Eduardo Costa

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Eduardo Costa FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS ESCOLA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECONOMIA MESTRADO EM FINANÇAS E ECONOMIA EMPRESARIAL Eduardo Santos da Costa Regulação do Preço do Acesso no Setor Ferroviário RIO DE JANEIRO 2019 Regulação do Preço do Acesso no Setor Ferroviário Dissertação apresentada na Escola de Pós- Graduação em Economia da Fundação Getúlio Vargas como requisito parcial para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Finanças e Economia Empresarial. Orientador: Fernando Tavares Camacho RIO DE JANEIRO 2019 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo Sistema de Bibliotecas/FGV Costa, Eduardo Santos da Regulação do preço do acesso no setor ferroviário / Eduardo Santos da Costa. – 2019. 101 f. Dissertação (mestrado) - Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola de Pós-Graduação em Economia. Orientador: Fernando Tavares Camacho. Inclui bibliografia. 1. Transporte ferroviário - Regulação- Brasil. 2. Agências reguladoras de atividades privadas. 3. Ferrovias – Brasil. 4. Concorrêncial. I. Camacho, Fernando Tavares. II. Fundação Getulio Vargas. Escola de Pós-Graduação em Economia. III. Título. CDD – 385.0981 Elaborada por Márcia Nunes Bacha – CRB-7/4403 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Mauricio Neves pelo incentivo no início da jornada, ao Fernando Camacho pelo apoio para concluí-la, e à Jacqueline Lacerda por cumprí-la ao meu lado. RESUMO Indústrias baseadas em rede são frequentemente objeto de ocupação dos reguladores e de economistas. Dentre estas, a indústria de transporte ferroviário de cargas combina elementos de competição e de monopólio na oferta dos serviços. Partindo do pressuposto geral de que o regulador busca eficiência produtiva e alocativa na provisão do serviço de transporte ferroviário, o presente trabalho buscou avaliar os critérios e metodologias para definição do preço do acesso de terceiros à rede no setor ferroviário, que se encontre sob regulação discricionária ou desregulamentada, bem como e seus impactos na eficiência econômica, na competição e na realização de investimentos. Partindo do referencial teórico e da experiência internacional, buscou-se elaborar um quadro referencial e analítico das opções disponíveis para a definição da tarifa de acesso e compartilhamento da infraestrutura ferroviária, que possa auxiliar na identificação de melhorias ao marco regulatório brasileiro, considerando aspectos relevantes como a promoção da competição, a eficiência produtiva e alocativa, a viabilidade financeira das firmas e os incentivos à realização de investimentos. ABSTRACT Network-based industries are often object of attention by regulators and economists, and rail freight industry is one that combines elements of competition and monopoly. Based on the general assumption that regulators seek productive and allocative efficiency in the provision of rail services, the present work sought to evaluate the criteria and methodologies used for setting third party access prices when sharing network infrastructure in the railway sector, which might be under discretionary regulation or even deregulated. Based on access pricing literature and international experience reviews, this work sought to construct an analytical framework of available options for third party access tariffs regulation in Brazil. This framework may help to identify improvements for brazilian regulatory framework, regarding relevant aspects such as incentives on competition, productive and allocative efficiency, as well as the financial viability of firms and investments incentives. SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO ...................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 TEMA E PROBLEMA ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 DELIMITAÇÃO DO ESTUDO .......................................................................................................... 11 1.3 OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 JUSTIFICATIVA E RELEVÂNCIA ...................................................................................................... 12 1.5 METODOLOGIA E ESTRUTURA ..................................................................................................... 13 2. ESTRUTURAS TARIFÁRIAS ................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 ESTRUTURAS DE MERCADO ......................................................................................................... 15 2.2 MODELO TARIFÁRIO .................................................................................................................. 19 2.2.1 Nível da Tarifa de Acesso e Regulação Ótima ...................................................................... 20 2.2.2 Tarifa de Acesso, Entrada e Estruturas de Mercado ............................................................ 24 2.2.3 Tarifa de Acesso e Incentivos ao Investimento .................................................................... 30 2.2.4 Tarifas de Acesso na Prática ................................................................................................. 34 3. EXPERIÊNCIA INTERNACIONAL ............................................................................................................. 48 3.1 AUSTRÁLIA ............................................................................................................................... 48 3.2 ESTADOS UNIDOS ...................................................................................................................... 59 3.3 REINO UNIDO ........................................................................................................................... 68 4. APLICAÇÕES AO MERCADO BRASILEIRO ................................................................................................ 72 4.1 REVISÃO TARIFÁRIA E ALTERAÇÕES DE 2011 ................................................................................. 76 4.2 TARIFAS DE ACESSO NA TENTATIVA DE REFORMA DE 2012 ............................................................. 80 4.3 SITUAÇÃO ATUAL ...................................................................................................................... 86 4.3.1 Inovações Regulatórias ........................................................................................................ 87 4.3.2 Nível Tarifário ....................................................................................................................... 88 4.3.3 Estrutura Tarifária e Entrada ................................................................................................ 90 4.3.4 Discriminação de Preços ...................................................................................................... 90 5. CONCLUSÕES ......................................................................................................................................... 92 6 .R EFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS .................................................................................................................. 99 7 1. INTRODUÇÃO 1.1 TEMA E PROBLEMA Indústrias baseadas em rede são frequentemente objeto de ocupação dos reguladores e de economistas, que buscam compreender as características próprias que as impediriam de funcionar como preconizado em modelos econômicos tradicionais. São diversos os exemplos de indústrias dessa natureza que exigem ao menos algum grau de regulação de agências especializadas ou constante supervisão de órgãos de defesa da concorrência: telecomunicações, transporte de gás (gasodutos), transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica, e ferrovias são alguns dos exemplos mais notáveis. Conforme destacam Willig e Kessides (1995), durante um longo período, o paradigma de utilidade pública com regulação governamental foi aplicado ao setor ferroviário sob a premissa de que as características de mercado impossibilitavam a competição ou a sua capacidade de resposta a demanda. Segundo os autores, os exemplos ao longo do tempo demonstraram, contudo, que o mercado relevante das ferrovias pode sofrer competição efetiva, principalmente o mercado de transporte de cargas, objeto central da presente análise. O desenvolvimento do transporte rodoviário a partir da segunda metade do século XX intensificou a competição intermodal para parte relevante do transporte de cargas, evidenciando com maior força o que já ocorria com outros modais, como o transporte marítimo e hidroviário. Na análise de Willig e Kessides, os sistemas de regulação historicamente falharam em lidar com os problemas inerentes ao setor ferroviário: a mistura de elementos de competição e de monopólio na oferta. Em sua visão, ao tentar proteger o público da exploração de eventual poder de mercado das empresas ferroviárias, muitas vezes a regulação atuou no sentido de limitar a competição, restringindo benefícios das economias de escopo, atrasando a introdução de inovações, e promovendo serviços ineficientes. Os autores concluem que, em mercados de transporte contestáveis por modais alternativos, a precificação deveria ser livre, ressalvadas as circunstâncias em que esta pressão competitiva, seja ela intermodal, intramodal ou geográfica, não está suficientemente presente. Isso significa que caso a competição entre os diferentes ativos de uma indústria ( facility based competition ) não seja forte o suficiente, o regulador deve introduzir a competição baseada em
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