Die Markenarchitektur Der EMI Music Group

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Die Markenarchitektur Der EMI Music Group Die Markenarchitektur der EMI Music Group Von: Alexander Diesenreiter Diplomarbeit Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien Beurteiler: ao.Univ.Prof.Mag.Dr. Peter Tschmuck Wien, 26.06.2010 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS EINLEITUNG .........................................................................................4 1.1 Problemaufriss ...................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Ziel und Struktur der Arbeit .................................................................................... 5 2 GRUNDLAGEN ..................................................................................6 2.1 Struktur des Musikmarktes ..................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Umwelt des Musikmarktsystems ..................................................................................................................8 2.1.2 Musikmarktsystem ......................................................................................................................................12 2.2 Marke und Markenarchitektur ............................................................................... 21 2.2.1 Definition von Marke .................................................................................................................................21 2.2.2 Markenstrategien ........................................................................................................................................25 2.2.3 Definition von Markenarchitektur.............................................................................................................28 3 HISTORISCHE BETRACHTUNG DER EMI MUSIC GROUP ................... 29 3.1 Die Ursprünge der EMI (1887 bis 1931) .................................................................... 29 3.1.1 Von der Columbia Phonograph Company zur Columbia Graphophone Company............................30 3.1.2 Gramophone Company Ltd. .....................................................................................................................32 3.2 Die Anfänge der EMI (1931 – 1938)........................................................................... 33 3.2.1 Die Musikindustrie in der Krise.................................................................................................................33 3.2.2 Die Neustrukturierung des Konzerns ........................................................................................................34 3.2.3 Die Labels zur Zeit der Fusion...................................................................................................................35 3.2.4 Die Neustrukturierung der Labels .............................................................................................................41 3.3 Der Zweite Weltkrieg/Nachkriegszeit /Der Wiederaufbau (1938 bis 1960).................... 43 3.3.1 Die Labels in der Nachkriegszeit ...............................................................................................................47 3.4 Britischer Beat und beginnender Pop (1960 bis 1975) ................................................. 49 3.4.1 Der wachsende Tonträgermarkt................................................................................................................49 3.4.2 Das Beatlesphänomen und die britische Invasion ....................................................................................50 3.4.3 Das Ende der Rock’n’Roll-Euphorie.........................................................................................................51 3.4.4 Die Klassiklabels .........................................................................................................................................53 3.4.5 Die Labels....................................................................................................................................................55 3.5 Paradigmenwechsel in den 1980er Jahren (Die digitale Revolution).............................. 62 3.6 Die Thorn-Jahre (1979 bis 1996) .............................................................................. 63 3.6.1 EMI Christian Music Group......................................................................................................................65 3.6.2 Die „weltlichen“ Label ...............................................................................................................................68 3.7 Die Musikindustrie im Umbruch (1996 bis 2008) ....................................................... 79 3.7.1 Fusionsversuche 1996 bis 2008 ..................................................................................................................80 3.7.2 Neustrukturierung ab 2001 ........................................................................................................................81 3.7.3 Die Labels....................................................................................................................................................84 4 CONCLUSIO.................................................................................... 91 2 Ich möchte mich an dieser Stelle bei all jenen bedanken, die mich über die Studienzeit begleitet und unterstützt haben. Besonderer Dank gilt meinen Eltern, die mein Studium zum größten Teil finanziert und auch mit großem Interesse verfolgt haben. Danke vielmals auch an meine Schwester für das Korrekturlesen der Diplomarbeit, sowie meiner Freundin Katharina für ihre Engelsgeduld. 3 Einleitung 1.1 Problemaufriss Die über 100jährige Geschichte der Musikindustrie war und ist eine sehr dynamische. Geprägt durch technische Innovationen, kulturelle Umbrüche und die globale wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, befindet sich die Musikindustrie in permanenter Veränderung. Im Verlauf der Zeit hat sich eine gewisse Grundstruktur herausgebildet, bei der auf einer Seite nun die vier großen Major Labels stehen, dazu gehören die Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, EMI Group und die Warner Music Group, denen auf der anderen Seite eine Vielzahl an Independent Labels gegenübersteht. Vor allem die Unternehmenskonstellationen der Major Labels befinden sich im ständigen Wandel und können kaum in einer Phase als abgeschlossen betrachtet werden. Ein Beispiel dafür ist die Übernahme der Virgin Records durch Thorn-EMI sowie die jeweils daraus folgenden Weiterverkäufe von Einzelbestandteilen, die das Gesamtbild immer wieder veränderten. Mit den Zusammenschlüssen und Konstellationsveränderungen werden mehrere Ziele verfolgt: zum einen sollen Künstler gewonnen werden, zum anderen geht es um die gemeinsame Nutzung von Ressourcen und damit um das Erzeugen von Synergie- und Skaleneffekten (vgl. Wicke 1990, o.S.). Als Resultat dieser Unternehmenskonstellationen entsteht ein komplexes und wechselhaftes Netz von Labels mit unzähligen Künstlern und somit eine Vielzahl von Marken. So verfügt alleine EMI nach eigenen Angaben über 50 Sublabels, die unterschiedliche Geschäftsfelder oder Genres besetzen. Entsprechend der Dynamik am Musikmarkt entwickelt sich auch die Markenarchitektur der Unternehmen in der Musikindustrie. 4 1.2 Ziel und Struktur der Arbeit Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Entwicklung der EMI Group herauszuarbeiten und aus markentheoretischer Sicht darzustellen. Die Markentheorie dient in dieser Arbeit als Bezugsrahmen, um den Prozess der Labelentwicklung und -vermarktung umfassend zu analysieren und neue Ansätze der Marktbearbeitung für die Musikindustrie aufzuzeigen. Neben Büchern und wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten wird aufgrund der Informationslage und Schnelllebigkeit des Themas ein Teil der notwendigen Informationen über Recherchen im Internet gewonnen, wobei überwiegend Sekundärliteratur verwendet wird. Einführend wird auf die Grundlagen des relevanten Forschungsbereichs eingegangen. Als Ausgangslage der Arbeit werden die Merkmale der Musikbranche definiert. Hierfür wird die systemtheoretische Kennzeichnung des Musikmarkts von Marcel Engh herangezogen, um eine ganzheitliche Betrachtungsweise zu gewährleisten. Im nächsten Teil wird die Theorie der Marke und der Markenarchitektur erklärt sowie der Zusammenhang zwischen Merger & Aquisitions und der Markenarchitektur erläutert. Aufbauend darauf wird auf die Besonderheiten von Musikmarken und die Vor- und Nachteile von Markenstrategien in der Musikindustrie eingegangen. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit geht auf die Entwicklung der EMI Group ein und stellt diese aus markentheoretischer Sicht dar. Es wird versucht, anhand der Theorie die Markenarchitekturstrategie(n) des Unternehmens und deren beeinflussende Faktoren herauszuarbeiten, wobei sich die Faktoren auf die gesamtwirtschaftliche, kulturelle bzw. musikalische und technologische Entwicklung beziehen. Abschließend wird das Ergebnis zusammengefasst, die Relevanz und Bedeutung des Themas „Das Label als Marke“ diskutiert. 5 2 Grundlagen 2.1 Struktur des Musikmarktes Nach einer Veranschaulichung des Musikmarktes wird in diesem Kapitel auf die relevanten Entwicklungen der Branche und deren aktuelle Probleme eingegangen. Ein wichtiger Teil davon ist die Darstellung der Akteure und des Wertschöpfungsprozesses der Musikindustrie mit besonderem Blick auf die Rolle der Labels. Musikindustrie bezeichnet den Gesamtzusammenhang der Herstellung und Verwertung von Musik nach den Gesetzen industrieller Massenproduktion. Diese Definition zielt somit ausschließlich auf die Fertigung der zur massenhaften Verbreitung von Musik notwendigen Trägermedien (Notendruck, Schallplatte, CD, mp3, usw.) und meint weniger
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