DOCSLIB.ORG

The Spanish Colonial Experience and Its Effects on the Indigenous Community of San Agustin Del Tucson: a Case Study of Spanish Colonial Failure

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Spanish Colonial Experience and Its Effects on the Indigenous Community of San Agustin Del Tucson: a Case Study of Spanish Colonial Failure THE SPANISH COLONIAL EXPERIENCE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY OF SAN AGUSTIN DEL TUCSON: A CASE STUDY OF SPANISH COLONIAL FAILURE Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Young, Monica Zappia Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 03:49:11 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/620721 THE SPANISH COLONIAL EXPERIENCE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY OF SAN AGUSTIN DEL TUCSON: A CASE STUDY OF SPANISH COLONIAL FAILURE by Monica Zappia Young A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2010 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIG APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis had been approved on the date shown below: l~~CZD\0 d: d ll Date Professor of Anthropology 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My interest in the San Agustin del Tucson Mission began when Ms. Diana Hadley, (now retired) director of the Office of Ethnohistorical Research (OER) at the Arizona State Museum, hired me as a graduate research assistant to work on the mission project. Along the way she helped to build my confidence with her trust and constant support, leading to a deeper interest in this subject. It was the encouragement and guidance of Dr. J. Jefferson Reid that led me to apply to the graduate program in the School of Anthropology. Jeff helped to make this a truly enjoyable and rewarding experience with his humor, wisdom, and resourceful­ ness. Dr. Dale Brenneman has served not only as my supervisor at OER and committee member, but also as a mentor. With her skills and experience in historical archaeology and documentary research, she has contributed a wealth of knowledge and encouragement. To all my committee members, including Dr. Teresita Majewski and Dr. Barnet Pavao-Zuckerman, I thank you for guiding me along the way. I am fortunate to have had the kindness and friendship of such respected scholars. This experience has been one of challenges, rewards, growth, and fulfillment. I would not have completed this journey at this time in my life without the encouragement and support from my family and friends. My love and appreciation to each of you. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRA. CT...................................................•.........•......•••......••......••...•..•......•..........••...•.•. 6 CHAPTER 1: Culture Contact and Colonialism: Problems and Approaches.•........•.......................... 7 Archaeological and Historical Record .....•..........•...•...•.......••.....••..•...•...............•..•.. 7 The Problem....••..........................................................•.................•.........•............••.. 8 Approaches to Culture Contact and Colonia]ism..........................•.......................... 9 Methods .................................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 2: Overview of Cultural Contact in the Southwest and Establishment of a Mission in Tucson .................................................................... 15 Early Exploration of the Southwest....................................................................... 15 Cultural Contact in the Tucson Basin............•.............•..•...•.....•.....•...................... 16 The Establishment of Tucson as a Visita •...•.••••..••.•••..•..••...•••••..••.••••..•...••..•••••••..•• 17 Foundations for Tucson as a Permanent Settlement.............................................. 20 CHAPTER 3: Settlement, Construction, and Abandonment at San Agustin del Tucson ...............................................•...........•........................•.......... 24 Construction of Mission San Agustin del Tucson......•.......................................... 29 Mission Decline, Abandonment, and Ruin..........••................................................ 34 Chapter 4: Understanding Culture Contact and Colonialism at San Agustin del Tucson .............................•.................................... 39 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Prehispanic Period...................................................................•......................••..... 39 Historical Period: Eradication, Acculturation, or Equilibrium?...•.....................•.. 42 CHAPTERS: Summary and Conclusion ............................................................................................... 46 N OTES...................•......•............•...•..•.....................•......•...•...••............•.••..•.......•......•....... 53 APPENDIX A: Table 1 - Working Model for Investigating the Archaeology of Colonialism in the Southwest.....•............................................. 55 APPENDIXB: Photos of San Agustin del Tucson in Ruin...•...........................•...•....•............... 56 REFERENCES ••••• ,•• , ••••••••••• ,,, •••••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••••••••••••.••••••• ,•• ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, •• , .••.•••.•••••••• 61 6 Abstract In the 1690s, Father Kino described Tucson as a highly suitable place to establish a mission community. Once founded, Mission San Agustin del Tucson became a visita of the neighboring Mission San Xavier del Bae, which served as the cabecera. After Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821, the nearby Pima village of El Pueblito was abandoned, and the mission fell into ruin as the church property was homesteaded, given away, or sold. Physical evidence of the mission, including a convento and gardens, was further compromised after a brick manufacturing plant and, later, a landfill took their toll on the archaeological record. By the middle of the twentieth century, the last evidence of the mission era was destroyed. Mission San Agustin can be interpreted as an example of colonial failure that does not conform to traditional culture contact models of a unilinear sequence from diffusion to acculturation and, ultimately, to assimilation. San Agustin was for a short period a thriving, productive, complex mission community that overshadowed its neighboring cabecera, San Xavier del Bae. Using a historical archaeological approach, this paper describes the cultural context in which Tucson's mission was constructed, abandoned, fell into ruin, and disappeared. Major historical events and processes are suggested as possible causes for this failure. 7 CHAPTER 1: Culture Contact and Colonialism: Problems and Approaches Significant work has been published concerning early encounters between the indigenous people of the American Southwest and Europeans during the Spanish colonial period, and various approaches have been used to explain cultural changes that transpired in the process of colonial contact. One problem is that early attempts by anthropologists to understand cultural contact do not apply to all colonial contact situations (Redfield et al.1936; Spicer 1954, 1961 ). This paper presents research that challenges early ideas about culture contact and subsequent changes during the Spanish colonial period in the Tucson Basin. Recently developed models and approaches, combined with archaeological data and historical documents, provide a clearer interpretation of Spain's mission and colonization experience in Tucson. It will become apparent, however, that colonialism in Tucson does not adapt to these models of culture contact. The Mission San Agustin del Tucson complex and convento 1 are the focus of this study. (For maps of the study area, refer to Officer! 987:29, 67.) Archaeological and Historical Record Until the latter half of the twentieth century, very little attention was given to the historical ( and prehistoric) mission site in Tucson. Deterioration due to natural weathering processes, human apathy, and later development led to a severely compromised archaeological site. Constrained by limited archaeological data, it has 8 become necessary to rely on historical documents to complement the more recent archaeological research conducted in this study area. Important documents for the Spanish colonial period include military reports, mission/church records, government reports/letters, census records, and testimonies concerning legal cases. Spanish colonial documents for Tucson; however, reveal little in terms of interactions between the colonizer and the colonized. Like the archaeological record, the historical record has its own formation processes in that documents are subject to deterioration, destruction, and loss. There are numerous challenges involved in the interpretation of historical documents, such as poor condition or preservation of the record, subjective
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Mexico New Mexico
    NEW MEXICO NEWand MEXICO the PIMERIA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves NEW MEXICO AND THE PIMERÍA ALTA NEWand MEXICO thePI MERÍA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO Boulder © 2017 by University Press of Colorado Published by University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, Utah State University, and Western State Colorado University. ∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). ISBN: 978-1-60732-573-4 (cloth) ISBN: 978-1-60732-574-1 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Douglass, John G., 1968– editor. | Graves, William M., editor. Title: New Mexico and the Pimería Alta : the colonial period in the American Southwest / edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves. Description: Boulder : University Press of Colorado, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016044391| ISBN 9781607325734 (cloth) | ISBN 9781607325741 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Spaniards—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History. | Spaniards—Southwest, New—History. | Indians of North America—First contact with Europeans—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History.
    [Show full text]
  • Presidio Inspection Reports, 1791-1804
    ARIZONA HISTORICAL SOCIETY 949 East Second Street Library & Archives Tucson, AZ 85719 (520) 617-1157 [email protected] MS 1202 Presidio Inspection Reports, 1791-1804 DESCRIPTION Photocopies of annual Presidio Inspection Reports for selected Sonoran (and one Chihuahuan) presidios, dated 1791, 1792, and 1800 to 1804, including Altar, Tucson, Santa Cruz, Tubac, Buenavista, Bavispe, Bacoachi, Frontera, and Monclova. The reports list officers, number of soldiers, and contain enlistment and service records. Some reports also include complete rosters and summaries of individual's financial accounts at the post. Also present are photocopies of service records for the officers of the Tucson Presidio between 1787 and 1799. The reports were copied from the Archivo General de Simancas, Secretaría de Guerra, Valladolid, Spain. 1 box, .25 linear ft. HISTORICAL NOTE According to historian Henry Dobyns, the Spanish colonization of its northern borderlands in New Spain occurred chiefly for defensive reasons. The military frontier advanced to protect the missionaries as they tried to convert Native Americans to Christianity. Posts were founded at Tubac and Altar in the aftermath of the Northern Pima Revolt in 1752. Later, protection of an overland route to Upper California was deemed necessary and the Tucson presidio was established in 1775. ACQUISITION The copies were donated by Homer Thiel in July 2001 and July 2002. ACCESS There are no restrictions on access to this collection. COPYRIGHT Requests for permission to publish material from this collection should be addressed to the Arizona Historical Society - Tucson, Archives Department. PROCESSING The finding aid was prepared by Kim Frontz, August 2001. ARRANGEMENT Chronological BOX AND FOLDER LIST Box 1 f.
    [Show full text]
  • Whpr19741021-005
    Digitized- from Box 4 of the White House Press Releases at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library -/ . HISTORICAL NOTE ON :ME.ETING PLACES u.S. - MEXICAN PRESIDENTIAL MEETING October 21, 1974 In 1853 the Gadsden Treaty fixed the boundary between Sonora and Arizona at e 3l 20' North Latitude and, from the I 11th meridian in a straight but diagonal line to a point on the Colorado River twenty miles below its junction with the Gila. On that boundary lie the twin cities of Nogales, Sonora, and Nogales ·Arizona -- cities which act for all the world as though there were no boundary and, as.b2! Ambos Nogales, carryon their civic work as a single entity. Truly, the Gadsden boundary is artificial and the people of Nogales are his­ torically right in disregarding it. For the international boundary neatly,. bisects what was once a completely homogenous ethnic area called Pimeria Alta, or the land of the upper Pima Indians, who lived along the north-flowing San Pedro and Santa Cruz Rivers from a point considerably South of Magdalena de Kino in Sonora almost as far North as the Gila and whose lands extended East and West from the San Pedro to the Gulf. On March 13, 1687, an Italian Jesuit, Eusebio F]."ancisco Kino, first reached Pimena Alta, and he stayed until his death in Magdalena, now Magdalena de Kino, almost precisely 24 years later. In that short space of time, Father Kino brought to Pimer1a Alta not only Christianity but European civilization and economic self-sufficiencyo He explored North to the Gila, West to the Colorado and the Gulf, proving, incidentally, that California is not an island; he intro­ duced cattle raising and agriculture 'throughout the area: and he built great churches on both sides of the border, at towns unheard of in New E~landp New Spain, or Europe -- Caborca, Tubutama, C6sari, Buquivaba, Imuris, Coc6spera, to name a few South of the border, and at Guevavi, Tumacacori anI Bac in what is now Arizona.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Ajo Mining District, Pima County, Arizona D.F
    History of the Ajo Mining District, Pima County, Arizona D.F. Briggs | Geologist Aerial photograph of Ajo mining complex, 1956; courtesy of Freeport-McMoRan Inc. CONTRIBUTED REPORT CR-17-A March 2016 Arizona Geological Survey www.azgs.az.gov | repository.azgs.az.gov Arizona Geological Survey Phil A. Pearthree, State Geologist and Director Manuscript approved for publication in March 2017 Printed by the Arizona Geological Survey All rights reserved For an electronic copy of this publication: www.repository.azgs.az.gov For information on the mission, objectives or geologic products of the Arizona Geological Survey visit www.azgs.az.gov. This publication was prepared by a department at the University of Arizona. The Uni- versity, or any department thereof, or any of their employees, makes no warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the University of Arizona. ___________________________ Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report series provides non-AZGS authors with a forum for publishing documents concerning Arizona geology. While review comments may have been incorporated, this document does not necessarily con- form to AZGS technical, editorial, or policy standards. The Arizona Geological Survey issues no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding the suitability of this product for a particular use. Moreover, the Arizona Geological Survey shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to claims by users of this product.
    [Show full text]
  • THE DEFENSE of PIMERIA ALTA, 1690-1800: a STUDY in SPANISH-APACHE MILITARY RELATIONS Albert Macias a Thesis Submitted to the F
    The defense of Pimería Alta, 1600-1800: study in Spanish-Apache military relations Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Macias, Albert M., 1932- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 20:57:40 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554026 / THE DEFENSE OF PIMERIA ALTA, 1690-1800: A STUDY IN SPANISH-APACHE MILITARY RELATIONS by Albert Macias A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 6 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances , however, permission must be obtained from the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Presidio and Pueblo: Material Evidence of Women in the Pimería
    Presidio and Pueblo: Material Evidence of Women in the Pimeria Alta, 1750-1800 Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Waugh, Rebecca Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 10:54:23 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195118 PRESIDIO AND PUEBLO: MATERIAL EVIDENCE OF WOMEN IN THE PIMERÍA ALTA, 1750–1800 by Rebecca Jo Waugh Copyright © Rebecca Jo Waugh 2005 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2005 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Rebecca Jo Waugh entitled Presidio and Pueblo: Material Evidence of Women in the Pimería Alta, 1750– 1800 and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4 May 2005 Dr. J. Jefferson Reid, Ph.D. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4 May 2005 Dr. Teresita Majewski, Ph.D. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 4 May 2005 Dr. Thomas E. Sheridan, Ph.D. Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
    [Show full text]
  • A Passionate Pacification: Sacrifice and Suffering in the Jesuit Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1594 - 1767
    A Passionate Pacification: Sacrifice and Suffering in the Jesuit Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1594 - 1767 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Bayne, Brandon Lynn. 2012. A Passionate Pacification: Sacrifice and Suffering in the Jesuit Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1594 - 1767. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard Divinity School. Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37367448 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA A Passionate Pacification: Sacrifice and Suffering in the Jesuit Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1594 – 1767 A dissertation presented by Brandon L. Bayne to The Faculty of Harvard Divinity School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology in the subject of History of Christianity Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2012 © 2012 – Bayne, Brandon All rights reserved. iv Advisor: David D. Hall Author: Brandon L. Bayne ABSTRACT A Passionate Pacification: Sacrifice and Suffering in the Jesuit Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1594 – 1767 This dissertation tracks Jesuit discourse about suffering in the missions of Northern New Spain from the arrival of the first missionaries in the 16th century until their expulsion in the 18th. The project asks why tales of persecution became so prevalent in these borderland contexts and describes how missionaries sanctified their own sacrifices as well as native suffering through martyrological idioms.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona
    New Mexico Historical Review Volume 21 Number 4 Article 2 10-1-1946 Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona Ray H. Mattison Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr Recommended Citation Mattison, Ray H.. "Early Spanish and Mexican Settlements in Arizona." New Mexico Historical Review 21, 4 (1946). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr/vol21/iss4/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Historical Review by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. NEW MEXICO HISTORICAL REVIEW VOL. XXI OCTOBER, 1946 NO.4 I EARLY SPANISH AND MEXICAN, SETTLEMENT~ IN ARIZONA *By Ray H .. Mattison RIZONA, likl;! few other states, is largely the product of. A the fusing of two influences possessing widely divergent backgrounds.. When the American pioneers, largely of northern European descent, first came into this region in the· middle of the 19th century they found portions of it already settled by people of Spanish origin. This 'latter group had first established itself in southern Arizona a century and a half earlier; when the English colonists, were settling the Atlantic seaboard'. Spanish laws, customs, political, re­ ligious and economic institutions had already become firmly implanted there. These two ethnological elements, aside from the. aboriginal Indian populati()n, have given Arizona, .in common with the other neighboring southwestern states, . a uniqueness in character. The story of the westward movement of the English­ speaking peoples in the United States is a familiar one.
    [Show full text]
  • Missionaries, Miners, and Indians: Spanish Contact with the Yaqui Nation of Northwestern New Spain, 1533–1820
    Missionaries, Miners, and Indians: Spanish Contact with the Yaqui Nation of Northwestern New Spain, 1533–1820 Item Type book; text Authors Hu-DeHart, Evelyn Publisher University of Arizona Press (Tucson, AZ) Rights Copyright © 1981 by The Arizona Board of Regents. The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY- NC-ND 4.0), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Download date 04/10/2021 08:46:19 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/632280 Spanish Contact With the Yaqui Nation of Northwestern New Spain 1533-1820 Missionaries Miners and Indians ·JJ -i;f.Jf .A''/ ... ',;J/,,f.f_f.[ From: Ernest]. Burrus, Obra cartografica de la Provincia de Mexico de la Compania de Jesus (Madrid:]. Porrua Turanzas, 1%7), map no. 43. Missionaries Miners and Indians Spanish Contact with the Yaqui Nation ofNorthwestern New Spain 1533-1820 Evelyn Hu-DeHart THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS Tucson, Arizona About the Author . Evelyn Hu-DeHart’s volume on the colonial experience of the Yaqui people was the first of a series covering the course of Yaqui history into the twentieth century. In 1972, she was awarded a Foreign Area Fellowship to do research in Mexico on the history of the Yaqui people of Sonora. In 1974, she began teaching Latin American history at Washington University in St. Louis. Professor Hu-DeHart received a Ph.D. in Latin American history in 1976 from the University of Texas at Austin.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Booms (1680 to Present)
    Interpretive Themes and Related Resources 131 MINING BOOMS (1680 TO PRESENT) Summary of Theme Historically, one of the most important economic activities in the proposed Santa Cruz Valley National Heritage Area was mining of precious metals. Gold and silver mining began with the arrival of the first Spanish colonists during the late seventeenth century. However, historians have concluded that the legends of lost mines and treasures of early missionaries are nineteenth-century fabrications, and that mining was not of major importance on this part of the Spanish and Mexican frontiers. Mining became more important after the region became part of the United States in 1854. Repeated mining rushes for gold and silver created boomtowns that briefly flourished and were then abandoned because of dangers of Apache attacks, sudden drops in the market values of the metals, or depletions of quality ores. Although a few gold discoveries received a great deal of interest, silver was the main metal that was mined. At the end of the nineteenth century, a collapse in the value of silver and the new demand for electrical wire shifted the focus to copper mining. For more than 100 years, the region has been one of the most important producers of copper in the world. Copper mining in the Santa Cruz Valley has also experienced many up and down cycles, but it continues to be important today. While copper mines are increasing production again, ghost towns and old mines throughout the region are visible reminders of numerous mining booms and busts over several centuries. Description of Theme Spanish Period Mining The search for precious metals was one of the drives behind the northward expansion of the frontier of New Spain, including the Santa Cruz Valley.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Arizona History Index
    Index to the Journal of Arizona History, P-Q Arizona Historical Society, [email protected] 480-387-5355 NOTE: the index includes two citation formats. The format for Volumes 1-5 is: volume (issue): page number(s) The format for Volumes 6 -54 is: volume: page number(s) P Pabanale, Irving, book about, reviewed 44:406-7 Pablo, Abe 46:390 Pablo H. (Manuel Gándara’s secretary), and journal of 1840-41 Papago campaign 35:148-60 Pablo, José 46:375, 376, 379, 380 Pablo, José X 21:192-93, 195 photo 21:197 photo of 46:382 Pabst Brewing Company 38:62 Pabst, Charles H., painting by 47:cover-Summer issue Pace family, Elmer 22:258, 264, 266 James and Jane 22:258, 265 Lillian and Virginia 22:258 Pace, J. J. 27:269 Pace, Michael, article by 24:339-62 biographical note 24:339 Pace, Robert F., book by, reviewed 47:208 1 Index to the Journal of Arizona History, P-Q Arizona Historical Society, [email protected] 480-387-5355 Pace, Roy 48:11 Pace v. Alabama (1882) 27:386 Pace, W. J. 26:308 Pace, W. W. 14:177 Pacheco, Arturo B., Sr., photo 16:271 Pacheco, Bernardino 25:232 Pacheco, Felix 55:67, 93-94 Pacheco, Francisco 45:300, 301, 302, 303, 306 n. 13 Pacheco, Gertrudes 46:36 Pacheco, Guadalupe Sais de 16:182 Pacheco, Mateo 46:36, 40 Pacheco, Nabor I(3)14; 45:367 Pacheco, Ramón I(3)13; III(2)23; 25:246, 260; 28:113; 34:240: 46:36 Pacheco, Remauldo 40:30, 31 Pacheco, Raphael See Martínez Pacheco, Raphael Pacheco, Reyes 11:22 Pacheco Spring 37:4, 7 Pacho, Hilario 26:405 Pachula, Indian captain 9:237-43 passim Pacific and Colorado Steam Navigation Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a New Interpretation of the Colonial Regime in Sonora, 1681–1821
    Towards a New Interpretation of the Colonial Regime in Sonora, 1681–1821 IGNACIO ALMADA BAY, JOSÉ MARCOS MEDINA BUSTOS, AND MARÍA DEL VALLE BORRERO SILVA Translated from the Spanish and edited by JEFF BANISTER One of the central postulates of contemporary historiography is the focus on the so-called Other, a concept that requires a deconstructive approach to history. Moving towards such a line of inquiry, in this essay we attempt to rethink some of the taken-for-granted historical discourses on the political entity we call Sonora. Our objective is to deconstruct it along the analytical axis of the Other, a category that, in this case (and in Latin America more generally) includes the indigenous, the poor, the oppressed, and the excluded (Dussel 2004: 9–10). Focusing on the poor, the dominated, and the excluded provides an analytical entry point for decentering and deconstructing the entity called Sonora and its historical representations. We do so by recognizing these people’s participation in history; that is, by tracing their tracks, their responses to events, the great breadth of their resistances, and the perceptions and representations that these have prompted in historiography. The history of the territory we call Sonora is thus explored as a collective yet conflictive construction.1 Prevailing discourses of Sonoran history have long circulated in the popular media and have become increasingly shrill in political campaigns. While they have many characteristics, they share in common their instrumental role in social control; their prosaic use for legitimizing the status quo; their focus on individuals and singular events (as opposed to processes and dynamics); their efforts to disfigure and obscure “the uncontrolled forces at work” in any given event (Peretti 2004: 97); their uncritical use of colonial-period categories of human groupings within IGNACIO ALMADA BAY, JOSÉ MARCOS MEDINA BUSTOS, and MARÍA DEL VALLE BORRERO SILVA are research professors in the Centro de Estudios Históricos de Región y Frontera at El Colegio de Sonora, Hermosillo.
    [Show full text]