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Hmong Livelihood Strategies: Factors Affecting Hunting, Agriculture, and Non-Timber Forest

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Hmong Livelihood Strategies: Factors Affecting Hunting, Agriculture, and Non-Timber Forest Hmong Livelihood Strategies: Factors Affecting Hunting, Agriculture, and Non-timber Forest Product Collection in Central Laos By Pao Vue (Xeempov Vwj) A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Geography) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON 2018 Date of final oral examination: 05/07/2018 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Ian Baird, Associate Professor, Geography Matthew Turner, Professor, Geography Lisa Naughton, Professor, Geography Yongming Zhou, Professor, Anthropology Arlyne Johnson, Senior Program Officer, Foundations of Success J. Lin Compton, Professor Emeritus, Forest and Wildlife Ecology © Copyright by Pao Vue 2018 All Rights Reserved i In Memory of: My father, Xai Kao Vue (Nchai Kos Vwj), for giving me a better life My first cousin, Nhia Tong Vue (Nyiaj Thoob Vwj), for making the project possible Fine gentlemen, they were ii Acknowledgements This research project brought me full-circle in that it took me back, for the first time since I left as a two-year old refugee, to the land in which I was born but which I did not know. It has been an unforgettable journey, one that would not have been made possible without support from institutions, mentors, friends, and of course, my family. I am thankful for the United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA NRCS) Basu Scholarship, the University of Wisconsin-Madison Center for Southeast Asian Studies (CSEAS) Center Fellowship, the University of Wisconsin- Madison Foreign Language & Area Studies (FLAS) Summer Fellowship, and to the University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Geography for their support as I worked toward becoming a dissertator. I appreciate the University of Wisconsin-Madison Center for Southeast Asian Studies, the Trewartha Conference Travel Award, Odebolt Conference Travel Award, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison Graduate Research Travel Award for their support; these allowed me to attend conferences and present on my research at various stages of development. I am grateful for the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC) Saola Working Group, the University of Wisconsin-Madison Center of Southeast Asian Studies Field Research Award, and the Trewartha Travel Award for their generous support for my 16- month ethnographic research from October 2013 to February 2015. Lastly, I appreciate having received the Whitbeck Graduate Dissertator Fellowship and the University of Wisconsin-Madison Letters & Science Community of Graduate Research Scholars (CGRS) Fellowship for their support in the final writing-up stage. My great gratitude is to my main advisor, Ian Baird, who has always supported and worked tirelessly with me to overcome each and every hurdle set in front of me as an aspiring, albeit a iii little green behind the ears, PhD student; a graduate student cannot ask for a better advisor. Many thanks to Mathew Turner and Lisa Naughton for agreeing to be on my committee and guiding me through the prelims, a proposal defense, for their guidance in helping me better develop my ideas and methodologies, and to analyze my findings more critically. Many thanks also to Yongming Zhou, Arlyne Johnson, and Lin Compton for agreeing to be a part of and complete my committee and for sharing their experience, knowledge, and expertise on Southeast Asia. Thank you to Sharon Kahn, former geography graduate studies coordinator, for her always cheerful demeanor and willingness to meet, even when I dropped by unexpectedly, to help me navigate through this often-confusing process. Thanks to Tom Tews and Paddy Rourke at the Geography Library for always greeting me with a smile and sharing their knowledge on scholarly literatures, and for making sure that my requested materials were always there and ready to be picked up. Thank you wholeheartedly to Michael Cullinane and Mary Jo Wilson at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Center for Southeast Asian Studies; and Larry Ashmun, senior academic librarian of the University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries system, for always sharing a laugh while helping me navigate my way around the University of Wisconsin’s shadowy funding sources, sending me to Laos, and then bringing me back. I thank my friends and colleagues, Jeong Eun (Anya) Lim, Phil Hahn, Andy Davey, David Chambers, Nathan Green, Will Shattuck, Wang Bo, Christopher Gavin, and Peter Swift for listening to my frustrations and then offering suggestions time and time again. Much appreciation goes to the outgoing, then-freshly-minted PhDs Matt Liesch, Leif Brottem, Jake Fleming, and Abby Neely for “breaking the ice” and showing me the ropes when I first arrived on the scene. Life-time gratitude to Denis Tucker for taking a skinny Hmong kid under his wings, mentoring him, and showing him that there are bigger and better things in life than skipping iv schools and getting into troubles. Sincere gratefulness to William Robichaud for his encouragement, inspiring conversations, and contribution of his vast knowledge and words of wisdom on how to survive fieldwork in a land I never knew. I am indebted to the Hmong villagers in my research area for welcoming me with open arms and sharing with me their stories, experiences, and livelihood strategies. Many thanks especially to my first cousins, Pa Chong (Paj Txoo) and Chong Va (Txooj Vam) for their guidance while I was living in the Laksao area. Thank you to Kouaneng Xiong (Kuamneeb Xyooj), Youa Xiong (Ntxuam Xyooj), Houa Vang (Huas Vaj), Nao Mong Xiong (Nom Moos Xyooj), and many others for taking me places and showing me things very few foreign researchers have experienced or seen first-hand. Finally, with the greatest sincerity and undying love, I am so thankful to my mother, Yer Yang (Ntxawm Yaj) who has always believed in me and have taught me to become a better man. Sincere gratitude and love to my older brother, Saiher (Xaivhawj) and his wife Mailor Lee (Maivlauj Lis) for their unwavering support and words of encouragement as I waded through this process; to my sister, May (Me Vwj) and brother-in-law Shong Na Yang (Soob Nab Yaj) for always encouraging me to move forward; to my oldest brother, Cha Neng (Txav Neej) for his words of encouragement; and to all the other cousins, nieces, and nephews who made the journey that much more joyful. Special thanks to my nephew, Yinkong (Yeejkoob) for drawing me the amazing arts used in this dissertation. Finally, thank you from the bottom of my heart to a very special person, K. Vang (K. Vaj) who has always been there for me through thick and thin, and although we have taken different paths, you will forever be special to me. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .........................................................................................................................................xv Chapter One: Introduction ...........................................................................................................1 1.1. Brief Overview of the Project ...............................................................................................3 1.2. Dissertation Structure ............................................................................................................4 1.3. Laos .......................................................................................................................................6 1.3.1. Human population ......................................................................................................8 1.3.2. Forests ........................................................................................................................9 1.3.3. Wildlife biodiversity ................................................................................................11 1.3.4. National protected area ............................................................................................15 1.4. Swidden Agriculture in Laos...............................................................................................17 1.4.1. General information regarding swidden ..................................................................18 1.4.2. Southeast Asia swidden cultivators .........................................................................22 1.4.3. Swidden as defined for this research .......................................................................25 1.5. Hunting and NTFPs in Laos ................................................................................................25 1.5.1. Livelihood necessities ..............................................................................................25 1.5.2. A note on firearm ownership in Laos ......................................................................27 1.6. Policies Toward Ethnic Minorities in Laos .........................................................................28 1.7. Livelihood Criminalization .................................................................................................31 1.8. Chapter Review and Concluding Thoughts ........................................................................32 Chapter Two: Theoretical Framework, Methodology, and Practice ......................................34 2.1. Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................................34
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