a notice, in writing, of-his intention to ‘object, so asto ~ each the Controller’s office not later than the 21st Route: Nyamasoto Airfield - Masosowa Kraal - Charuwa November; 1986; / Kraal - Fosiyasi Store - Jairosi Kraal - Chironga Mission - (b) his objection and the grounds therefore, on form R.M-T. Chawanda ~ Mt, Darwin - Argyle Park - Bindura - Wayerera "24, together with twocopies thereof, so as to reach the School - Muchapondwa School - Shangwa Kraal - Chabwino Controller’s office not later than the 12th December, Farm - Shamva Road Junction - Harare.
    [Show full text]
  • Download File
    Detailed timeline: Zimbabwe Rick de Satgé This timeline provides additional information to the Land Portal profile on Zimbabwe Year Event Context Land Portal Profile Tags Precolonial Zimbabwe was originally populated by A trading regime is developed between Shona polities and #Precolonial history history groups of San hunter gatherers. the Portuguese on the coast of Mozambique in the mid- The first Bantu speakers migrated into 1500s. the territory between 200-400 A.D. Shona speaking people settled on the Zimbabwean plateau around a thousand A.D. 1840’s An Nguni group, the Ndebele were Relations between Ndebele and various Shona polities in the #Precolonial history displaced during a period of social precolonial period combined periods of conflict, coexistence upheaval in South Africa known as the and assimilation. The Shona term describing the Ndebele as mfecane, first migrating from Zululand madzviti – ‘those who do not belong’1 provides an indicator up into the Transvaal, before settling in of the potential for future conflict and division. the south of modern-day Zimbabwe. 1881 Colonial concession seekers expand into The Ndebele leader Lobengula signs the Rudd Concession #Colonial encroachment present day Botswana and Zimbabwe in valid for 25 years, authorising “the complete and exclusive search of gold and minerals. charge over all metals and minerals situated and contained in my kingdoms, principalities, and dominions, together with full power to do all things that they may deem necessary to 1 (Ndlovu 2017: 117) 1 Year Event Context Land Portal Profile Tags win and procure the same, and to hold, collect, and enjoy the profits and revenues”.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire Report 2014
    ANNUAL FIRE REPORT 2014 FIRE Hay bailing along the Victoria Falls- Kazungula Road to reduce road side fires Page 1 of 24 ANNUAL FIRE REPORT 2014 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3 2.0 Fire Prediction Modelling ..................................................................................................................... 3 3.0 Fire Monitoring .................................................................................................................................... 7 4.0 Environmental Education and Training ................................................................................................ 8 5.0 EMA/ZRP Fire Management Awards ................................................................................................. 14 6.0 Law enforcement ............................................................................................................................... 17 7.0 Impacts of Fires .................................................................................................................................. 18 7.0 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 21 8.0 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 22 Annex 1: Pictures ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Making Sense of TB Data Guide for Collection, Analysis and Use of TB Data for Health Workers in Zimbabwe
    Ministry of Health and Child Care Zimbabwe National Tuberculosis Control Programme Making Sense of TB data Guide for collection, analysis and use of TB data for health workers in Zimbabwe 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Government of Zimbabwe is grateful to the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), through the TB CARE I/Challenge TB funding mechanisms, for the technical and financial support in developing this guide. The Ministry of Health and Child Care extends its profound gratitude to Dr Einar Heldal (Senior Consultant, The Union), Dr Riitta Dlodlo (Director - TB-HIV, The Union) and Dr. C Zishiri, (Country Director –Challenge TB and The Union), Dr. R. Ncube (Deputy Country Director Challenge TB and The Union), Dr Barnet Nyathi (former Country Director, TB CARE I and The Union) who provided technical support. A special recognition goes to Mr Nicholas Siziba, NTP Monitoring and Evaluation Officer and Mr Nqobile Mlilo, TB CARE I Monitoring and Evaluation Coordinator who worked tirelessly from the first to the final version of the guide. Remarkable acknowledgements go the Matabeleland South Provincial Health Executive and Umzingwane District Health Executive for providing their data. The following have made substantial contributions to the document. Name Designation P T Shiri National Programme Assistant, NTP M Mukorera Training Coordinator, TB CARE I, The Union E Basvi Data Manager, NTP S Khumalo Provincial TB and Leprosy Coordinator, Matabeleland North S
    [Show full text]
  • Approval Form
    APPROVAL FORM Midlands State University The undersigned certify that they have read and made recommendations to the Midlands State University for acceptance of a research project entitled: Rural Local Authorities and investment attraction. The case of UMzingwane Rural District Council. The project was submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Science Honours Degree in Local Governance Studies. Supervisor Signature ………………………………………Date ………/………/………… Chairperson Signature ………………………………………Date ………/………/………… i RELEASEFORM Name of Student: Khulani Dube Registration Number: R101338f Dissertation Title: Rural Local Authorities and investment attraction. The case of UMzingwane Rural District Council. Degree Title: Bachelor of Science Honours Degree inLocal Governance Studies. Year of Completion: 2013 Permission is hereby being granted to Midlands State University Library to produce copies of this dissertation to lendcopies for private, scholarly or scientific research only. The author reserves the publication rights. Neither the dissertation nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or reproduced without the author’s written permission. Signed……………………………………………………………………………………… Date……………………………………………………………………………………….. Contact Details:15255Pumula South Bulawayo Telephone Number: 0772 528 806 Email address : [email protected] ii DECLARATION I KhulaniDubedeclare that this research is my original work that has not been submitted to any other University. The sources I used have been acknowledged. Date : October 2013 Student’s name : KhulaniDube Signature : ………………… iii DEDICATIONS I dedicate this research to my aunt Mrs P Bhebhe and my mother Mrs P Dube. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my gratitudeto my learning institution Midlands State University for the consistent support in all my academic endeavours. Special mention is due to the Local Governance Studies Department and its dedicated staff for providing me with the necessary and requisite skills and knowledge that have proved to be useful during the compilation of this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Remaking History:Citizenship, Power, and the Recasting of Heroes and Villains
    REMAKING HISTORY:CITIZENSHIP, POWER, AND THE RECASTING OF HEROES AND VILLAINS BY DALE DORÉ In a reworked narrative on nationalism, veterans were cast as the heroic liberators of the land from whites, seen as unreconstructed racists, and a former colonial power which was, twenty years after independence, portrayed more fervently than ever as the obstacle to ‘real’ decolonisation. ~ Jocelyn Alexander1 SUMMARY Joseph Hanlon, Jeanette Manjengwa and Teresa Stewart’s book, Zimbabwe Takes Back the Land,2 gives fresh impetus to Scoones’ narrative on land.3 Their blurb on the back cover recognises the deprecations of the Mugabe government, but assures readers that “ordinary” Zimbabwean settlers took charge of their destinies, are improving their lives, and are becoming increasingly productive. Like Scoones, it is fundamentally a plea to the international community to support new farmers on contested land. The main thrust of their argument is that Zimbabweans justifiably and successfully took back their land from white Rhodesian colonialist farmers. In this paper I challenge their remaking of history that casts war veterans as heroes and white farmers as villains. I focus primarily on identity, citizenship, and belonging: what it means to be Zimbabwean. Contrary to this reworking of the nationalist narrative, I argue that the land invasions were primarily used as a means to crush the opposition and as a tool of patronage ahead of crucial elections. But more than this, land seizures follow a well-practiced pattern of widespread and systematic violence against civilians – from Gukurahundi and Murambatsvina, to premeditated political violence. Robert Mugabe’s single-minded purpose has been to maintain his imperious powers against the sovereign will of the people at any cost.
    [Show full text]
  • For Human Dignity
    ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION For Human Dignity REPORT ON: APRIL 2020 i DISTRIBUTED BY VERITAS e-mail: [email protected]; website: www.veritaszim.net Veritas makes every effort to ensure the provision of reliable information, but cannot take legal responsibility for information supplied. NATIONAL INQUIRY REPORT NATIONAL INQUIRY REPORT ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION For Human Dignity For Human Dignity TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................................. vii ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................................................... ix GLOSSARY OF TERMS .................................................................................................................................. xi PART A: INTRODUCTION TO THE NATIONAL INQUIRY PROCESS ................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Establishment of the National Inquiry and its Terms of Reference ....................................................... 2 1.2 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: THE NATIONAL INQUIRY PROCESS .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Provisional Constitutional Referendum Polling Stations 16 March 2013 Matabeleland South Province
    Matabeleland South Provisional Constitutional Referendum Polling Stations 16 March 2013 Matabeleland South Province DISTRICT CONSTITUENCY LOCAL AUTHORITY WARD# POLLING STATIONS FACILITY Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 1 Chikwalakwala Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 1 Chipise Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 1 Chitulipasi Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 1 Lungowe Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 1 Malabe Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 2 Chabili Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 2 Chapongwe Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 2 Dite Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 2 Lukumbwe Dip Tank Tent Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 2 Panda Mine Tent Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 2 Lukange Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 3 Chaswingo Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 3 Fula Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 3 Madaulo Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 3 Makombe Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge East Beitbridge RDC 3 Mandate Primary School Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge West Beitbridge RDC 4 Jopembe Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge West Beitbridge RDC 4 Mgaladivha Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge West Beitbridge RDC 4 Manazwe Area Tent Beitbridge Beitbridge West Beitbridge RDC 4 Matshiloni Primary School Beitbridge Beitbridge
    [Show full text]
  • Divergent Perspectives on the Land Reform in Zimbabwe 91 Approaches with Varying Implications
    90 Kudzayi Savious DIVERGENT PERSPECTIVES ON Tarisayi THE LAND REFORM IN ZIMBABWE Postdoctoral Fellow, Geography Education, School of Education, Abstract Edgewood Campus, University of A variety of views on land reform in Zimbabwe have KwaZulu-Natal. emerged in recent years. The background to the Email: TarisayiK@ukzn. discussion on the perspectives on the land reform ac.za revealed the significant contribution of the outcome of the February 2000 referendum on the Fast Track Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe. This paper interrogates DOI: https://dx.doi. the various views on land reform in Zimbabwe under org/10.18820/24150509/ four dominant perspectives: the political perspective, JCH44.v1.5 livelihoods perspective, human rights perspective and ISSN 0258-2422 (Print) agricultural perspective. The paper shows that there are ISSN 2415-0509 (Online) divergent views within these dominant perspectives. Journal for Contemporary One view within the political perspective holds that the History government ruling party, the Zimbabwe African National 2019 44(1):90-106 Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), led by Robert Mugabe, manipulated demand for land to gain political mileage. © Creative Commons With Views within the political perspective further argue that Attribution (CC-BY) land reform was used as a weapon against white farmers for allegedly supporting the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) opposition party. There was no consensus on what happened to the livelihoods of black farmers after the Fast Track Land Reform Programme. Whereas, within the livelihoods perspectives it was noted that the livelihoods of farmworkers declined. Keywords: land reform; political perspective; livelihoods perspective; agricultural productivity; human rights perspective; Zimbabwe Sleutelwoorde: grondhervorming; politieke perspektief; lewensbestaan perspektief; landbouproduksie; menseregte perspektief; Zimbabwe 1.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Vulnerability and Climate Adaptation Strategies of Rural Women in Chivi District, Zimbabwe
    AN ANALYSIS OF THE VULNERABILITY AND CLIMATE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES OF RURAL WOMEN IN CHIVI DISTRICT, ZIMBABWE. by TENDAI MAPINGURE (2018149134) Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters in Disaster Management in the FACULTY OF NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE STUDY LEADER: DR. J. BELLE 2020 DECLARATION I, Tendai Mapingure, hereby declare that the submission I have made in respect of the Master’s degree in Disaster Management at the University of the Free State is my own work and has not been submitted to any other University or towards any other qualification. I moreover proclaim that acknowledgement has been given to all sources that have been utilised throughout the compilation of the study. Date: ___/___/ 2020 ______________ Tendai Mapingure i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I hereby acknowledge the untiring support, mentorship and personal research experiences that I got from my supervisor Dr Belle. He believed in my capabilities and guided me with passion and patience that encouraged me to enjoy the journey of research. To all the Disaster Management Staff, your words of encouragement and optimism made difficult tasks easy and doable. Your assurance gave me hope and inspiration, you are highly appreciated. My brothers Richard and Onias, your support and advice is greatly appreciated. I also express my profound gratitude to my only beloved sister, Lucia thank you for your moral support any encouragement. Last but not least, the Almighty, you sent a strong support team throughout my studies, blessed me with a gift of life. Without all these I would not have made it.
    [Show full text]
  • ZANU-PF's Use of Ethnic Conflict As a Means of Maintaining Political
    S TRATEGY OF D OMINATION ZANU-PF’S USE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING POLITICAL CONTROL IN ZIMBABWE, 1982-2006 Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy Thesis Submitted by Brian Eric Abrams 25 April 2006 © 2006 Brian Eric Abrams http://fletcher.tufts.edu Abstract Zimbabwe is currently a country in crisis politically and economically. President Robert Mugabe’s extreme policies against the opposition have led to Zimbabwe’s international isolation. Within Africa, however, Mugabe has largely been shielded from criticism. The framing of his campaign against the opposition within the rhetoric of anti- colonialism has created a veil of legitimacy behind which Mugabe has been free to act. This paper argues that Robert Mugabe and his ZANU-PF party have habitually used ethnic conflict as a self-serving political weapon in Zimbabwe. It first develops a two- tiered theoretical framework within which the case of Zimbabwe can analyzed. It then analyzes three case studies in which Mugabe utilized ethnic conflict to neutralize political opposition: the campaign against the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (1982-1987); the legitimization of the seizure of white-owned farms by ex-combatants (1998-2005); and the repression of the Movement for Democratic Change (2000-2006). 2 3 Table of Contents I. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................5 II. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]