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Faculdade De Biociências FACULDADE DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA ANÁLISE FILOGENÉTICA DE DORADIDAE (PISCES, SILURIFORMES) Maria Angeles Arce Hernández TESE DE DOUTORADO PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL Av. Ipiranga 6681 - Caixa Postal 1429 Fone: (51) 3320-3500 - Fax: (51) 3339-1564 90619-900 Porto Alegre - RS Brasil 2012 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA ANÁLISE FILOGENÉTICA DE DORADIDAE (PISCES, SILURIFORMES) Maria Angeles Arce Hernández Orientador: Dr. Roberto E. Reis TESE DE DOUTORADO PORTO ALEGRE - RS - BRASIL 2012 Aviso A presente tese é parte dos requisitos necessários para obtenção do título de Doutor em Zoologia, e como tal, não deve ser vista como uma publicação no senso do Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica, apesar de disponível publicamente sem restrições. Dessa forma, quaisquer informações inéditas, opiniões, hipóteses e conceitos novos apresentados aqui não estão disponíveis na literatura zoológica. Pessoas interessadas devem estar cientes de que referências públicas ao conteúdo deste estudo somente devem ser feitas com aprovação prévia do autor. Notice This thesis is presented as partial fulfillment of the dissertation requirement for the Ph.D. degree in Zoology and, as such, is not intended as a publication in the sense of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, although available without restrictions. Therefore, any new data, opinions, hypothesis and new concepts expressed hererin are not available in the zoological literature. Readers are advised that further copying or public reference to this documents should only be done after previously acceptance of the author. Agradecimentos Esta tesis esta dedicada a mi familia que me ha apoyado incondicionalmente en todas y cada una de las decisiones en mi vida; a mi mama, que me mostró con la fuerza que se debe llevar la vida; a mi hermana que siempre me hace la vida más fácil; a mi hermano con sus cosas “extrañas” y a mis chiquis, a quienes he visto crecer de lejos pero a quienes amo por montones. A mi Brian amado, porque me hace feliz y me hace descubrir lo mejor de mi, siempre al pie del cañón sin dejarme rendir. Por las correcciones de ingles (que paciencia!), su ayuda con las figuras y los mas importante su compañía. Agradezco a mi orientador, Dr. Roberto Reis, por haberme aceptado en su laboratorio y por haber confiado en mi para realizar este proyecto. Roberto ha sido el mejor orientador que cualquiera puede pedir y mas que un orientador ha sido un gran amigo. Gracias por su amistad, paciencia, tiempo, comprensión y por tantas y tantas cosas. Agradezco a mi gran amigo Mark Sabaj, Mark me contagio con su pasión por Doradidae y me enseño a no conformarme con las respuestas, a siempre buscar mas! Él ha acompañado todo el proceso de mi formación… como me enorgullece poder trabajar con él. Agradezco a mis amigos en el laboratorio por todas las tertulias productivas y no productivas a lo largo de estos cuatro años, además por todos las correcciones y comentarios sobre mi proyecto. A Vivi, Laurinha, Bá y Ferrr porque se convirtieron en “minhas amadas”, a Jereps que me ayuda a desenredar esta cabeza enredada, a Hector, Tiaguinho y Edson. A todos los que pasaron por el laboratorio, a “mis” colombianos en Porto, Lina, Marco, Santiago, Paola, Julián porque entre todos nos cubrimos como familia. A los “doradologos” Leandro y Jose, por su amistad, por su colaboración con el material y porque me ayudaron a entender los Doradidae; muchas de nuestras discusiones están reflejadas en este texto. A mis amigos de la ANSP: John Lundberg, John Sullivan, Antony Geneva, Katriina Ilves y Kyle Luckenbill, por recibirme siempre con los brazos abiertos y por sus aportes a mi formación y a mi proyecto. A todos los investigadores que me facilitaron el acceso al material y me ayudaron en la consecución de los tejidos. iv Resumo Doradidae é uma família monofilética endêmica da América do Sul diagnosticada por uma única sinapomorfia entre os bagres e reconhecida por uma combinação de características morfológicas. Espécies da família possuem um escudo infranuchal, que é uma placa óssea superficial formada pela fusão dos ossículos expandidos da linha lateral e um ligamento ossificado que se estende desde a placa nucal posterior ate a ponta da primeira costela. A maioria das espécies são caracterizadas por ter uma placa cefálica bem desenvolvida, boca subterminal, processo poscleitral largamente exposto, acúleo peitoral e dorsal serrilhados e o corpo achatados dorsoventralmente (Sabaj, 2002). É uma família diversificada com 92 espécies, das quais uma é fóssil, agrupadas em 32 gêneros. Os estudos filogenéticos dos Doradidae têm sido tradicionalmente baseados em caracteres morfológicos e apenas um trabalho foi baseado em caracteres moleculares, os resultados desse trabalho são conflitantes com os resultados morfológicos. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi recuperar relações filogenéticas de Doradidae a traves da análise simultânea de todos os conjuntos de dados previamente disponíveis para a família Doradidae alem de dados morfológicos e moleculares propostos neste estudo. 200 caracteres, utilizados por outros autores, referentes à morfologia externa, osteologia, gônadas e bexiga natatória foram revisados. 91 caracteres miológicos foram analisados e propostos aqui pela primeira vez num contexto filogenético. 3011 caracteres moleculares foram obtidos de dois genes mitocondriais (16s e co1) e um gene nuclear (rag1). Foram compilados um total de 3302 caracteres para 94 espécies. Para atingir o objetivo principal estudos moleculares e anatômicos foram realizados por separado. Uma análise apenas molecular foi realizado com 77 espécies descritas e seis espécies não descritas. A análise foi baseada em fragmentos dos genes mitocondriais 16s e co1 e um gene nuclear rag1. Foi obtido um alinhamento de 3011 pares de bases para 146 espécimes de Doradidae e o grupo externo Auchenipteridae e Aspredinidae. Os dados foram analisados usando máxima parcimônia, máxima verossimilhança, e análises Bayesianas. Um estudo anatômico foi também desenvolvido e é apresentado como um manuscrito descritivo da musculatura peitoral e cranial de Doradidae. 61 espécies de Doradidae foram examinados incluindo representantes de todos os gêneros. 22 músculos foram descritos referindo-se a sua origem ontogenética, função, áreas de origem e de inserção, e porções, em alguns casos aspectos chave de cada músculo foram descritos. A análise simultânea de todos os dados disponíveis revelou interessantes hipóteses de relacionamentos. Astrodoradinae é recuperado como o clado mais basal da família. Os gêneros monotípicos Wertheimeria, Franciscodoras e Kalyptodoras, endémicos das drenagens da costa leste do Brasil, são recuperados como um clado. Os gêneros monotípicos Doraops e Centrochir, endêmicos das drenagens transandinas, são recuperados como grupo irmão dos gêneros amplamente distribuídos, Pterodoras e Platydoras respectivamente. Os gêneros de Doradidae com barbilhões ramificados e Oxydoras, são recuperados como um grupo monofilético. O gênero Ossancora, recentemente descrito, não e recuperado como um um grupo monofilético v Abstract Doradidae is a monophyletic family endemic to South America diagnosed by a unique synapomorphy among catfish and recognized by a combination of morphological characteristics. Species of the family posses a infranuchal scute which is a superficial plate- like bone co-formed by the fusion of an expanded ossicle of the lateral line canal and an ossified ligament extending from beneath the posterior nuchal plate to the tip of the first rib. Most species are characterized by a well-developed cephalic shield, subterminal mouth, large exposed postcleithral process, sturdy serrated pectoral- and dorsal-fin spines, and dorsoventrally flattened bodies (Sabaj, 2002). It is a diverse family with 92 extant and one fossil species grouped into 32 genera. Phylogenetic studies of doradids have traditionally been based on morphological characters and only one work has been based on molecular characters, which conflicts with previous morphological results. The main goal of this study was to recover phylogenetic relationships of the entire Doradidae by the analysis of all the previously available data for Doradidae and newly gathered morphological and molecular data. 200 characters referring to external morphology, osteology, gonads, and swimbladder were reviewed from previous authors. 91 myological characters were analyzed and proposed here for the first time in a phylogenetic context. 3011 molecular characters were gathered correspondent to two mitochondrial genes (16s and co1) and one nuclear gene (rag1). Compiling a total of 3302 characters for 94 species. In order to achieve the main goal molecular and anatomical studies were performed separated. An only molecular analysis was carried out including 77 described and six undescribed species. The analysis was base on fragments of the mitochondrial 16s and co1 and the nuclear rag1. It was obtained an aligment of 3011 base pairs for 146 specimens of Doradidae and the outgroup Auchenipteridae and Aspredinidae. Data were analyzed using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian analyses. An anatomical study was also developed and is presented as a descriptive manuscript of the cranial and pectoral musculature of Doradidae. 61 species of Doradidae were examined including representatives of all the genera. 22 muscles were described referring
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