The Implications of Transnational Terrorism for UN Field Missions
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Adapting and Evolving: The Implications of Transnational Terrorism for UN Field Missions AUTHORS Mauricio Artiñano, Peter Blair, Nicolas Collin, Beatrice Godefroy, Conor Godfrey, Brieana Marticorena, Daphne McCurdy, Owen McDougall, Steve Ross FACULTY ADVISORS Minh-Thu Pham, Patrick Kuhn Woodrow Wilson School Graduate Policy Workshop April 2014 Contents ABOUT THE 2013 POLICY WORKSHOP .............................................................................. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 8 SECTION 1: DEFINING THE THREAT ................................................................................ 11 SECTION 2: IMPACT ON UN OBJECTIVES ....................................................................... 15 SECTION 3: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UN ....................................................................... 20 SECTION 4: CRITICAL GAPS................................................................................................ 28 SECTION 5: CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS .................. 45 NOTES ......................................................................................................................................... 48 APPENDIX 1: LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND OTHER AFFILIATIONS OF INDIVIDUALS CONSULTED ............................................................. 52 APPENDIX 2: ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX 3: ABOUT THE AUTHORS ................................................................................ 56 2 About the 2013 Policy Workshop This report represents the culmination of a policy workshop undertaken by nine graduate students at Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School for Public and International Affairs between September 2013 and January 2014. Working under the guidance of Minh-Thu Pham, Director of Policy at the United Nations Foundation and Visiting Lecturer at Princeton, and the assistance of Patrick Kuhn, Lecturer in Public and International Affairs and Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Empirical Studies of Conflict (ESOC) project at Princeton, we studied the drivers, nature, and consequences of transnational terrorist threats as well as UN responses to conflict and peacebuilding. Biographies of the research team and instructors can be found in Appendix 3. The project was undertaken at the suggestion of senior United Nations (UN) staff in the Policy and Best Practices Service of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations who were interested in exploring what could be learned from UN and other organizations’ experiences in places like Somalia and Afghanistan that could inform new UN peacekeeping operations and field missions as they are confronted with growing asymmetric or hostile and unconventional threats. Our research included an extensive literature review and over 100 interviews with experts in these topics. Team members traveled frequently to New York City to interview UN staff in various departments, as well as Member State diplomats, academics and researchers. We also traveled to Washington DC to interview United States (US) government officials and experts. The team conducted field research in Addis Ababa, Bamako, Brussels, Dakar, Nairobi and Paris in October 2013. In Nairobi and Bamako, we met with UN field missions and agencies, local government and civil society actors, non-governmental humanitarian organizations, regional organizations and several embassies to better understand the nature of the threat in Mali and Somalia, as well as the challenges the UN has faced in these countries. In Bamako and Paris, we also interviewed the French military about “Operation Serval” and its interaction with the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA). In an effort to glean lessons from the experience of regional organizations in environments with transnational terrorist threats, we met with officials from the African Union in Addis Ababa, Nairobi, and Bamako, as well as officials from NATO and the European Union (EU) in Brussels to learn about their operations in Somalia and Afghanistan. Finally, in Dakar, through meetings with the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA), we sought to learn more about the regional dynamics of transnational terrorist networks and the UN’s response to this particular aspect of the threat. A complete list of the individuals we interviewed, and their affiliations, can be found in the Acknowledgements and in the Appendix 1 of the report. The views expressed in the report do not necessarily represent the views of any individual or organization with which the authors met. Ultimately, we hope that this report provides a forward-looking, comprehensive analysis of the impact of transnational terrorist threats on the United Nations. As independent researchers, we seek to proffer an objective critique of issues that UN staff in both Headquarters and in the field believe to be crucial for the future of the Organization. 3 Acknowledgments This report was produced for the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) Policy and Best Practices Service and the Policy Planning Unit in the Executive Office of the Secretary General. In particular, we would like to express our gratitude to Leanne Smith, Madalene O'Donnell and Michele Griffin for giving us the opportunity to explore this important topic and for their support, guidance and insights. This workshop would not have been possible without the generous support of the Woodrow Wilson School and we would like to thank, in particular, Karen McGuinness and Joanne Kryzwulak for their assistance. In addition, we are incredibly appreciative of the guidance provided by our instructors, Minh-Thu Pham and Patrick Kuhn, throughout the process. Below is a list of people that the research group met with or consulted via telephone or e-mail during the course of the policy workshop. The content in our report draws heavily from the invaluable insights and experiences of these individuals, and we are very grateful for their willingness to participate in this project. Mr. Movses Abelian Mr. Justin Brady COL. Jacques Deman Ms. Soraya Adouane Dr. Rony Brauman Mr. Solomon Dersso Mr. Salman Ahmed Mr. Albrecht Braun Ms. Marina Di Lauro Commandant Aku Salmi Mr. Sean Brooks Mr. Gordon Drake Prince Zeid Ra’ad Zeid Al- Mr. David Buffaloe Mr. Philip Drouin Hussein (Ambassador) Mr. Henri Burgard Mr. William Durch Ms. Ariadna Alvarado Mr. Filippo Busconi Dr. John Entelis Colonel Gebre Egziabher Ms. Olivia Caeymaex Mr. Gary D. Ermutlu Alemseged Mr. Dustin Caniglia Ms. Vanda Felbab-Brown Colonel Michael Amuzu Ms. Emilya Cermak Ambassador Fisseha Yimer Ms. Alexis Arieff Mrs. Nadine Chafik Mr. Carlos Frias Mr. Fernando Arroyo Mr. Rahul Chandran Mr. James Gadin Dr. Kwaku Darke Asanto Ms. Alice Chow Colonel Félix Eugenio Ms. Legawork Assefa Ms. Naureen Chowdhury García Cortijo Mr. Chrysantus Ayangafac Fink CAPT Karl Greene Mr. Rob Ayasse Colonel Abdoulaye Cissé Mr. Mulugeta Gebrehiwot Mr. Boubacar Ba Mr. James Cockayne Berhe Ms. Rafia Barakat Mr. Joel Cohen Ms. Tasha Gill Ms. Sophie Baranes Mr. Christopher Coleman Ms. Alison Giffen Ms. Roxaneh Bazergan Ms. Natalia Contreras Mr. Richard Gowan Mr. Nick Birnback Dr. Costy Costantinos Ms. Michele Griffin Ms. Caroline Blayney Colonel Tony Curtis Mr. Jean-Marie Guehenno Mr. Peter Boffin Ms. Rania Dagash Ms. Monika Hillebrand Mr. Arthur Boutellis Ambassador Jeffrey Ms. Venetia Holland Mr. Mark Bradbury DeLaurentis Ms. Victoria Holt 4 Mr. Mohammed Jalloh Mr. Robert Marinovic Ms. Bilen Shimelis Mr. Eddie Johns Colonel Metayer Dr. Jake Shapiro LTC Garrett Jones Mr. Peter Mohan MAJ Anthony Sidoti Ms. Rebecca Jovin Mr. Edmond Mulet Mr. Steven Siqueira Mr. Sean Kane Mr. Christian Munezero Ms. Leanne Smith Ms. Camino Kavanagh Ms. Aida Njanja-Fassu Dr. Issaka Souaré Ambassador Sekou Kasse Mr. Azeez Nurudeen Mr. Moumouni Soumano Mr. Brian Keane Ms. Madalene O’Donnell Mr. Jerome Spinoza Mr. Amon Killeen Mr. Christopher O’Donnell Mr. Keith Stanski Ambassador Rodney Kiwa Mr. Jide Okeke Ms. Ayaka Suzuki Dr. MJ Kimani Dr. Robert Orr Dr. Glenn Rogers Mr. Sven Koopmans Ms. Kristen Pappas Mr. Thierry Tardy Dr. Joachim Koops Mr. Rafael Peralta Ms. Agathe Telou Mr. Georgios Kostakos Mr. Robert Perito Ms. Lori-Anne Théroux- Ms. Fifatin Kpohazounde Mr. Dan Pike Bénoni Mr. Arnaud Laloum Ms. Lynette Poulton Mr. Aurelien Tobie Mr. Didier Lenoir Mr. Philippe Prevost, Mr. Mohamadou Touré Mr. Mathew Leslie Lieutenant-Colonel Potiron Mr. Oliver Ulich Mr. David Lochhead de Boisfleury Ms. Alicia van der Veen Mr. Danilson Lopes Da Rosa Ms. Aurelie Proust Mr. Martín Vidal Ambassador Lewis Lukens Mr. David Scharia Mr. Jean-François Voillot Mr. Colum Lynch Lt. Col. Alberto Serradilla Ms. Karin von Hippel Ms. Megan McPhee Fidalgo Mr. Brian Wilson Mr. Jeff McManus Ms. Brooke Shawn Ms. Edem Wosornu Mr. Alessandro Mariani Ms. Nadia Shah We also thank all the individuals that were interviewed and did not wish to be identified in this report. The content of the report has not been approved by nor does it represent the official views of the United Nations. 5 Executive Summary In the coming years, there