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T7-Revisao-Bibliografica-Da-Biologia UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS – RIO CLARO unesp CURSO DE ESPECIALIZAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA URBANA: TEORIA E PRÁTICA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA DA BIOLOGIA DOS CUPINS E METODOLOGIAS UTILIZADAS NO CONTROLE, COM ÊNFASE NAS PRINCIPAIS ESPÉCIES QUE OCORREM NA CIDADE DE SÃO PAULO Fábio Antonio de Barros Monografia apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Campus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Especialista em Entomologia Urbana. CURSO DE ESPECIALIZAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA URBANA: TEORIA E PRÁTICA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA DA BIOLOGIA DOS CUPINS E METODOLOGIAS UTILIZADAS NO CONTROLE, COM ÊNFASE NAS PRINCIPAIS ESPÉCIES QUE OCORREM NA CIDADE DE SÃO PAULO Fábio Antonio de Barros Profa. Dra. Ana Eugenia de Carvalho Campos Monografia apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Campus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Especialista em Entomologia Urbana. 595.736 Barros, Fábio Antonio de B277r Revisão bibliográfica da biologia dos cupins e metodologias utilizadas no controle com ênfase nas principais espécies que ocorrem na cidade de São Paulo / Fábio Antonio de Barros – Rio Claro, 2016 83 f. : il., figs., fots. Trabalho de conclusão de curso (especialização – Entomologia urbana: teoria e prática) – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro Orientador: Ana Eugênia de Carvalho Campos 1. Térmita. 2. Coptotermes Rhinotermitidae Coptotermes gest. 3. cupins de madeira úmida. 4. Coptotermes gestroi. I. Título Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela STATI - Biblioteca da UNESP Campus de Rio Claro/SP Fábio Antonio de Barros REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA DA BIOLOGIA DOS CUPINS E METODOLOGIAS UTILIZADAS NO CONTROLE, COM ÊNFASE NAS PRINCIPAIS ESPÉCIES QUE OCORREM NA CIDADE DE SÃO PAULO Monografia apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Campus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Especialista em Entomologia Urbana. Orientadora: Dra. Ana Eugênia de Carvalho Campos Comissão Examinadora Prof. Dr. Odair Corrêa Bueno Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais – UNESP – Campus de Rio Claro Prof. Dr. Osmar Malaspina Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais – UNESP – Campus de Rio Claro Drª. Ana Eugênia de Carvalho Campos Instituto Biológico de São Paulo Rio Claro – SP,_____de_____________de 2015 Dedico a minha esposa Marinalva, exemplo de amor e companheirismo. aos meus pais Pedro e Maria que sempre me apoiaram e alegram os meus dias AGRADECIMENTOS Aos amigos, primos e parceiros no campo de trabalho André e Marcelo pelo incentivo à iniciação do 7º Curso de Especialização em Entomologia Urbana. Ao Dr. Odair Correa Bueno e a Dra. Ana Eugênia de Carvalho Campos pelos ensinamentos e convivência ao longo do curso. Aos amigos Gabriel, Márcia, Cassiane, Ualas e Isael pela ajuda durante minha ausência na empresa. Aos novos amigos conquistados ao longo desse curso maravilhoso, Débora, Denis, Edna, Elisa, Fábio Tatu, Jeferson, Juliana, Marcely, Marcia, Marilda, Marylin, Murilo, Odelço, Osmar, Paulo, Ricardo, Roberto, Simone, Thayrine e Thiago principalmente pelas conversas realizadas após cada aula e nossas comemorações marcantes. “Sou o que sou porque vivo da minha maneira... Você procurando respostas olhando pro espaço, e eu tão ocupado vivendo... Eu não me pergunto, Eu faço” Raul Seixas RESUMO O cupim é um inseto que se alimenta basicamente de estruturas ricas em celulose, encontrada em madeira, papel, telas, tecidos, gesso e alvenaria. Existem cerca de 3.710 espécies catalogadas de cupins, sendo que destas, 500 habitam o Brasil. Esses insetos vivem em colônias e são socialmente organizados; reis, rainhas, soldados e operários. Na primavera e no outono ocorrem as revoadas que dão origem a novas colônias. Após voarem os siriris ou aleluias, saem em revoadas, para acasalar, caem no solo, livram-se das asas, e aos pares, procuram locais apropriados para o acasalamento e a implantação de novas colônias. Toda madeira está sujeita ao ataque de insetos xilófagos (insetos deterioradores de madeira) desde o corte da árvore até o seu final como móveis, batentes, portas, telhados, etc. Devido ao aumento das áreas urbanas, e a adaptação de algumas espécies de cupins de solo a esses locais, está ocorrendo um aumento significativo dos estragos e prejuízos que esses insetos vêm causando à população. Pode-se até inferir que, será uma das principais pragas urbanas do final do milênio. Palavra Chave: Coptotermes Rhinotermitidae, Cupins de madeira úmida, Coptotermes gestroi. Cryptotermes, metedos de controle. ABSTRACT The termite is an insect that feeds primarily on structures rich in cellulose found in wood, paper, canvas, fabric, plaster and masonry. There are about 2,800 described species of termites and of these, 500 live in Brazil. These insects live in colonies (nests) and are socially organized with, kings, queens, soldiers and workers. In the Spring and Autumn swarmings give rise to new nests. Alate forms join in swarms to mate, fall on the ground, get rid of their wings, and in pairs, look for places suitable for breeding and startingthe new nests. All kind of wood is subject to xylophagous insect attacks (insects that feed on wood) from live treesto wood as furniture, door frames, doors, roofs, etc.. Due to the increase in urban areas, and the adaptation ofsubterrean termite species in this ecosystem, it is experiencing a significant increase on these insects that have been causing significant damage. One might even infer that it will be a major pest of urban end of the millennium. Keyword: Coptotermes Rhinotermitidae, moist wood termites, Coptotermes gestroi, Cryptotermes, methods of control. DEDICATÓRIA 5 AGRADECIMENTOS 6 RESUMO 8 ABSTRACT 9 1. INTRODUÇÃO 13 2. JUSTIFICATIVA 16 3. OBJETIVO 17 4. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS 18 5. RESULTADOS 18 6.2. Benefícios e importância ecológica dos cupins 18 6.3. Distribuição e Taxonomia 21 6.4. Origem dos Cupins 22 6.5. Estrutura Social 23 6.6. Comportamento e Comunicação nos Cupins 25 6.7. Castas 27 6.8. Ninhos 29 6.9. Formações de Novas Colônias 31 6.10.Desenvolvimento das Colônias de Cupins 31 6.11.Termitófilos, Termitariófilos e Predadores. 32 6.12. Morfologia 33 6.12.1.Morfologia Externa 33 6.12.2.Alado 34 6.12.3.Cabeça 34 6.12.4.Tórax 35 6.12.5.Pernas 35 6.12.6.Asas 35 6.12.7.Abdômen 36 6.12.8.Operário 36 6.12.9.Soldado 37 6.13.Morfologia Interna 38 6.13.1.Sistema Digestivo e Alimentação 38 6.14.Controle de Cupins-Praga em Áreas Urbanas 38 6.15.Impacto Econômico dos Cupins-Praga 39 6.16.Coptotermes havilandi 40 6.16.1.Posição Taxonômica 40 6.16.2.Origem, Distribuição Geográfica e Ocorrência. 40 6.16.3.Danos 41 6.17.Morfologia das Castas 42 6.17.1.Aparelho Reprodutor 42 6.17.1.1.Aparelho Reprodutor Masculino 42 6.17.1.2.Aparelho Reprodutor Feminino 42 6.18.Glândula Exócrina 43 6.18.1.Glândula Frontal 43 6.18.2.Glândulas Salivares 44 6.18.3.Glândulas Esternais 45 6.18.4.Glândulas Tergais 45 6.18.5.Glândulas Tarsais 45 6.19.Revoada e Fundação de Novas Colônias 45 6.19.1.Período de Revoada 45 6.19.2.Liberação dos Alados 46 6.19.3.Horário e Comportamento de Revoada 47 6.19.4.Predadores dos Alados na Revoada 47 6.19.5.Ninhos 48 6.19.6.Ciclo de Vida e Opções de Reprodução em Colônias de Coptotermes. 49 6.20.Diferenciação de Castas 50 6.21.Morfologia do Ovo 50 6.22.Colônias Incipientes 51 6.23.Reprodutores da Colônia Incipiente 53 6.24.Relações entre Coptotermes havilandi e Collembola 53 6.25.Interações Infra-Específicas em Coptotermes havilandi 54 6.26.Interações entre Operários e Soldados 55 6.27.Interações entre Colônias Inteiras 56 6.28. População das Colônias e Territórios de Forrageamento de Coptotermes 57 6.29.Heterotermes tenu 59 6.29.1.Posição Taxonômica 59 6.30.Danos 60 6.31.Pseudo-Operários ou “Pseudergates” 60 6.32.Hormônios Reguladores de Crescimento de Insetos (IGRs) 61 7.Controle de Cupins 62 7.2.Alterações Mecânicas 62 7.3.Aplicação no exterior de estrutura 63 7.4.Aplicação no interior da estrutura 63 7.5.Iscas 64 7.6.Medidas de tratamento 64 7.7.Sistema sentricon 65 7.8. Instalação do sistema sentricon 66 7.9. Monitoramento 66 8. REFERÊNCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA 68 9. ANEXO 74 13 1. INTRODUÇÃO Existem vários tipos de insetos e microorganismos que utilizam a madeira como fonte de alimento. Entre estes grupos encontra-se o dos cupins, filoArtrhopoda, classe Insecta, ordem Isoptera(ARAUJO, 1986). Coptotermes gestroi pertence família Rhinotermitidae, subfamília Coptotermitinae. Esta espécie foi introduzida no Brasil, oriunda do sudeste da região oritental, supondo-se que tenha chegado ao Brasil em embarcações (navios). (Su et al., 1997; Fontes& Milano, 2002). Vários tipos de materiais podem ser destruídos por Coptotermes gestroi como, papelão, papel, madeira, cabos elétricos, telefônicos, plásticos, rebocos, tecidos, couro, borrachas, isopor, gesso, etc. Danos em Pinus são mais frequentes, e em madeira de taco de peroba menos. A espécie causa danos em árvores vivas, que é danificada em seu interior podendo cair após um temporal, e causando danos econômicos e à vida dos cidadãos (Costa-Leonardo &Barsotti, 1998; Costa- Leonardo et al., 1995) Os cupins só degradam outros tipos de materiais, que não celulósicos,quando estão a procura de madeira ou produtos que contém celulose para se alimentar, uma vez que abrem caminhos para chegar ao alimento (Su et al., 1997; Fontes & Milano, 2002). Os soldados de C. gestroi medem aproximadamente 5 mm de comprimento e apresentam cápsula cefálica oval, de cor amarelada na qual se visualiza uma fontanela de tamanho grande e arredondada por onde é expelida uma gota de secreção leitosa, quando o inseto é perturbado. A secreção é produzida pelas glândulas frontais que se estendem até o abdômen (COSTA, 1987).
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