DOCSLIB.ORG

Understanding the Role of Political Commitment and Coherence

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Understanding the Role of Political Commitment and Coherence University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations Summer 2020 Understanding the Role of Political Commitment and Coherence Across Sectors and Across National and Sub-National Levels in Enabling Improvements in Nutrition in Rwanda Elyse Iruhiriye Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Public Health Education and Promotion Commons Recommended Citation Iruhiriye, E.(2020). Understanding the Role of Political Commitment and Coherence Across Sectors and Across National and Sub-National Levels in Enabling Improvements in Nutrition in Rwanda. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/6031 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF POLITICAL COMMITMENT AND COHERENCE ACROSS SECTORS AND ACROSS NATIONAL AND SUB-NATIONAL LEVELS IN ENABLING IMPROVEMENTS IN NUTRITION IN RWANDA by Elyse Iruhiriye Bachelor of Arts Boston University, 2011 _________________________________________________ Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior The Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina 2020 Accepted by: Edward A. Frongillo, Major Professor Christine E. Blake, Committee member Simeon Nanama, Committee Member Deanna K. Olney, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Elyse Iruhiriye, 2020 All Rights Reserved ii Dedication To my father’s parents, Marcel Makoresho and Emma Ndabacekure and my mother’s parents, Jean Ntibanga and Anna Ntibikwinge iii Acknowledgments For funding this research: I gratefully acknowledge funding from the Dutch Government through SNV and the Voice for Change Partnership Programme and the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health led by the International Food Policy Research Institute. I would like to thank all the people who have been with me along this journey, some in large parts and others just for passing moments, but that nonetheless made an impact on me. I would like to thank my dissertation committee members, Dr. Christine Blake, Dr. Edward Frongillo, Dr. Simeon Nanama, and Dr. Deanna Olney, for volunteering their time and efforts to help guide me through the dissertation process and to provide me with helpful advice. I thank my advisor Dr. Edward Frongillo for being a great mentor and encouraging me to value the questions that I may sometimes think are small. I would like thank Dr. Deanna Olney, who not only gave me my first job after college but also opened this world of research in international nutrition to me that I never thought of being a part of my journey. Thank you also for your mentorship over the last nine years. I would like to acknowledge and thank all the people who supported this study, including the data collection team and especially the interview and focus group respondents who took time out of their busy schedules to share their experiences and views with me for this study. I would like to also thank my family based in Burundi and iv Rwanda who provided me with much love, support, and laughter, even when at times things seemed to be falling apart. Thank you for always reminding me to look on the bright side of things. I thank my friends for their unwavering support and love, my friends and colleagues in the HPEB department for the advice, laughter, and sometimes for the space to just vent. I couldn’t have done any of this without my family. To my brothers, sister, and sisters-in-love, thank you for always encouraging me, for keeping the Happy Mondays going, and for just being you. To Donald, thanks for being on this dissertation journey with me and experiencing all the ups and the downs of this process with me. Last but not least, I thank my mom and dad for everything. I admire you. Thank you for always reminding us where we come from and to always use our gifts to do better for not just ourselves but also others. I acknowledge and thank God for his blessings, the people he has put in my life, and giving me the strength to push through. v Abstract Reducing undernutrition is on the political agendas of many low- and middle-income countries. There is general consensus that to improve nutritional outcomes involves actions across the different sectors that influence both the immediate and underlying determinants of optimal nutrition and an enabling environment to support the political and policy processes. Despite renewed attention over the last 15 years, addressing nutrition in a multisectoral way was previously promoted in the 1970’s but failed to have sustained political commitment due to its organizational complexities to plan and implement strategies across sectors. We conducted an in-depth retrospective case study to understand how Rwanda, a low-income country with high burdens of undernutrition, achieved progress reducing undernutrition and how the country addressed the challenges presented by multisectoral nutrition strategies. We conducted a document review of nutrition and nutrition-related policies and programs since 2000, in-depth interviews with nutrition stakeholders at national (n=32), district (n=38), and community (n=20) levels, and community focus group discussions (n=40) in 10 purposefully selected districts in Rwanda’s five provinces. In each province, we selected one district with decreased stunting (reduced districts) and one where no change or an increase occurred vi (non-reduced districts) between the two last Rwanda Demographic and Health Surveys (2010 and 2014/15). After 2008, reducing undernutrition became a national priority in rhetoric, policy, and institutionally. Nutrition goals were gradually integrated into different sectoral policies and in national economic development strategies. Political commitment to nutrition was generated across sectors at national level and translated to sub-national levels where, because of the country’s decentralized governance system, mid-level leaders had increasing responsibilities for coordinating and implementing nutrition strategies. Institutional bodies were established to facilitate collaboration across sectors and actors at both the national and sub-national levels. At the sub-national context, we find that capacity in nutrition, nutrition monitoring and evaluation, and the implementation of coherence were reported to be more optimally implemented in the districts that improved stunting compared to the non-reduced districts. The results from this study provide a narrative on how improvements occurred in Rwanda, a better understanding of implementing multisectoral nutrition strategies at the sub-national context, and the perspectives of the mid-level leaders and frontline workers coordinating and implementing multisectoral nutrition programs and services. vii Table of Contents Dedication ........................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... iv Abstract ............................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Background and Significance ............................................................................ 8 Chapter 3: Methods .......................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 4: Document Review ........................................................................................... 47 Chapter 5: Manuscript 1 Translating national political commitment and coherence in nutrition to sub-national levels is a pathway of change in the reduction of undernutrition in Rwanda .................................................. 69 Chapter 6: Manuscript 2 Coherence among sectors and stakeholders and community perspectives on contributors to change differentiate districts in Rwanda that did and did not improve child stunting ................................. 119 Chapter 7: Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 158 References ...................................................................................................................... 169 Appendix A: Topics covered in semi-structured interviews and FGDs ........................... 185 Appendix B: Sectoral roles in nutrition ........................................................................... 186 Appendix C: Nutrition programs in Rwanda ................................................................... 187 viii List of Tables Table 2.1: Forms of political commitment to nutrition .................................................... 29 Table 2.2: Administrative structure in Rwanda before and after 2006 ............................ 30 Table 3.1: Study district
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Education P.O.Box 622
    REPUBLIC OF RWANDA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION P.O.BOX 622 KIGALI Rwanda Report on Variable Tranche linked to two Indicators: 1.Equity Indicator: Pre-Primary Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) increased from an average of 10% in 2014 to 17% by 2017 in the 22 poorest performing districts (defined as those that had GER of less than 17% in 2014). $2.52million will be disbursed once the report demonstrating meeting the target is submitted in October 2017 2. Efficiency: Education Statistics 2016, disaggregated at district level, available. $2.52million will be disbursed once the report demonstrating meeting the target is submitted in October 2017 October 2017 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 SECTION 1: EQUITY INDICATOR: PRE-PRIMARY GROSS ENROLMENT RATE (GER) IN 22 POOREST PERFORMING DISTRICTS ............................................................ 3 Table 1. Pre-Primary Enrolment in 2016 and 2017 (All Distrcits) ................................. 3 Table 2. Pre-Primary Gross Enrolement Rate in Rwanda (as per GPE requirement) 5 Table 3. Pre-Primary GER in 2017 in 22 poorest performing districts current status 5 Table 4. Average of GER in Pre-Primary in 8 better performing districts in 2017 ...... 6 Table 5. GER in Pre-Primary Comparison between 2014 and 2017 in 22 Poorest Performing Districts ............................................................................................................ 7 Table 6. Classrooms Rehabilitated
    [Show full text]
  • Rwanda NCA Land Accounts 2018
    RWANDA NATURAL CAPITAL ACCOUNTS - LAND March 2018 The Rwanda Natural Capital Accounts for Land, has been compiled, designed and published by the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) and the Ministry of Environment with assistance from the World Bank and the WAVES Global Partnership. Additional information about the NCA Land 2016 may be obtained from: NISR: KN, 2 Av, 36, PO. Box 6139, Kigali Rwanda; Telephone: +250 252 571 035 Email: [email protected] Ministry of Environment: PO Box 3502, Kigali Rwanda; Telephone +250 788 305 291 Website: www.minirena.gov.rw Ministry of Land and Forest: PO Box 3502, Kigali Rwanda; Telephone +250 788 305 291 Website: www.minilaf.gov.rw Cover image constructed from maps produced by the Regional Centre for Mapping Resources for Development, available from www.rcmrd.org and available on RLMUA Land Use Planning Portal www.rwandalanduse.rnra.rw. Recommended citation: Government of Rwanda (NISR, Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Lands and Forestry), Natural Capital Accounts for Land, March 2018. ii Contents LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Toward a Multisystemic Framework for Mental Health, Social Cohesion
    HHr Health and Human Rights Journal Societal Healing in Rwanda: Toward a MultisystemicHHR_final_logo_alone.indd 1 10/19/15 10:53 AM Framework for Mental Health, Social Cohesion, and Sustainable Livelihoods among Survivors and Perpetrators of the Genocide against the Tutsi alexandros lordos, myria Ioannou, eugène rutembesa, stefani christoforou, eleni anastasiou, and thröstur björgvinsson Abstract The genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda left the country almost completely devastated, with tremendous consequences for mental health, social cohesion, and livelihoods. In the aftermath of such extreme circumstances and human rights violations, societal healing should be conceptualized and approached based on a multisystemic framework that considers these three sectors—mental health, social cohesion, and livelihoods—as well as their interactions. The aims of the present study are twofold: (1) to review evidence on multisystemic healing initiatives already applied in Rwanda using fieldwork notes from interviews and focus groups, alongside relevant scholarly and gray literature, and (2) to propose a Alexandros Lordos, PhD, is a Lecturer in Clinical Psychology at the Department of Psychology of the University of Cyprus and the Special Advisor on Mental Health and Peacebuilding at Interpeace, Geneva, Switzerland. Myria Ioannou, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Researcher in Clinical Psychology at the Department of Psychology of the University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus. Eugène Rutembesa, PhD, is a Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda. Stefani Christoforou, MSc, is a postgraduate student in the Clinical Psychology Doctoral Program at the Department of Psychology of the University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus. Eleni Anastasiou, MSc, is a postgraduate student in the Clinical Psychology Doctoral Program at the Department of Psychology of the University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
    [Show full text]
  • USAID/Rwanda Gender and Social Inclusion Analysis
    USAID/RWANDA GENDER AND SOCIAL INCLUSION ANALYSIS REPORT AUGUST 2019 Contract No.: AID-OAA-TO-17-00018 August 16, 2019 i This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Banyan Global. This publication was produced for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Contract Number AID-OAA-TO-17-00018. It was prepared by Banyan Global under the authorship of Dina Scippa and Mary Alice Bamusiime. Implemented by: am Names. Banyan Global 1120 20th Street NW, Suite 950 Washington, DC 20036 Phone: +1 202-684-9367 Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States government. Recommended Citation: Scippa, Dina and Bamusiime, Mary Alice. USAID/Rwanda Gender and Social Inclusion Analysis Report. Prepared by Banyan Global. 2019. ii USAID/RWANDA GENDER AND SOCIAL- INCLUSION ANALYSIS REPORT 2019 CONTRACT NO.: AID-OAA-TO-17-00018 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 6 1.1 Background 6 1.2 Purpose of the USAID/Rwanda Gender and Social Inclusion Analysis 6 2. METHODOLOGY 8 2.1 Inception Report 8 2.2 Primary Data Collection 8 2.3 Presentation of Preliminary Findings to USAID 9 2.4 Primary Data Analysis and Interpretation and Report Preparation 9 2.5 Protection of Informant Information 9 2.6 Limitations of the Gender and Social Inclusion Analysis 10 3. RWANDA COUNTRY CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND 11 3.1 Country Context and Background 11 4. GENDER AND SOCIAL INCLUSION ANALYSIS FINDINGS, BY ADS 205 DOMAIN 13 4.1 Laws, Policies, Regulations, and Institutional Practices 13 4.2 Cultural Norms and Beliefs 14 4.3 Gender Roles, Responsibilities, and Time Use 15 4.4 Access to and Control Over Assets and Resources 15 4.5 Patterns of Power and Decision-Making 17 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Compendium of the Key Reference Documents
    Integration of Local Authorities Rwanda in the European Cooperation Programming Process 2021-2027 Compendium of the Key Reference Documents Kigali, July 2020 Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS AND ACCRONYMS ........................................................................................................ iii 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background and Context .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Organisation of the compendium ............................................................................................ 2 2. THE NATIONAL DECENTRALISATION POLICY.................................................................................... 3 2.1. Brief historical reminder .......................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Administrative delimitation and decentralisation in Rwanda .................................................. 4 2.3. Legal framework governing Decentralization in Rwanda ......................................................... 7 2.3.1. The Constitution ............................................................................................................... 7 2.3.2. Law Nº87/2013 of 11/09/2013 determining the
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Documents
    REPUBLIC OF RWANDA Public Disclosure Authorized MINISTRY IN CHARGE OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT P.O. Box: 4386 KIGALI Public Disclosure Authorized SOCIO-ECONOMIC INCLUSION OF REFUGEES AND HOST COMMUNITIES PROJECT (SEIRHCP) Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) FINAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized March 2019 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the framework of improving the living conditions of refugees and host communities, the Government of Rwanda through the Ministry in Charge of Emergency Management and with the funding from the World Bank is developing the project entitled “Socio Economic Inclusion of Refugees and Host Communities” (SEIRHCP). The project will be implemented in the six Districts hosting refugee camps, namely Kirehe, Gatsibo, Karongi, Nyamagabe, Gisagara, and Gicumbi hosting respectively the refugee camps Mahama, Nyabiheke, Kiziba, Kigeme, Mugombwa, and Gihembe. The project has four components: the first component aims to ensure access to basic services and socio-economic investments. The component is divided into two parts: access to basic services (education, health and water) and socio-economic investments (roads and markets). The key sub- project activities will include construction, rehabilitation, or upgrading school infrastructures, health facilities, water and sanitation facilities, roads, and markets in six districts hosting refugees. The second component aims to ensure economic opportunity with access to finance (grants or loans) and livelihood opportunities to both refugees and host community. The main objectives of this component are to promote entrepreneurship and wage employment through access to finance (grants or loans) and to provide capacity building for improved access to finance to refugees and host communities. Component three aims to rehabilitate the environment in and around refugee camps.
    [Show full text]
  • Literacy Boost in Rwanda: Impact Evaluation of a Two Year Randomized Control Trial
    Literacy Boost in Rwanda: Impact Evaluation of a Two Year Randomized Control Trial Report Editors: Elliott Friedlander, Research Director Claude Goldenberg, Principal Investigator Stanford University Graduate School of Education Literacy Boost in Rwanda: Impact Evaluation of a Two Year Randomized Control Trial Compiled and Edited by Elliott Friedlander & Claude Goldenberg © 2016 The views and opinions stated in this report are that of the authors alone, and do not necessarily represent the view of Rwanda Education Board, the Ministry of Education of Rwanda, Save the Children, or any other individuals or organizations affiliated with the project. All research contained in this report conducted in conjunction with Stanford’s appointed co-researcher at the Rwanda Education Board. Research activities in Rwanda were conducted with permission and under the supervision of: 1) The Directorate of Science, Technology, and Research in the Ministry of Education in Rwanda Reference: MINEDUC/S&T/0143/2013 2) The Rwanda National Ethics Committee Reference: 423/RNEC/2016 3) The Stanford Institutional Review Board (IRB) Protocol ID: 26580 For further information about the research, please contact the Research Director, Elliott Friedlander, at [email protected] or [email protected]. Recommended Citation for the Overall Report Friedlander, E. & Goldenberg, C. (eds.). (2016). Literacy Boost in Rwanda: Impact Evaluation of a 2-year Randomized Control Trial. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Executive Summary The Learning Crisis Reading, writing, and literacy in general are foundational to modern education. Recognizing the importance of literacy development and education more broadly, the global community came together in recent decades and committed enormous resources to ensuring all children globally had access to primary education.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Rwanda
    Republic of Rwanda FINAL REPORT Legislative Elections to the Chamber of Deputies 15 – 18 September 2008 EUROPEAN UNION ELECTION OBSERVATION MISSION This report is available in English and French, but only the English version is official. This report was produced by the EU Election Observation Mission and presents the EU EOM’s findings on the 15 – 18 September 2008 Legislative Elections in Rwanda. These views have not been adopted or in any way approved by the European Commission and should not be relied upon as a statement of the Commission. The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report, nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 II. INTRODUCTION 7 III. POLITICAL BACKGROUND 7 IV. LEGAL ISSUES 10 V. ELECTION ADMINISTRATION 18 VI. VOTER REGISTRATION 21 VII. REGISTRATION OF CANDIDATES/POLITICAL PARTIES/LISTS 22 VIII. ELECTION CAMPAIGN AND PRE-ELECTION ENVIRONMENT 25 IX. MEDIA AND THE ELECTIONS 29 X. PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN THE ELECTORAL PROCESS 34 XI. PARTICIPATION OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE ELECTORAL PROCESS 35 XII. ELECTION DAY (DIRECT ELECTIONS OF 15 SEPTEMBER) 37 XIII. RESULTS 39 XIV. INDIRECT ELECTIONS 43 XV. RECOMMENDATIONS 44 XVI. ANNEX I - MEDIA MONITORING GRAPHICS 47 EU Election Observation Mission, Rwanda 2008 3 Final Report on the Legislative Elections 15 – 18 September I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The 2008 elections for the chamber of deputies were the second legislative elections after the adoption of the 2003 constitution, which officially marked the end of the immediate post-genocide transition phase. From 15-18 September, 80 deputies were elected, 53 of which by direct universal suffrage.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief: Rwanda – DRC Cross Border Dynamics, April 2019
    Social Science in Humanitarian Action www.socialscienceinaction.org Brief: Rwanda – DRC cross border dynamics, April 2019 This brief summarises key considerations concerning cross-border dynamics between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in the context of the outbreak of Ebola in North Kivu and Ituri provinces. It is the second in a series of four briefs focusing on the at risk border areas between DRC and the four high priority neighbouring countries (including Uganda, South Sudan and Burundi).1 As of April 2019, there had been no case of Ebola imported from the DRC into Rwanda, although alerts had been triggered on the roads leading from North Kivu towards neighbouring Rwanda and at least one high-risk contact was described as being a Rwandan national. Cross-border movement has been identified as a significant risk to transmission. This brief provides details about cross-border relations, the political and economic dynamics likely to influence these, and specific areas and actors most at risk. The brief is based on a rapid review of existing published and grey literature, previous ethnographic research in Rwanda and DRC, and informal discussions with colleagues from the Rwanda Ministry of Health, UNHCR, UNICEF, WHO, DFID, IOM, USAID, CDC and others. The brief was developed by Hugh Lamarque (The University of Edinburgh’s Social and Political Science Department - Centre for African Studies) with support from Ingrid Gercama, Emelie Yonally and Juliet Bedford (Anthrologica). Additional review and inputs were provided by Patricia Stys (London School of Economics), Jean-Benoît Falisse (University of Edinburgh), Benjamin Chemouni (University of Cambridge), David Peyton (Northwestern University), Papy Muzuri (London School of Economics) and colleagues from DFID (Rwanda Country Office) and UNICEF (Rwanda Country Office and East and Southern Africa Regional Office).
    [Show full text]
  • Feed the Future Rwanda Orora Wihaze Activity
    FEED THE FUTURE RWANDA ORORA WIHAZE ACTIVITY USAID CONTRACT # 72069619C00001 CONSUMPTION STUDY REPORT UNDERSTANDING INFLUENCES ON DEMAND FOR CONSUMPTION OF ANIMAL-SOURCED FOODS: INSIGHTS FROM 8 RWANDAN DISTRICTS Implemented by Land O’Lakes Venture37 January 30, 2021 Revised: April 27, 2021 Prepared for USAID by: The Manoff Group, Inc and Catholic Relief Services with thanks and participation from Land O’Lakes Venture37 DISCLAIMER This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of Land O'Lakes Venture37 and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Orora Wihaze Consumption Study Report, revised April 27, 2021 2 CONTENTS Acronyms............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Background .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Methods ..............................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rwanda: Livestock Disease Management and Food Safety Brief
    Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems Rwanda: Livestock Disease Management and Food Safety Brief May 2016 The Management Entity at the University of Florida Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems Rwanda: Livestock Disease Management and Food Safety Brief 2 Acknowledgement The Livestock Disease Management and Food Safety Brief was prepared by Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi, graduate student, under the supervision of Dr. Arie Hendrik Havelaar, Department of Animal Science, and Dr. Jorge Hernandez, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences. This Brief is a work in progress. It will be updated with additional information collected in the future. This Brief is made possible with the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the Feed the Future Initiative. The contents in this brief are the responsibility of the University of Florida and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government, and its partners in Feed the Future countries. Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems Rwanda: Livestock Disease Management and Food Safety Brief 3 1. Introduction In Rwanda, livestock plays a crucial role in rural and national economies and contributes 8.8% to the national gross domestic product (Karenzi et al., 2013). During the war of 1994, Rwanda lost 90% of its national cattle herd (Bazarusanga, 2008). In subsequent years, however, the livestock population has gradually increased and the proportion of Rwandan households keeping cattle has risen (34.4% in 2005/2006, 47.3% in 2010/2011, and 50.4% in 2013/2014; SYB, 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Rwanda Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report
    2019 Rwanda Voluntary National Review (VNR) Report June 2019 1 Table of Contents Opening Statement ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1. Structure of the report........................................................................................................... 10 1.2. Country Profile and Context ............................................................................................... 10 1.3. Objective of the review .......................................................................................................... 12 1.4. Scope of the Review ................................................................................................................. 12 1.5. Methodology and Process ..................................................................................................... 12 1.6. Data Collection .......................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter II. Policy Environment and Institutional arrangement ..................................................... 14 2.1. Ownership of SDGs in Rwanda ........................................................................................... 14 2.2. SDGs Domestication in Rwanda .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]