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El Greco's Roman Period and the Influence of Guglielmo Della Porta

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El Greco's Roman Period and the Influence of Guglielmo Della Porta El Greco’s Roman Period and the Influence of Guglielmo della Porta by Michael Riddick El Greco’s Roman Period and the Influence of Guglielmo della Porta The ‘Great School’ of Guglielmo della Porta While a quantity of objects have been reasonably decades, a process first initiated by Werner Gramberg attributed to Guglielmo della Porta (1515-77), less and Ulrich Middledorf who made great advancements attention has been given to the distinction of his in our understanding of Guglielmo’s output. It is the collaborators. As a result, various artworks have doubtless present author’s hope that the observations and ideas been given Guglielmo’s signature authorship while they presented in this series of articles, tentative as they might could instead be the workmanship of qualified assistants be at times, may serve as a clarifying step in the course working from his models and designs. of understanding not just Guglielmo himself but also the distinct work of those with whom he collaborated. In the survey of art historical literature, observing the distinction between individual craftsmen in a workshop Rosario Coppel commented, “A comparative study has yet has been an arduous undertaking with attributions to be made between Guglielmo’s documented works and debated for great lengths of time and few documents those of his workshop assistants.”1 It is this challenge of available to definitively confirm artistic authorship. Adding being categorical about the individual artists in Guglielmo’s to this complexity are the diverse roles assumed by circle that the present author adopts as the role of this workshop assistants as well as the succession of ownership series of articles concerning the “Gran Scuola” and diffusion of a workshop’s models which can make of Guglielmo.2 secure attributions virtually impossible. We could compare this art historical maze with the past century of research invested in delineating the evident qualities that distinguish the workmanship of assistants operating in Giambologna’s (1529-1608) workshop: Antonio Susini, Pietro Tacca (1577-1640), Adriaen de Vries (1560-1626), et al. It is expected the artists active in Guglielmo’s workshop will be equally discussed in coming El Greco’s Roman Period and the Influence of Guglielmo della Porta 2 Michael Riddick - RenBronze.com El Greco’s Roman Period and the Influence of Guglielmo della Porta The conceivable influence of Guglielmo della Porta on the Guglielmo was actively serving the Farnese family during developing style of the painter Domínikos Theotokópoulos this period, evident by a letter of praise Alessandro sent to (El Greco) during his early period in Italy is one not yet Guglielmo for a crucifix in December of 1571.6 If El Greco adequately explored. did not meet Guglielmo during this time he would have certainly become acquainted with the legacy of his work The common perception of El Greco is one of a misfit at the Palace since the 1540s where Guglielmo once lived whose avantgarde approach and resistance to convention and restored antiquities from Alessandro’s collection.7 If El caused him both hardship but also long-term success. Greco didn’t encounter Guglielmo during his residence at However, despite his boldness he equally preserved an the Farnese Palace it remains possible he still could have openness to learn and gain from his engagement with the interacted with him prior to his departure for Spain. artistic milieu of Italy. This is especially evident with the impression Venice had upon him. There are several conditions that could have attracted El Greco to the personality of Guglielmo. Guglielmo was Around 1567 El Greco left his career as an icon painter in his final years during the 1570s and while he was in Greece to pursue an understanding of the new artistic foremost revered as a sculptor he was more significantly developments taking place in Italy. Arriving in Venice, El a draughtsman and master of disegno, the chief glory of Greco spent three years under the influence of artists like an artist in Italy at that time. It was typical of patrons to Jacopo Bassano, Tintoretto and Titian where he learned to finance and commission not only an artist to execute a work adapt the vibrant use of color to augment his compositions but also its designer. Because of his creative talents and and stir emotional responses from his work. It is in Venice experience, Guglielmo managed to surround himself with that El Greco may have also learned to emulate the several of the finest artists in their trades.8 His designs were individuality Titian so effectively demonstrated throughout sought after and reproduced by artists in his circle while his artistic career.3 alive and posthumously.9 THE POTENTIAL INTERSECTION OF Guglielmo welcomed journeymen into his fold. Most EL GRECO AND GUGLIELMO DELLA PORTA notable is the sculptor Jacob Cornelis Cobaert who was contemporaneously referred to as Coppe Fiammingo (the El Greco arrived in Rome and became a guest at the Fleming), a nickname not unlike El Greco’s own namesake Farnese Palace due to a letter of recommendation received (the Greek). Its possible Guglielmo may have found by Cardinal Alessandro Farnese from the esteemed something unique about ‘the foreigner’ that reminded him miniaturist Giulio Clovio in 1570.4 Later differences of himself, taking pride in his work and being a dedicated prompted El Greco’s exit from the Palace between July and artist with a sincere interest in art’s tenets.10 Guglielmo October of 1572.5 In Rome, the Farnese Palace had been certainly had no aversion to uncharacteristic personalities, the summit of artistic and intellectual life and it is here that as Cobaert himself was described as an eccentric.11 El Greco may have had an initial contact with Guglielmo. El Greco’s Roman Period and the Influence of Guglielmo della Porta 3 Michael Riddick - RenBronze.com El Greco experienced no major commissions while in Italy in Spain, inclusive of Phillip II, may have also encouraged and his deficiency of success in this area may have also El Greco’s later departure for Madrid. prompted his interest in Guglielmo’s activity. Guglielmo had likewise experienced a series of set-backs for major Immediately following El Greco’s departure from the commissions when his Passion series was unsuccessful Farnese Palace he is documented as registering with in locating a significant patron.12 During the late 1560s painters guild as a miniaturist. His profession as a Guglielmo began translating this larger series of Passion miniaturist could be a misunderstood case of semantics reliefs into smaller formats, adapting them for plaquettes but his friendship with Clovio could logically have and paxes. The sustenance of his workshop, dedicated cultivated a practice of the artform.14 Of note is Guglielmo’s to servicing minor regional commissions from aristocratic incorporation of painted miniatures on his elaborately families, churches and confraternities would have been the produced altar crosses and tabernacles, a production of same network El Greco would have pursued in sustaining which may have brought possible employment to El Greco himself after his expulsion from the Farnese Palace. The between 1573-77. Though speculative, his departure paintings attributed to El Greco, ca. 1573-75, are indicative for Spain in 1577 may have also come as the result of of the type of devotional paintings related to such minor Guglielmo’s death in that year. commissions.13 Guglielmo’s early and continuing patronage Fig. 01: El Greco’s Adoration of the Name of Jesus, ca. 1578-79 (left; Chapter House, Monasterio de San Lorenzo, El Escorial); Guglielmo della Porta’s sketch of the Conversion of St. Paul (right) El Greco’s Roman Period and the Influence of Guglielmo della Porta 4 Michael Riddick - RenBronze.com Fig. 02: Detail of El Greco’s Adoration of the Name of Jesus, ca. 1578-79 (left; Chapter House, Monasterio de San Lorenzo, El Escorial); detail of Guglielmo della Porta’s sketch for the Fall of the Giants (above, right; Pierpont Morgan Library); detail of a gold repoussé relief of the Fall of the Giants by Cesare Targone after a model by Jacob Cornelis Cobaert after a design by Guglielmo della Porta (below, right; Bode Museum) In addition to Guglielmo’s concentration on the production Francisco Pacheco who visited El Greco’s workshop in of religious subjects, to which a former iconographer like El Toledo in 1611. El Greco’s use, preparation or collection of Greco would have been interested, Guglielmo’s knowledge small models may also have inclined him to take an interest of classical art would have been equally appealing to El in Guglielmo’s workshop where small-scale models were Greco considering his initiative to visit Rome was partly on regularly produced and where Guglielmo’s collection of account of an interest in absorbing Italy’s classical past. classical antiquities would have presented the educational Guglielmo was considered an expert in classical artworks, opportunities he sought. If skilled in sculpture, it is perhaps being an established collector and restorer of them. through an association with Guglielmo that El Greco could have learned the general talent required to execute works of Though rarely discussed, El Greco has also been lauded reasonable quality such as the freestanding pair of Pandora as a sculptor, or at minimum, a designer of sculpture. El and Epimetheus (Museo Nacional Del Prado) attributed to Greco collected sculptural models for use in his studio, his design or workmanship.15 16 a tradition advocated by Italian painters and noted by El Greco’s Roman Period and the Influence of Guglielmo della Porta 5 Michael Riddick - RenBronze.com Possibly the most significant reason El Greco could have been drawn to Guglielmo was the environment cultivated by his “Gran Scuola,” being not simply a workshop for the serial production of goldsmith and sculpted works but one also conducive toward teaching the elements of design and artistic theory.
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