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Ovidius Ve Fasti Eserinde Ocak Ayi Festivalleri Bağlaminda

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Ovidius Ve Fasti Eserinde Ocak Ayi Festivalleri Bağlaminda T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ESKİÇAĞ DİLLERİ VE KÜLTÜRLERİ ANABİLİM DALI LATİN DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI BİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ OVIDIUS VE FASTI ESERİNDE OCAK AYI FESTİVALLERİ BAĞLAMINDA TANRI IANUS Burcu Meltem TOHUM 2501150454 Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Bedia DEMİRİŞ İSTANBUL – 2019 TEZ ONAY SAYFASI ÖZ OVIDIUS VE FASTI ESERİNDE OCAK AYI FESTİVALLERİ BAĞLAMINDA TANRI IANUS Burcu Meltem TOHUM Bu çalışmada Latin Edebiyatının ünlü şairlerinden Publius Ovidius Naso’nun, Fasti adlı eserinin birinci kitabında anlattığı Roma takviminin Ocak ayında gerçekleşen Roma festivalleri, ritüelleri ve ayinleri incelenmekte, ayrıca söz konusu ayın en önemli festivali olan Ianus Festivali üzerinde durulmaktadır Çalışmada Ovidius’un söz konusu eseri çerçevesinde genel özellikleriyle Roma’nın dini gelenek ve inanışları üzerinde durulurken, şairin Roma festivallerine bakış açısı ve Tanrı Ianus’a verdiği önem irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ovidius, Fasti, Roma Dini, Roma Takvimi, Ianus Kültü iii ABSTRACT ON OVID AND GOD IANUS THROUGH THE FESTIVITIES OF JANUARY DEPICTED IN FASTI Burcu Meltem TOHUM In this work, we studied the Roman festivals, rituals and rites taking place in the first month of the Roman Calendar as described in the first book of Fasti by Publius Ovidius Naso, one of the famous poets of Latin Literature. We also focused in a detailed manner on the most important festival of the month in question, the Ianus Festival. The study examines generally the religious traditions and beliefs of the Romans within the framework of the work in question, as well as the look of the poet to the Roman festivities and the importance he gave to God Ianus. Keywords: Ovid, Fasti, Roman Religion, Roman Calendar, The Cult of Janus iv ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışmada Roma’nın kültür ve yaşam tarzına doğrudan etki eden dini etkinliklerin temellendirilmesi konusunda Latin Edebiyatı’nda önemli bir yere sahip olan Publius Ovidius Naso’nun Fasti adlı eserinin birinci kitabı, temel araştırma alanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu tezin amacı Ovidius’un Fasti eserine odaklanarak özellikle Ocak ayında gerçekleşen festivaller, ritüeller ve ayinler bağlamında Tanrı Ianus’un Antik Roma dini yaşamında ve tarihinde oynadığı önemli rolü açıklamaktır. Tarihte her zaman çift yüzlü olarak tasvir edilen Tanrı Ianus, dinler tarihi ve özellikle de paganizm tarihi açısından son derece önemli bir konumda bulunmaktadır. Tanrı Ianus’un kökeni ve inanç bakımından hakimiyet alanı, Antik Yunan ve Roma tarihinin çok daha ötesine geçmekte, büyük bir tarihsel dönemi kapsamaktadır. Sosyoloji, Dinler Tarihi ve Antropoloji düzleminde birçok araştırmanın konusu olan Ianus, Antik Roma öncesindeki izleriyle de hala birçok antropoloğun ilgisini çekmektedir. Ovidius’un eserlerinden öğrendiğimiz kadarıyla “evrenin başlangıcı” gibi başat ve özel bir nitelemeye sahip olan Tanrı Ianus, tarihte sayısız toplumda sayısız şekilde karşımıza çıkarak, bu sıfatını adeta hak ediyor. Tanrı Ianus ve kültü üzerine odaklanmamıza şairin eserinde Ocak ayı boyunca bu tanrıyla olan yer yer diyalog yer yer de monolog tarzındaki konuşmaları yön verdi. Eserde sürekli Ianus’a danışır halde gözlemlediğimiz Ovidius için bu tanrı çok önemli bir yere sahipti. Ianus’un diğer tanrılar arasında birçok bakımdan benzersiz olmasının ve Romalıların onu yaratıcı olarak görüp diğer tanrılardan daha yüksek bir yere koymalarının nedenini anlayabilmek için Fasti’nin Ocak ayına ayrılan birinci kitabını incelemek istedik. Roma toplumunun gündelik yaşantısına sızan festivaller ve onlara bağlı olarak gelişen dini etkinlikler toplum yapısına yön vermiş, yaşanan bu değişiklikler günümüzde kullandığımız takvimi bile etkilemiştir. v Netice itibariyle bu çalışma Romalıların hayatının her alanına etki eden dini gelenekler ve değerlerin neden bu kadar önemli olduğunu incelemeyi belli bir neden- sonuç ilişkisi çerçevesinde Tanrı Ianus’un toplum üzerindeki etkisini, önemini ve şair için anlamını açıklamayı önermektedir. Son olarak, yüksek lisans dersleri sırasında aklımdaki tez konusunu şekillendirmeme yardımcı olan saygıdeğer Hocam Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Dürüşken’e, bana tez yazma süreci boyunca her anlamda yardımı ve yol gösterdiği için değerli Hocam Prof. Dr. Bedia Demiriş’e, lisans dersleri sırasında tez konum için bakış açısı geliştirmeme yardımcı olan Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ekin Öyken’e, Fransızca kaynakların çevirisi, aktarımı ve her türlü desteği için Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Hüseyin Necmi Öztürk’e teşekkür etmeyi borç bilirim. Burcu Meltem Tohum İstanbul, 2019 vi İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ………………………………………………………….………………… iii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………….…………… iv ÖNSÖZ……………………………………………………………….……... v TABLOLAR LİSTESİ …………………………………………………….. viii KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ - ANTİK YAZARLAR VE ESERLERİ ….... ix GİRİŞ……………………………………………………………………….... 1 Sayfa BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO A. Hayatı..……............................................................................... 11 B. Eserleri ve Üslubu...................................................................... 20 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM FASTI A. Roma Takviminin Düzenlenişi................................................... 27 B. Ovidius’un Fasti’sinin Kompozisyonu ve Üslubu...................... 35 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM FASTI ESERİNİN BİRİNCİ KİTABI: OCAK AYI FESTİVALLERİ A. Tanrı Ianus ve Ianus Festivali ................................................... 54 B. Ocak Ayındaki Diğer Festivaller................................................ 75 1. Agonalia Festivali.................................................................. 75 2. Carmentalia Festivali............................................................. 84 3. Sementiva Festivali................................................................ 91 4. Paganalia Festivali................................................................. 95 SONUÇ ……………………………………………………………………….. 99 KAYNAKÇA …………………………………………………………….…… 103 vii TABLOLAR LİSTESİ Tablo 1: Caesar’ın eklediği günlere göre değişen takvim …………………… 33 Tablo 2: Ianus’a atfedilen biçimler ………………………………….……….. 68 viii KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ1 ANTİK YAZARLAR VE ESERLERİ August.De civ. D. : Augustinus, De Civitate Dei Bkz. : Bakınız Callim.Aet. : Kallimakhos, Aetia Cato.Agr. : Cato, De re rustica Cic.Brut. : Cicero, Brutus Cic.Nat. D. : Cicero, De natura deorum Dion.Hal. Ant. Rom. : Halikarnassos, Antiquitates Romanae Gell.NA. : Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae Hor.Carm. : Horatius, Carmina Lydus.Mens. : Lydus, De Mensibus Macr.Sat. : Macrobius, Saturnalia Ov.Am. : Ovidius, Amores Ov.Ars am. : Ovidius, Ars Amatoria Ov.Fast. : Ovidius, Fasti Ov.Her. : Ovidius, Heroides Ov.Met. : Ovidius, De Medicamine Faciei Femineae Ov.Pont. : Ovidius, Epistulae ex Ponto Ov.Rem. am. : Ovidius, Remedia Amoris 1 Antik yazar ve eserlerin kısaltmaları Oxford Classical Dictionary’den alınmıştır. Bkz. https://oxfordre.com/classics/page/abbreviation-list/#v ix Ov.Tr. : Ovidius, Tristia Plin.HN. : Plinius, Naturalis Historia Plut.Quaest. Rom. : Plutarkhos, Quaestiones Romanae Plut.Vit. : Plutarkhos, Vitae Parallelae Sen.Controv. : Seneca, Controversiae Varro.Ling. : Varro, De lingua Latina Varro.Agr. : Varro, De Agri Cultura Varro. Rust. : Varro, De re rustica Verg.Aen. : Vergilius, Aeneis x GİRİŞ Geçmişten günümüze dünyanın işleyişine baktığımızda görürüz ki bir toplumun düzeninin kurulması ve bu düzenin bazı kurallar çerçevesinde devam ettirilmesi, belli kurumlar ve kişilerce belirlenir. Bu kişiler görevleri süresince toplumun huzuru, düzeni ve refahı için çalışırlar. Bunun sebebi bir toplumun gelişmesinin belirli bir düzene bağlı olmasıdır; özellikle Khaos’un ve düzensizliğin hâkim olduğu bir ortamda işlerin işleyişinin bozulması ve bir zaman sonra iyileştirilemez hale gelmesi çoğu zaman düzeni temsil eden kurumların ve kişilerin gerektiği gibi davranmamasından veya tamamen yok olmasından kaynaklanır. Antik çağda, Roma’da düzeni temsil eden en önemli etmenlerden biri de din kurumuydu. Hemen her toplumda olduğu gibi Antik dünyada da din, insanlar için oldukça büyük bir önem taşıyordu; gündelik işlerin belirlenmesinden özel günlerin adlandırılmasına kadar, karar verilmesi gereken önemli konularda din kurumuna danışılırdı. Roma’da din alanında görevli olan pontifex’ler belli zaman aralıklarında yapılacak olan imar çalışmaları ya da bir etkinlik için listeler hazırlayıp, olayları tek tek not ederlerdi. Bugün nasıl ki bir günümüzü, ayımızı veya yılımızı planlarken ajandalar kullanıyorsak antikçağda, Roma’da bu işler için pontifex’ler fasti yani, bugün “takvim” diye adlandırabileceğimiz listeleri hazırlarlardı; tabii ki herkesin kendi fasti’si yoktu ancak herkesin görevlerini temsil eden genel bir fasti mevcuttu. Bu listeler Roma’nın düzenini temsil ederdi; listeyi oluşturan pontifex’ler görevlerinden ayrılsa bile onlardan sonra aynı görevi üstlenecek kişiler için bu listeler büyük önem taşıyordu. Bazen çok önemli bir etkinlik olacağı zaman ya da duyuru niteliğinde topluma seslenmek gerektiğinde, fasti denilen bu listeler tapınakların duvarlarına asılırdı. Temel olarak fasti, yıllık konsül listelerini içeren Fasti Consulares, savaşta zafer kazanmış olan kişilerin adlarının yer aldığı Fasti Triumphales, sadece dini günleri ve etkinlikleri gösteren Fasti Calendares, yılın önemli etkinliklerinde görev alan rahiplerin listelerinin olduğu Fasti Sacerdotales, hangi kahinlerin hangi kehanetleri söylediğini gösteren Fasti Augurales ve tamamen Ocak, Şubat, Mart, 1 Nisan ve Aralık aylarındaki dini etkinlikleri, zaferleri gösteren Fasti Praenestini olmak üzere altı tane fasti vardır. Toplumun gelenekleri, görenekleri ve yaşayış biçimi “din” denilen bu kurumun
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