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A Resource Book for Educational Institutions in Zimbabwe

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A Resource Book for Educational Institutions in Zimbabwe DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT A RESOURCE BOOK FOR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN ZIMBABWE PREPARED BY THE CIVIL PROTECTION ORGANISATION OF ZIMBABWE Empowered lives. Resilient nations. RESOURCE BOOK FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN ZIMBABWE PRODUCED BY THE NATIONAL CIVIL PROTECTION ORGANIZATION IN ZIMBABWE FOREWORD International trends indicate that disasters are increasing in intensity, complexity and magnitude. Zimbabwe has not been spared from this trend. It is against this background that the National Civil Protection Committee launched a strategy aimed at integrating emergency preparedness and disaster risk reduction into the education system of Zimbabwe in July 2003. The strategy seeks to mitigate against the effects of both natural and human induced emergencies on the education system thus contribute to improved awareness of disaster risk and readiness for emergencies in the country in general. A three pronged approach was adopted to ensure implementation of the strategy namely, disaster risk reduction initiatives in education infrastructure, development of an emergency preparedness and response manual for the education sector and inclusion of disaster risk management in education curricula together with the production of requisite reference materials. This book is a reference resource for use by teachers and educators. The book is a rich source of practical information drawn from scientific literature, disaster databases and field experiences from Zimbabwe. Teachers and educators should find this resource book useful in creating innovative training programs. These training programs should contribute to long term enhancement of national capacity for disaster risk management in this country. We applaud this remarkable achievement more so as disaster risk reduction is recognised as an intrinsic element of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005 – 2015). Hon, I.M.C Chombo M,P, Hon, D. Coltart, M,P, Hon, I.S.G. Mudenge, M,P Minister of Minister of Education, Minister of Higher Local Govt, Rural & Sport, Arts and Culture &Tertiary Education Urban Development i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Grateful acknowledgement to all who contributed to the successful publication of this book: ~Support and political will of the Ministers of Local Government Rural and Urban Development, Minister of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture and Minister of Higher and Tertiary Education ~ All members of the National Civil Protection Committee for nurturing the Strategy to Integrate Disaster Risk Reduction into Education culminating in the eventual publication of this book ~ The strategy planning team comprising ‘ Departments of Curriculum Development, Quality Assurance, Research and Policy Development; Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture, ‘Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education ‘ Department of Civil Protection, Ministry of Local Government Rural and Urban Development ~ National Civil Protection Committee experts on hydro meteorological, environmental, technological, geological and biological hazards for providing information on their respective areas of expertise ~The Technical Review Team comprising ‘Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, ‘World Health Organisation, ‘ Zimbabwe Electricity Distribution Company ‘ Departments of Curriculum Development, Quality Assurance, Research and Policy Development; Ministry of Education, Sport, Arts and Culture, ‘Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education ‘ Department of Civil Protection, Ministry of Local Government Rural and Urban Development for reviewing and updating the initial and subsequent drafts of the resource book ~Mr. Desmond Manatsa of the Bindura State University for compiling and consolidating draft submissions from various experts. ~UNDP for providing financial support for drafting, editing, typesetting and printing of this book ********************************************** ii Ministry of Local Government, Rural & Urban Development Makombe Building, Harare, Zimbabwe P O Box CY7706, Harare Tel 263 4 791287 Fax 263 4 703715 E -mail: [email protected] Website : www.zimdrm.gov.zw © Ministry of Local Government, Zimbabwe 2009 Reprinted 2013 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. ISBN 978-0-7974-4149-1 Edited by Megan Allardice Text typeset in 10/12 Times by Ladies’ Fingers Private Limited Illustrated by:- Ladies’ Fingers Private Limited Cover photographs by:- Department of Civil Protection & Ladies’ Fingers Private Limited Cover design by:- Department of Civil Protection Published by:- Civil Protection Organisation of Zimbabwe Reprinted by:- Uniprint, A Division of Times Media (Pty) Ltd Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms iv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Emergencies and disasters worldwide 1 Emergencies and disasters in Zimbabwe 3 Desertification and drought 8 Wetlands 8 The Freshwater agenda 8 The habitat agenda 9 Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters 9 An African initiative 9 Disaster risk reduction efforts in Zimbabwe 11 The national civic protection plan 12 Chapter 2 Disaster Risk Management Concepts 14 Hazards and disasters 14 The disaster concept 17 Risk analysis and risk management as a process 20 The vulnerability reduction approach 24 Total disaster risk management 27 Risk management flow 30 The legal framework for disaster reduction 34 Promotion of education and public awareness 35 Chapter 3 Hydro-Meteorological Hazards 38 The drought hazard 38 Characteristics of Zimbabwean drought 39 Drought hazards and disasters in Zimbabwe 39 Tropical cyclones 47 History of the tropical cyclones that have affected Zimbabwe 51 The impact of tropical cyclones 53 tropical cyclone mitigation 55 Flood hazards and disasters 56 Flood mitigation 58 Severe thunderstorms 60 Lightning hazard 60 Extreme wind gusts 64 Fog and mist as visibility and barrier hazards 65 Extreme temperature hazard 66 Frost hazard 68 Chapter 4 Geological Hazards 70 Earthquake hazards and disasters 71 Vulnerability of an area to an earthquake 69 A history of Zimbabwean earthquakes 69 Zimbabwe earthquake hazard zones 72 Causes of injury and damage 72 iv Earthquake risk reduction strategies 72 Landslide hazards and disasters 74 Asteroids and comets (Extra-terrestrial) 76 Chapter 5 Biological Hazards 78 General measures for outbreaks 78 Common epidemics in Zimbabwe 78 Surveillance systems and multi-sectoral approaches 79 Dysentery 82 Chicken-pox 83 HIV and AIDS 84 The Impact of AIDS in Zimbabwe 84 Opportunistic Infections (OIs) 88 Meningitis 89 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) 89 Tuberculosis 89 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 90 Disease vectors 91 Malaria 90 Food poisoning 96 Zootomic diseases 98 Anthrax 98 Food and Mouth (FMD) 102 Rabies 106 New Castle Disease (NCD) 109 Major and common pests in Zimbabwe 115 Chapter 6 Technological Hazards 120 Transportation accidents 120 Road traffic accidents 120 Rail accidents 126 Water transportation accidents 127 Air transportation accidents 127 Traffic related hazards 129 Landslides and rock falls Wind 130 School children, wildlife and domestic animals 130 Hazardous substances 131 Landmine hazards 134 Electricity hazards 138 Industrial hazards 140 Drowning hazards 147 First aid 151 Chapter 7 Environmental Degradation 153 Soil erosion and gullies 154 Gold panning as a hazard 161 v The socio-economic hazard of illegal gold panning 162 Deforestation 163 Veld fires and bushfires 167 An overview of pollution 170 Types of water pollution and their effects 172 Case study: Water hyacinth in Zimbabwe 175 Air pollution as a hazard 178 Litter as a hazard 181 Global warming 183 Ozone depletion 187 International cooperation 189 Chapter 8 Disaster Risk Management in the Education Sector 191 Personal tragedies 192 Disaster risk management training and education in schools 194 Personal and social skills 196 Incorporating road safety education into the curriculum 198 The roles of teachers and students 205 Education & training on disaster management for communities 206 Terminology 207 Bibliography 210 Annex I 212 Annex II 214 Annex III 215 vi Abbreviations and Acronyms ACDS African Centre for Disaster Studies, Potchefstroom University, South Africa ACMAD African Centre for Meteorological Application for Development ADRC Asian Disaster Reduction Center AfDB African Development Bank AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AREX Agricultural Research and Extension Department ARPDM Asian Regional Programme on Disaster Management AU African Union BCPR Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery of UNDP BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CCA Common Country Assessment CCD Convention to Combat Desertification CCHF Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever CDF Comprehensive Development Framework CDM Clean Development Mechanism CFC Chlorofluorocarbon Cl Chlorine CLIVAR Climate Variability and Predictability, Project, World Climate Research Programme CO2 Carbon dioxide CPD Civil Protection Department CRED Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Catholic University of Louvain DCCP District Civil Protection Coordination Committee DCC Disaster Coordinating Council/Committee DDT Dichloro Diphinyl Trichloro-ethane DEM Digital Elevation Model DFID Department for International Development, United Kingdom DHF Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever DiMP Disaster
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