I Lavori Farnesiani a Castel Sant'angelo Precisazioni Ed Ipotesi

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I Lavori Farnesiani a Castel Sant'angelo Precisazioni Ed Ipotesi ©Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo -Bollettino d'Arte ERALDO GAUDIOSO I LAVORI FARNESIANI A CASTEL SANT'ANGELO PRECISAZIONI ED IPOTESI CINQUANT'ANNI circa dalla grande ri­ frammentarie e spesso ambigue. ~~ Il D'Onofrio, Slrt1tturaziot1e di Castel Sant'Angelo in alle prese con la problematica ricostruzione delle A fortezza urbana, realizzata al tempo di secolari vicende storico-artistiche del monumento, Alessandro VI Borgia (1492-1503), gli interventi strettamente correlare agli avvenimenti politici e arcbjtettonici e decorativi di Paolo III Farnese alla evoluzione urbanistica della città, ha esplicita­ (1534-1549) costituiscono senza dubbio la fase mente escluso dai suoi intenti una analisi capillare conclusiva e più rilevante di un nuovo, graduale dei documenti contabili scoperti, limitandosi per processo di trasformazione del castello in sontuosa lo più alla loro segnalazione e pubblicazione par­ residenza papale. La tipologia della rocca si associa ziale. In realtà soltanto da un attento esame com­ a quella del palazzo gentilizio e della villa in una parativo di tutti i documenti che vanno dal giugno struttura architettonico-decorativa più complessa, 1544 al febbraio 1550 possono scaturire talune che proietta a scala urbana l'immagine forse più nuove deduzioni, non proprio irrilevanti, sugli emblematica di un potere strategico non meno autori, sull'entità e la cronologia delle trasforma­ che ideologico (fig. 1). I precedenti interventi di zioni intervenute a Castello al tempo di Paolo III, Giulio II, di Leone X e di Clemente VII avevano che si inquadrano con una loro particolare fisio ­ già impresso alla rocca un carattere civile progres­ nomia nella politica di accorto mecenatismo, che sivamente più accentuato rispetto a quello militare, il papa Farnese condusse in un periodo di contrasti ma mai come ora Castel Sant'Angelo, divenuto e di lacerazioni drammatiche. sede e simbolo del potere centrale, riassume ed I lavori farnesiani più importanti comprendono esalta la duplice funzione di fortezza e di residenza la costruzione di una rampa d'ingresso con l'avan­ papale, imponendosi sul tessuto urbano con asso­ corpo di collegamento alla cordonata diametrale luto, superiore distacco. Le trasformaziotù sono di Alessandro VI (fig. 2), la ristrutturazione sce­ localizzate non soltanto al livello del basamento nografica del cortile dell'Angelo (fig. 3) e la siste­ quadrato, ma anche e principalmente sulla platea mazione delle sale del complesso niccolino alla superiore della mole cilindrica e danno agli am­ base della torre centrale, l'apertura della loggia bienti una identità formale che è rimasta fino ad verso i Prati (fig. 4) e la costruzione, al piano oggi quasi immutata. Per misurare l'entità delle superiore, dell'appartamento farnesiano vero e trasformazioni basti pensare che soltanto pochi proprio, che si articola in una serie di sale e di anni prima dei nuovi lavori, nel 1536, il giurista rampe da una estremità all'altra della mole cilin­ tedesco Giovanni Fichard, ammesso eccezional­ drica, aprendosi verso la città con le due logge mente a visitare il castello, aveva rilevato l'ina­ contrapposte di Giulio II e di Paolo III. 3l Ma deguatezza delle stanze del papa addossate alla molti altri lavori, di entità sia pure minore, ven­ base della torre centrale (" Pontificis conclavia gono ora eseguiti come la lastricatura con " matoni pauca sun.t et angusta , ~l). A distanza di qualche per cartello, del ponte S. Angelo, l'apertura di anno, tra ti 1542 e il 1548, la situazione è comple­ una porta con ponte levatoio nel lato nord della ~nte rib~ltata e ~ul nucleo quattrocentesco cinta quadrata, la costruzione di una scala interna risal~nte a Ntccolò V v1ene articolato un complesso di raccordo tra la sala del Perseo e la '' stufetta 11 amp1o ed organico di sale fastosamente decorate di Clemente VII e la sistemazione di un corpo coR n stucchi ed affreschi, con pochi riscontri nella di guardia a livello del cortile dell'Angelo, che orna del tempo. reca tuttora nella volta a botte un ovale marmoreo ~u questa fase culminante della storia del Ca­ con l'impresa farnesiana del delfino e del cama­ ste '?• eh~ ~egna anche uno dei momenti più leonte. 41 Di altri lavori citati nei documenti con­ dens1 e VItali nella cultura figurativa a metà del 1 tabili non rimane più traccia nel flusso caotico f:ci o,r~no gettato nuova luce due ponderosi delle successive trasformazioni degli ambienti, che .co ' ' documenti contabili recentemente sco­ hanno fatto del Castello una sorta di palinsesto rR!a C. D'On o~ri<;> presso l'Archivio di Stato dalle stratificazioni intrecciate in modo spesso PQione ' che cost~tUJsco.n<;> ~na sostanziale inte­ inestricabile: una porta in marmo detta del Sal­ delle fonti archivtshche già note, molto vatore all'ingresso del Castello, una "scala che 21 ©Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo -Bollettino d'Arte v:t al torrione del inferno , , una cappella decorata ralmente avviene, la paternit~ del Sangallo sulle con stucchi e pitture di Luzio Romano, non iden­ costruzioni farnesiane ed è anzi evidente come il tificabile forse con quella di Leone X ma proba­ classicismo di maniera e l'esilità lineare delle bilmente ubicata nell'atrio retrostante alla loggia membrature riscontrabili nello snodo delle due di Paolo III, a sua volta scomparso. Di quest'ulti­ rampe del cortile dell'Angelo, nel ritmo delle mo si ignorava perfino l'esistenza originaria, che arcate della loggia di Paolo III e soprattutto nella soltanto da sondaggi tuttora in corso è stato possi­ sottile cesellatura del vestibolo della sala paolina bile rilevare nella tormentata topografia interna divergano sostanzialmente dal senso di monumen­ del Castello (fig. 5). È risultato chiaramente che la talità e di massa proprio del Sangallo. I docun1enti loggia comunicava con un " atrio , esteso per contabili confermano le risultanze stilistiche e tutta la lunghezza del prospetto nord dell'appar­ recano al riguardo un chiarimento pressoché riso­ tamento papale e che l'intero complesso fu rica­ lutivo. Da essi risulta infatti che Raffaello da vato sfruttando lo spazio di una sala risalente Montelupo fu compensato con un mensile a parte, a Niccolò V, che in origine si estendeva fin quasi quale architetto di Castello, dal 2 luglio I 544, data all'orlo del cilindro romano. Verso il 1542-43 la del primo pagamento pervenuto (ma l'incarico sala fu tagliata e occupata per metà circa dalla potrebbe tuttavia risalire all'inizio della prefettura loggia e nella parte restante fu divisa da un solaio d i Tiberio Crispi nel 1542), al I dicembre dello in due ambienti sovrapposti, il superiore dei quali, stesso anno, quando le strutture dell'appartamento a livello e probabilmente in raccordo prospettico farnesiano erano ormai ultimate nell'ala nord ed con la loggia, fungeva anche da ingresso alle stanze in via di completamento nell'ala sud e le altre immediatamente superiori dell'appartamento pa­ costrU?;ioni erano già compiute o avviate in gran pale mediante una scala di accesso (ancora in parte parte a conclusione. Può quindi ritenersi un dato visibile) alla sala dei Festoni. L'atrio esisteva ormai acquisito che a Raffaello da Montelupo ancora, sia pure già del tutto trasformato e mano­ spettino tutte le costruzioni farnesiane all'interno messo, prima dei restauri del Borgatti 5l e scom­ del Castello; al Sangallo furono invece certamente parve quando fu demolito il solaio divisorio nel­ affidati i più impegnativi compiti di architettura l'intento di " ripristinare , in tutta la sua altezza militare coinvolgenti il caposaldo strategico del la parte residua della sala niccolina. 6l Cosl il Castello nel quadro piò ampio della ristrutturazione recupero par1:iale di un ambiente già compromesso delle difese urbane. ul Una conferma indiretta di in parte da interventi cinquecenteschi ormai irre­ ciò si può avere nella parte avuta dal Montelupo versibili e da successive modifica?;ioni si è rivelata nella costruzione a Bolsena del palazzo di Tiberio sostanzialmente un'operazione in pura perdita e Crispi, ora Del Drago, ove il. cardinale, già pre­ in una ulteriore manomissione dell'assetto origi­ fetto di Castel S. Angelo, sembra aver voluto nario della loggia, al quale fanno cenno anche i riprendere taluni spunti costruttivi e soprattutto documenti contabili qui presi in esame. 1l decorativi dell'appartamento farnesiano con la Secondo il Vasari questo imponente complesso probabile partecipazione delle stesse maestranze di lavori fu eseguito sotto la castellania di Tiberio impiegate in Castello. All'interessante e quasi dd Crispi (1542-45) "con ordine e disegni di Raffaello tutto sconosciuto complesso ope.rò in precedenza da Montelupo e poi in ultimo di Antonio da Simone Mosca, non estraneo anche lui ai lavori Sangallo ,, 8l ma i tentativi di distinguere l'opera d i Castello, 12l e successivamente Raffaello da Mon­ dell'uno e dell'altro architetto non banno finora telupo, che Tiberio Crispi, a detta del Vasari, approdato a giudizi concordi. Il Giovannoni tende inviò " più volte , a Bolsena. Lo stesso Tiberio giustamente a limitare la parte avuta dal Sangallo, Crispi, nominato legato pontificio a Pe~ il morto nel 1546, nei lavori all'interno del Castello 25 marzo 1 54~, potrebbe avere impiegato il Mon­ e riconosce il suo stile nel solo atrio o vestibolo telupo, che rtceve l'ultimo pagamento a Castel della sala Paolina, 11l che è indubbiamente una Sant'Angelo proprio nel marzo 1545, in alcune delle composizioni architettoniche più notevoli del costruzioni perugtne, dalla loggia della Rocca Pac.unll,, Castello ma anche la più aliena dalla sensibilità direttamente esemplata su quella di Castel del Sangallo nell'eleganza miniaturistica e nel gelo, alle logge del palazzo dei Priori e di tenue risalto delle modanature (fig. 6). Quanto della Pace, finora attribuite agli inizi di alla loggia verso i Prati, che articola il prospetto Alessi. 13l nord dell'appartamento papale con l'apertura rit­ Non è facile cogliere nei disegni i riftessi mata delle sue cinque arcate a contrasto con il l'attività architettonica svolta a Castel S.
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